All Publications

Author Title Year Jour./Proc./Book
Arbab-Zadeh; Russo, R.J.; Bhargava, V.; Levin, C.S.; Jani, S.K.; Lucisano, J. & Teirstein, P.S. Centered Versus Non-Centered Source For Intracoronary Artery Radiation Therapy: A Model Based on the Scripps Trial

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2002 American Heart Journal
Vol. 143-2, pp. 342-8  
Cherry, S.R.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; Siegel, S. & Hoffman, E.J. A Comparison of PET Detector Modules Employing Rectangular and Round Photomultiplier Tubes

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1995 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 42-4, pp. 1064-1068  
Chinn, G.; Foudray, A.M.K. & Levin, C.S. A Method to Include Single Photon Events in Image Reconstruction for a 1 mm Resolution PET System 2006 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, pp. 1740-1745  
Chinn, G.; Foudray, A.M.K. & Levin, C.S. A Method to Include Single Photon Events in Image Reconstruction for a 1 mm Resolution PET System Built with Advanced 3-D Positioning Detectors

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2006 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, pp. 1746-1761  
Chinn, G.; Foudray, A.M.K. & Levin, C.S. Comparing Geometries for a PET System with 3D Photon Positioning Capability

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2005 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, III, pp. 1709-1712  
Chinn, G. & Levin, C.S. A Maximum NEC Criterion for Compton Collimation to Accurately Identify True Coincidences in PET

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2011 Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on
Vol. 30, pp. 1341-1352  
Chinn, G. & Levin, C.S. A Method to Reject Random Coincidences and Extract True from Multiple Coincidences in PET using 3-D Detectors

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 5249-5254  
Chinn, G. & Levin, C.S. PET Image Reconstruction with a Bayesian Projector for Multi-Electronic Collimation Schemes

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2007 Conference Record of the 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 2799-2802  
Cui, J.; Chinn, G. & Levin, C.S. Fast and Accurate 3D Compton Cone Projections on GPU Using CUDA

 

2011 IEEE 2011 Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference  
Cui, J.; Pratx, G.; Prevrhal, S. & Levin, C.S. Fully 3D List-Mode Time-of-Flight PET Image Reconstruction on GPUs Using CUDA

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2011 Medical Physics
Vol. 38, pp. 6775-6786  
Cui, J.; Pratx, G.; Prevrhal, S.; Shao, L. & Levin, C.S. Fully 3-D Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography Image Reconstruction from List-mode Data Using GPUs and CUDA

 

2010 IEEE 2010 Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (IEEE NSS/MIC 2010)  
Cui, J.; Pratx, G.; Prevrhal, S.; Shao, L. & Levin, C.S. Highly Parallel Image Reconstruction for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 2010 2010 GPU Technology Conference (GTC 2010)  
Cui, J.; Pratx, G.; Prevrhal, S.; Zhang, B.; Shao, L. & Levin, C.S. Measurement-Based Spatially-Varying Point Spread Function for List-Mode PET Reconstruction on GPU 2011 IEEE 2011 Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference  
Cui, J.; Prevrhal, S.; Pratx, G.; Shao, L. & Levin, C.S. Fully 3-D List-mode Positron Emission Tomography Image Reconstruction on a Multi-GPU Cluster 2011 11th International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Fully3D 2011)  
Dhanasopon, A.P.; Levin, C.S.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Olcott, P.D. & Habte, F. Scintillation Crystal Design Features for a Miniature Gamma-Ray Camera

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2005 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 52, pp. 1439-1446  
Dhanasopon, P.; Levin, C.S.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Olcott, P.D. & Habte, F. Scintillation Crystal Design Features for a Miniature Gamma-Ray Camera

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2003 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, III, pp. 199-205  
Foudray, A.M.K.; Chinn, G. & Levin, C.S. Incident Photon Direction Calculation Using Bayesian Estimation for High Energy Photon Detector Systems with 3D Positioning Capability

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2006 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, pp. 208-210  
Foudray, A.M.K.; Chinn, G. & Levin, C.S. Component Based Normalization for PET Systems with Depth of Interaction Measurement Capability

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2005 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, IV, pp. 2108-2111  
Foudray, A.M.K.; Farrell, R.; Olcott, P.D.; Shah, K.S. & Levin, C.S. Characterization of Two Thin Position-Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes on a Single Flex Circuit for Use in 3-D Positioning PET Detectors

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2006 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, pp. 2469-2472  
Foudray, A.M.K.; Habte, F.; Chinn, G.; Zhang, J. & Levin, C.S. Count Rate Studies of a Box-Shaped PET Breast Imaging System Comprised of Position Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes Utilizing Monte Carlo Simulation

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2006 Physica Medica
Vol. 21, pp. 64-67  
Foudray, A.M.K.; Habte, F.; Levin, C.S. & Olcott, P.D. Positioning Annihilation Photon Interactions in a Thin LSO Crystal Sheet with a Position-Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes

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2006 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 53, pp. 2549-2556  
Foudray, A.M.K.; Habte, F.; Levin, C.S. & Olcott, P.D. Positioning Annihilation Photon Interactions in a Thin LSO Crystal Sheet with a Position-Sensitive Avalanche Photodiode

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2004 2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, V, pp. 2985-2989  
Foudray, A.M.K. & Levin, C.S. Bayesian Estimator for Angle Recovery: Event Classification and Reconstruction in Positron Emission Tomography

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2007 Journal of Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering, American Institutes of Physics
Vol. 954, pp. 362-371  
Foudray, A.M.K. & Levin, C.S. Bayesian Estimator for Angle Recovery: Event Classification and Reconstruction in Positron Emission Tomography

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2007 Conference Proceedings of the 27th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering, pp. 362-371  
Gonzalez, E.; Cui, J.; Pratx, G.; Bieniosek, M.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Point Spread Function for PET Detectors Based on the Probability Density Function of the Line Segment 2011 IEEE 2011 Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference  
Graham, L.; Levin, C.S. & Muehllehner, G. Anger Scintillation Camera, In: Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine 2002 Anger Scintillation Camera, In: Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine , pp. 31-42  
Gu, Y. & Levin, C.S. Effects of Photon Multiple Interactions in a High Resolution PET System that Uses 3-D Positioning Detectors

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 3814-3819  
Gu, Y.; Matteson, J.L.; Skelton, R.T.; Deal, A.A.; Stephan, E.A.; Duttweiler, F.; Gasaway, T.M. & Levin, C.S. Study of a High Resolution, 3-D Positioning Cross-Strip Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detector for PET

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 3596-3603  
Gu, Y.; Matteson, J.L.; Skelton, R.T.; Deal, A.C.; Stephan, E.A.; Duttweiler, F.; Gasaway, T.M. & Levin, C.S. Study of a high-resolution, 3D positioning cadmium zinc telluride detector for PET

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2011 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 56, pp. 1563-1584  
Gu, Y.; Pratx, G.; Lau, F.W.Y. & Levin, C.S. Effects of multiple-interaction photon events in a high-resolution PET system that uses 3-D positioning detectors

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2010 MEDICAL PHYSICS
Vol. 37, pp. 5494-5508  
Habte, F.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Effects of System Geometry and Other Physical Factors on Photon Sensitivity of High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography

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2007 Physics in Medicine and. Biology
Vol. 52, pp. 3753-3772  
Habte, F. & Levin, C.S. Study of Low Noise Multi-Channel Readout Electronics for High Sensitivity PET Systems Based on Avalanche Photodiode Arrays

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2004 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 51-3, pp. 764-769  
Habte, F. & Levin, C.S. Investigation of Low Noise, Low Cost Readout Electronics for High Sensitivity PET Systems Based on Avalanche Photodiode Arrays

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2002 2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, II, pp. 661-665  
Habte, F.; Olcott, P.D.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Levin, C.S.; Zhang, J. & Chinn, G. Simulation and Measurement of Gamma-Ray and Annihilation Photon Imaging Detectors 2008 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science  
Habte, F.; Olcott, P.D.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Levin, C.S.; Zhang, J. & Chinn, G. Simulation and Measurement of Gamma-Ray and Annihilation Photon Imaging Detectors

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2004 2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, VI, pp. 4019-4022  
Habte, F.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. High Resolution, Light Multiplexed 3D Positioning Scintillation Detector for High Resolution PET 2009 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science  
Habte, F.; Olcott, P.D.; Levin, C.S. & Foudray, A.M.K. Prototype Parallel Readout System for Position Sensitive PMT based Gamma-Ray Imaging Systems

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2007 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 54, pp. 60-65  
Habte, F.; Olcott, P.D.; Levin, C.S. & Foudray, A.M.K. Investigation of Scintillation Light Multiplexing for PET Detectors Based on Position Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes

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2005 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, IV, pp. 2027-2030  
Habte, F.; Olcott, P.D.; Levin, C.S. & Foudray, A.M.K. Prototype Parallel Readout System for Position Sensitive PMT based Gamma-Ray Imaging Systems

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2003 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, II, pp. 60-65  
Habte, F.; Pratx, G.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. New Geometry for a Whole Body PET System 2009 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science  
Hoffman, E.J.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; MacDonald, L.R. & Holdsworth, C.H. A Dual Detector Beta-Ray Imaging Probe with Gamma-Ray Background Suppression for Use in Intra-Operative Detection of Radiolabeled Tumors

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1998 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
Vol. 409, pp. 511-516  
Hoffman, E.J.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; MacDonald, L.R. & Siegel, S. Design and Performance of Gamma and Beta Intra-Operative Imaging Probes 1997 Physica Medica
Vol. 13, pp. S243-247  
Hoffman, E.J.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; MacDonald, L.R. & Siegel, S. Gamma and Beta Intra-Operative Imaging Probes

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1997 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
Vol. 392, pp. 324-329  
Holdsworth, C.; Levin, C.S.; Dahlbom, M.; Farquhar, T. & Hoffman, E.J. Investigation of Accelerated Monte Carlo Techniques for PET Simulation and 3-D PET Scatter Correction

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2001 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 48-1, pp. 74-81  
Holdsworth, C.; Levin, C.S.; Dahlbom, M.; Farquhar, T. & Hoffman, E.J. Investigation of Accelerated Monte Carlo Techniques for PET Simulation and 3D PET Scatter Correction

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1999 1999 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, III, pp. 1500-1504  
Holdsworth, C.H.; Dahlbom, M.; Liu, A.; Williams, L.; Levin, C.S.; Janecek, M. & Hoffman, E.J. Expanding the Versatility of a More Accurate Accelerated Monte Carlo Simulation for 3D PET: Data Correction of PET Emission Scans Using ^124I

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2001 2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, IV, pp. 2105-2109  
Holdsworth, C.H.; Levin, C.S.; Janecek, M.; Dahlbom, M. & Hoffman, E.J. Performance Analysis of an Improved 3-D PET Monte Carlo Simulation and Scatter Correction

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2002 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 49-1, pp. 83-89  
Holdsworth, C.H.; Levin, C.S.; Janecek, M.; Dahlbom, M. & Hoffman, E.J. Performance Analysis of an Improved 3D PET Monte Carlo Simulation and Scatter Correction

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2000 2000 IEEE Medical Imaging Conference Record, II, pp. 1353-1357  
Keren, S.; Gheysens, O.; Levin, C.S. & Gambhir, S.S. Characterization of a Small Animal Time-Domain Fluorescence Tomography Imaging System

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2008 IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
Vol. 27, pp. 58-63  
Lau, F.W.Y.; Fang, C.; Reynolds, P.D.; Olcott, P.D.; Vandenbroucke, A.; Olutade, F.; Horowitz, M.A. & Levin, C.S. 1 mm^3 Resolution Breast-Dedicated PET System

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 5619-5622  
Lau, F.W.Y.; Olcott, P.D.; Horowitz, M.A.; Peng, H. & Levin, C.S. Noise analysis of LSO-PSAPD PET detector front-end multiplexing circuits

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2007 Conference Record of the 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 3212-3219  
Lau, F.W.Y.; Vandenbroucke, A.; Reynolds, P.D.; Ho, H.; Innes, D. & Levin, C.S. Signal Conditioning Technique for Position Sensitive Photodetectors to Manipulate Pixelated Crystal Identification Capabilities

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2012 Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on
Vol. 59, pp. 1815 -1822  
Lau, F.W.Y.; Vandenbroucke, A.; Reynolds, P.D.; Olcott, P.D.; Horowitz, M.A. & Levin, C.S. Analog Signal Multiplexing for PSAPD-Based PET Detectors: Simulation and Experimental Validation

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2010 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 55, pp. 7149-7174  
Lau, F.W.Y.; Vandenbroucke, A.; Reynolds, P.D.; Olcott, P.D.; Horowitz, M.A. & Levin, C.S. Front-end electronics for a 1mm3 resolution avalanche photodiode-based PET System with analog signal multiplexing-end Electronics for a 1mm3 Resolution LSO-PSAPD-based PET System with Multiplexing

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 3871-3874  
Levin, C.S. Basic Physics of Radioisotope Imaging. In: Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT

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(Received the British Medical Associations "Highly Commended" Award in its 2005 Medical Book Competition, Radiology Category)

2004 Basic Physics of Radioisotope Imaging. In: Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT , pp. 53-88  
Levin, C.S. Application-Specific Small Field-of-View Nuclear Emission Imagers in Medicine. In: Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT

(Received the British Medical Associations "Highly Commended" Award in its 2005 Medical Book Competition, Radiology Category)

2004 Application-Specific Small Field-of-View Nuclear Emission Imagers in Medicine. In: Emission Tomography: The Fundamentals of PET and SPECT , pp. 293-334  
Levin, C.S. Molecular Imaging Instrumentation. In Molecular Imaging Probes for Cancer Research 2010  
Levin, C.S. Instrumentation and methods to combine small animal PET with other imaging modalities. In Molecular Imaging: Principles and Practice 2010  
Levin, C.S. Imaging system physics, technology, and methods for visualization and quantification of reporter gene expression in living subjects. In Reporter Gene Imaging 2010  
Levin, C.S. Promising New Photon Detection Concepts for High-Resolution Clinical and Preclinical PET

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2012 #JNM#
Vol. 53, pp. 167-170  
Levin, C.S. New Imaging Technologies to Enhance the Molecular Sensitivity of Positron Emission Tomography

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2008 Proceedings of the IEEE, pp. 439-467  
Levin, C.S. Advancing Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography Instrumentation to Enhance Molecular Sensitivity 2006 2006 Conference Proceedings, Workshop on the Next Generation PET Scanner, pp. 52-56  
Levin, C.S. Primer on Molecular Imaging Technology

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2005 European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Vol. 32, pp. S325-345  
Levin, C.S. Detector Design Issues for Compact Nuclear Emission Cameras Dedicated to Functional Breast Imaging

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2003 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
Vol. 497-1, pp. 60-74  
Levin, C.S. Design of a High-Resolution and High-Sensitivity Scintillation Crystal Array for PET with Nearly Complete Light Collection

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2002 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 49-5, pp. 2236-2243  
Levin, C.S. Design of a High Resolution and High Sensitivity Scintillation Crystal Array with Nearly Perfect Light Collection

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2001 2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, I, pp. 48-52  
Levin, C.S.; Dahlbom, M. & Hoffman, E.J. A Monte Carlo Correction for the Effect of Compton Scattering in 3-D PET Brain Imaging

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1995 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 42-4, pp. 1181-1185  
Levin, C.S.; Dahlbom, M. & Hoffman, E.J. A Monte Carlo Correction for Compton Scattering Effects in 3D PET Brain Imaging

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1994 Conference Record of the 1994 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, III, pp. 1502-1506  
Levin, C.S.; Foudray, A.M.K. & Habte, F. Impact of High Energy Resolution Detectors on the Performance of a PET System Dedicated to Breast Cancer Imaging, (Selected Top 10 Most Cited Papers in Physica Medica (European Journal of Medical Physics)

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2006 Physica Medica
Vol. 21, pp. 28-34  
Levin, C.S.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Olcott, P.D. & Habte, F. Investigation of Position Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes for a New High Resolution PET Detector Design

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2004 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 51-3, pp. 805-810  
Levin, C.S.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Olcott, P.D. & Habte, F. Investigation of Position Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes for a New High Resolution PET Detector Design

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2003 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, IV, pp. 2262-2266  
Levin, C.S. & Habte, F. Initial Studies of a New Detector Design for Ultra-High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography

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2002 2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, III, pp. 1751-1755  
Levin, C.S.; Habte, F. & Foudray, A.M.K. Methods to Extract More Light from Minute Scintillation Crystals Used in an Ultra-High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography Detector

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2004 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
Vol. 527 (1-2), pp. 35-40  
Levin, C.S.; Habte, F. & Foudray, A.M.K. Methods to Extract More Light from Minute Scintillation Crystals Used in an Ultra-High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography Detector

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2004 Proceedings of the 2nd (2003) International Conference on Imaging Technologies in Biomedical Sciences, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, pp. 35-40  
Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. Calculation of positron range and its effect on the fundamental limit of positron emission tomography system spatial resolution 2000 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 45, pp. 559-559  
Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. Calculation of Positron Range and its Effect on Positron Emission Tomography System Spatial Resolution

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1999 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 44, pp. 781-799  
Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. Investigation of a New Readout Scheme for High Resolution Scintillation Crystal Arrays Using Photodiodes

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1997 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 44-3, pp. 1208-1213  
Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. A New Photodiode Readout Scheme for High Resolution Scintillation Crystal Arrays

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1996 Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, II, pp. 1223-1227  
Levin, C.S.; Hoffman, E.J.; Tornai, M.P. & MacDonald, L.R. PSPMT and Photodiode Designs of a Small Scintillation Camera for Imaging Malignant Breast Tumors

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1997 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 44-4, pp. 1513-1520  
Levin, C.S.; Hoffman, E.J.; Tornai, M.P. & MacDonald, L.R. PSPMT and Pin Diode Designs of a Small Scintillation Camera for Imaging Malignant Breast Tumors

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1996 Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, II, pp. 1196-1200  
Levin, C.S.; MacDonald, L.R.; Tornai, M.P.; Hoffman, E.J. & Park, J. Optimizing Light Collection from Thin Scintillators Used in a Beta-Ray Camera for Surgical Use

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1996 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 43-3, pp. 2053-2060  
Levin, C.S.; MacDonald, L.R.; Tornai, M.P.; Hoffman, E.J. & Park, J. Optimizing Light Collection from Thin Scintillators Used in a Beta-Ray Camera for Surgical Use

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1995 Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, III, pp. 1796-1800  
Levin, C.S.; Tai, Y.-C.; Hoffman, E.J.; Dahlbom, M. & Farquhar, T.H. Removal of the Effect of Compton Scattering in 3D Whole Body Positron Emission Tomography by Monte Carlo

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1995 Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, II, pp. 1050-1054  
Levin, C.S.; Tornai, M.P.; Cherry, S.R.; MacDonald, L.R. & Hoffman, E.J. Compton Scatter and X-Ray Crosstalk and the Use of Very Thin Intercrystal Septa in High Resolution PET Detectors

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1997 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 44-2, pp. 18-24  
Levin, C.S.; Tornai, M.P.; Cherry, S.R.; MacDonald, L.R. & Hoffman, E.J. Compton Scatter and X-Ray Crosstalk and the Use of Very Thin Inner-Crystal Septa in High Resolution PET Detectors

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1995 Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, II, pp. 1036-1040  
Levin, C.S.; Tornai, M.P.; MacDonald, L.R. & Hoffman, E.J. Annihilation Gamma-Ray Background Characterization and Rejection for a Small Beta Camera Used for Tumor Localization During Surgery

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1997 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 44-4, pp. 1120-1126  
Levin, C.S.; Tornai, M.P.; MacDonald, L.R. & Hoffman, E.J. Annihilation Gamma-Ray Background Characterization and Rejection for a Positron Camera

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1996 Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, II, pp. 1044-1048  
Levin, C.S.; Tornai, M.P.; Pani, R.; Garibaldi, F. & Mankoff, D.M. Preface 2006 Physica Medica
Vol. 21, pp. 1-1  
Levin, C.S. & Zaidi, H. Current Trends in Pre-Clinical Positron Emission Tomography System Design

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2007 PET Clinics
Vol. 2, pp. 125-160  
MacDonald, L.R.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; Park, J.; Atac, M.; Cline, D.B. & Hoffman, E.J. Investigation of the Physical Aspects of Beta Imaging Probes Using Scintillating Fibers and Visible Light Photon Counters

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1995 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 42-4, pp. 1351-1357  
MacDonald, L.R.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; Park, J.; Atac, M.; Cline, D.B. & Hoffman, E.J. Small Area, Fiber Coupled Scintillation Camera for Imaging Beta-Ray Distributions Intra-Operatively 1995 Photoelectronic Detectors, Cameras and Systems, Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. 92-101  
MacDonald, L.R.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; Park, J.; Atac, M.; Cline, D.B. & Hoffman, E.J. Investigation of the Physical Aspects of Beta Imaging Probes Using Scintillating Fibers and Visible Light Photon Counters

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1994 Conference Record of the 1994 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, II, pp. 1380-1384  
Matteson, J.L.; Gu, Y.; Skelton, R.T.; Deal, A.A.; Stephan, E.A.; Duttweiler, F.; Huszar, G.L.; Gasaway, T.M. & Levin, C.S. Charge Collection Studies of a High Resolution CZT-Based Detector for PET

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 503-510  
McElroy, D.P.; Hoffman, E.J.; MacDonald, L.; Patt, B.E.; Iwanczyk, J.S.; Yamaguchi, Y. & Levin, C.S. Evaluation of Breast Tumor Detectability with Two Dedicated, Compact Scintillation Cameras

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2002 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 49-3, pp. 794-802  
McElroy, D.P.; Hoffman, E.J.; Macdonald, L.; Patt, B.E.; Iwanczyk, J.S.; Yamaguchi, Y. & Levin, C.S. Evaluation of Performance of Dedicated, Compact Scintillation Cameras

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2000 2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, III-21, pp. 109-113  
Olcott, P.D.; Buss, S.R.; Levin, C.S. & Pratx, G. GRAY: Photon Ray Tracer for PET Applications

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2006 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, pp. 211-215  
Olcott, P.D.; Gonzalez, E.; Vandenbroucke, A. & Levin, C.S. Mixture model for fast estimation of positron range 2010 Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC), 2010 IEEE, pp. 3058 -3060  
Olcott, P.D.; Habte, F.; Levin, C.S. & Foudray, A.M.K. Performance Characterization of a Miniature, High Sensitivity Gamma-Ray Camera

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2007 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 54, pp. 1492-1497  
Olcott, P.D.; Habte, F.; Levin, C.S. & Foudray, A.M.K. Characterization of Performance of a Miniature, High Sensitivity Gamma-Ray Camera

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2004 2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, VI, pp. 3997-4000  
Olcott, P.D.; Habte, F.; Zhang, J. & Levin, C.S. Charge Multiplexing Readout for Position Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes

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2005 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, V, pp. 2935-2937  
Olcott, P.D.; Labruyere, A.F.; Habte, F.; Warburton, W.K. & Levin, C.S. High Speed Fully Digital Data Acquisition System for Positron Emission Tomography

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2006 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, pp. 1909-1911  
Olcott, P.D.; Lau, F.W.Y. & Levin, C.S. Data Acquisition System Design for a 1 mm^3 Resolution PSAPD-Based PET System

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2007 Conference Record of the 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 3206-3211  
Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Pulse Width Modulation: A Novel Readout Scheme For High Energy Photon Detection

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 4530-4535  
Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Image Processing Algorithms to Facilitate and Enhance Sentinel Node Detection using a Hand-Held Gamma-Ray Camera in Surgical Breast Cancer Staging

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2006 Physica Medica
Vol. 21, pp. 99-101  
Olcott, P.D.; Peng, H. & Levin, C.S. Novel Electro-Optical Coupling Technique for Magnetic Resonance-Compatible Positron Emission Tomography Detectors

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2009 MOLECULAR IMAGING
Vol. 8, pp. 74-86  
Olcott, P.D.; Peng, H. & Levin, C.S. Novel Electro-Optically Coupled MR Compatible PET Detectors

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 4640-4645  
Olcott, P.D.; Pratx, G. & Levin, C.S. Novel Hand Held Intraoperative Radionuclide Imaging 2010 ANNALS OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY
Vol. 17, pp. S106-S107  
Olcott, P.D.; Talcott, J.A.; Levin, C.S.; Habte, F. & Foudray, A.M.K. Compact Readout Electronics for Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tubes

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2005 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 52, pp. 21-27  
Olcott, P.D.; Talcott, J.A.; Levin, C.S.; Habte, F. & Foudray, A.M.K. Compact Readout Electronics for Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tubes

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2003 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, III, pp. 1962-1966  
Olcott, P.D.; Zhang, J.; Levin, C.S.; Habte, F. & Foudray, A.M.K. Finite Element Model Based Spatial Linearity Correction for Scintillation Detectors That Use Position Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes

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2005 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, V, pp. 2459-2462  
Patt, B.E.; Iwanczyk, J.S.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. Development of a Mercuric Iodide Detector Array for Medical Imaging Applications

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1995 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
Vol. 366, pp. 173-182  
Patt, B.E.; Iwanczyk, J.S.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. Development of a Mercuric Iodide Detector Array for in-vivo X-Ray Imaging 1995 Advances in X-Ray Analysis
Vol. 38, pp. 615-624  
Patt, B.E.; Iwanczyk, J.S.; Wang, Y.J.; Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. Mercuric Iodide Photodetector Arrays for Gamma-Ray Imaging

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1996 Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A
Vol. 380, pp. 295-300  
Patt, B.E.; Tornai, M.P.; Iwanczyk, J.S.; Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. Development of an Intraoperative Gamma Camera Based on a 256-Pixel Mercuric Iodide Detector Array

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1997 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 44-3, pp. 1242-1248  
Peng, H. & Levin, C.S. Study of PET intrinsic spatial resolution and contrast recovery improvement for PET/MRI systems

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2012 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 57, pp. N101  
Peng, H. & Levin, C.S. Design study of a high-resolution breast-dedicated PET system built from cadmium zinc telluride detectors

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2010 PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Vol. 55, pp. 2761-2788  
Peng, H. & Levin, C.S. Recent Developments in PET Instrumentation

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2010 CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vol. 11, pp. 555-571  
Peng, H.; Levin, C.S. & Chronik, B.A. Simulation study of PET spatial resolution and contrast recovery improvement for PET/MRI dual modality systems 2009 Medical Physics  
Peng, H.; Olcott, P.D.; Foudray, A.M.K. & Levin, C.S. Evaluation of Free-Running ADCs for High Resolution PET Data Acquisition

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2007 Conference Record of the 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 3328-3331  
Peng, H.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Can large-area avalanche photodiodes be used for a clinical PET/MRI block detector?

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 4675-4680  
Peng, H.; Olcott, P.D.; Pratx, G.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Chinn, G. & Levin, C.S. Design Study of a High Resolution Breast-Dedicated PET System Built from Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detectors

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2007 Conference Record of the 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 3700-3704  
Peng, H.; Olcott, P.D.; Spanoudaki, V. & Levin, C.S. Investigation of a clinical PET detector module design that employs large-area avalanche photodetectors

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2011 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 56, pp. 3603-3627  
Peng, H.; Olcott, P.D.; Spanoudaki, V.C. & Levin, C.S. Can large-area avalanche photodiodes be used for a PET detector insert for an MRI system? 2009 Medical Physics  
Pratx, G.; Chinn, G.; Habte, F.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Fully 3D List-mode OSEM Accelerated with Graphics Processing Units

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2006 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, pp. 2196-2202  
Pratx, G.; Chinn, G.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Fast, Accurate and Shift-Varying Line Projections for Iterative Reconstruction Using the GPU

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference  
Pratx, G.; Cui, J.; Prevrhal, S. & Levin, C.S. 3-D Tomographic Image Reconstruction from Unordered Lines with CUDA. In GPU Computing Gems 2010  
Pratx, G.; Cui, J.; Prevrhal, S. & Levin, C.S. GPU Computing Gems Emerald Edition 2011 GPU Computing Gems Emerald Edition , pp. 679-691  
Pratx, G. & Levin, C.S. Online detector response calculations for high-resolution PET image reconstruction

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2011 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 56, pp. 4023-4040  
Pratx, G. & Levin, C.S. Bayesian reconstruction of photon interaction sequences for high-resolution PET detectors, (Selected as Feature Article of the Month, American Institute of Physics, August 2009)

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2009 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 54, pp. 5073-5094  
Pratx, G. & Levin, C.S. Online calculation of the detector response for high-resolution PET iterative image reconstruction 2009 IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging  
Pratx, G. & Levin, C.S. Accurately Positioning Events in a High-Resolution PET System that uses 3D CZT Detectors

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2007 Conference Record of the 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 2660-2664  
Pratx, G.; Olcott, P.D.; Chinn, G. & Levin, C.S. Fast, Accurate and Shift-Varying Line Projections for Iterative Reconstruction Using the GPU

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2009 IEEE Transactions in Medical Imaging
Vol. 28, pp. 435-445  
Pratx, G.; Reader, A.J. & Levin, C.S. Faster Maximum-Likelihood Reconstruction via Explicit Conjugation of Search Directions

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 5070-5075  
Pratx, G.; Surti, S. & Levin, C.S. Fast List-Mode Reconstruction for Time-of-Flight PET Using Graphics Hardware

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2011 Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on
Vol. 58, pp. 105 -109  
Reynolds, P.D.; Lau, F.W.Y.; Vandenbroucke, A. & Levin, C.S. Readout design and validation for a 1 mm3 resolution clinical PET system 2010 Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC), 2010 IEEE, pp. 3097 -3099  
Reynolds, P.D.; Olcott, P.D.; Lau, F.W.Y. & Levin, C.S. Convex Optimization of Coincidence Time Resolution for High Resolution PET Systems

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 4068-4073  
Reynolds, P.D.; Olcott, P.D.; Pratx, G.; Lau, F.W.Y. & Levin, C.S. Convex Optimization of Coincidence Time Resolution for a High-Resolution PET System

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2011 Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on
Vol. 30, pp. 391 -400  
Sigg, D.M.; Levin, C.S. & Quon, A. Sampling Error in CT-based Partial Volume Correction of Lesions Imaged by PET 2009 Journal of Nuclear Medicine  
Spanoudaki, V.C.; Cui, J.; Yeom, J. & Levin, C.S. Evaluation of the benefits of depth of interaction compensated time of flight PET 2011 2011 World Molecular Imaging Congress, Submitted  
Spanoudaki, V.C.; Lau, F.W.Y.; Vandenbroucke, A. & Levin, C.S. Physical effects of mechanical design parameters on photon sensitivity and spatial resolution performance of a breast-dedicated PET system

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2010 MEDICAL PHYSICS
Vol. 37, pp. 5838-5849  
Spanoudaki, V.C.; Lau, F.W.Y.; Vandenbroucke, A. & Levin, C.S. Monte Carlo assessment of a dense mechanical design for a 1 mm3 resolution breast-dedicated PET system: effects on photon sensitivity, spatial resolution and multi-interaction photon events 2009 Medical Physics  
Spanoudaki, V.C. & Levin, C.S. Design considerations of small-animal PET scanners. In Multimodality Molecular Imaging of Small-Animals: Instrumentation and Applications 2010  
Spanoudaki, V.C. & Levin, C.S. Investigating the temporal resolution limits of scintillation detection from pixellated elements: comparison between experiment and simulation

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2011 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 56, pp. 735-756  
Spanoudaki, V.C. & Levin, C.S. Scintillation induced response in passively-quenched Si-based single photon counting avalanche diode arrays

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2011 Opt. Express
Vol. 19, pp. 1665-1679  
Spanoudaki, V.C. & Levin, C.S. Photo-Detectors for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET)

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2010 SENSORS
Vol. 10, pp. 10484-10505  
Spanoudaki, V.C.; Vandenbroucke, A.; Lau, F.W.Y.; Fang, C. & Levin, C.S. Effects of Thermal Regulation Structures on the Photon Sensitivity and Spatial Resolution of a 1 mm^3 Resolution Breast-Dedicated PET System 2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 5657-5661  
Tornai, M.P.; Archer, C.; Wiesenberger, A.G.; Wojcik, R.; Popov, V.; Keppel, C.E.; Levin, C.S.; Majewski, S.; Tipnis, S.V. & Nagarkar, V.V. Investigation of Microcolumnar Scintillators on an Optical Fiber Coupled Compact Imaging System

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2001 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 48-3, pp. 637-644  
Tornai, M.P.; C.Archer; Wiesenberger, A.G.; Wojcik, R.; Popov, V.; Keppel, C.E.; Levin, C.S.; Majewski, S.; Tipnis, S.V. & Nagarkar, V.V. Investigation of Micro-Columnar Scintillators on an Optical Fiber Coupled Compact Imaging System

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2000 2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, III-21, pp. 19-23  
Tornai, M.P.; Hoffman, E.J.; Levin, C.S. & MacDonald, L.R. Characterization of Fluor Concentration and Geometry in Organic Scintillators for in situ Beta Imaging

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1996 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 43-6, pp. 3342-3347  
Tornai, M.P.; Hoffman, E.J.; Levin, C.S. & MacDonald, L.R. Characterization of Fluor Concentration and Geometry in Organic Scintillators for in situ Beta Imaging

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1995 Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, III, pp. 1632-1636  
Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; MacDonald, L.R.; Hoffman, E.J. & Park, J. Investigation of Crystal Geometries for Fiber Coupled Gamma Imaging Intra-Operative Probes

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1997 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 44-3, pp. 1254-1261  
Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; MacDonald, L.R.; Hoffman, E.J. & Park, J. Investigation of Crystal Geometries for Fiber Coupled Gamma Imaging Intra-Operative Probes

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1996 Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, II, pp. 1135-1139  
Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; MacDonald, L.R.; Holdsworth, C.H. & Hoffman, E.J. A Miniature Phoswich Detector for Gamma-Ray Localization and Beta Imaging

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1998 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 45-3, pp. 1166-1173  
Tornai, M.P.; Levin, C.S.; MacDonald, L.R.; Holdsworth, C.H. & Hoffman, E.J. A Miniature Phoswich Detector for Gamma-Ray Localization and Beta Imaging

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1997 1997 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, II, pp. 1028-1032  
Tornai, M.P.; MacDonald, L.R.; Levin, C.S.; Siegel, S. & Hoffman, E.J. Design Considerations and Initial Performance of a 1.2 cm^2 Beta Imaging Intra-Operative Probe

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1996 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 43-4, pp. 2326-2335  
Tornai, M.P.; MacDonald, L.R.; Levin, C.S.; Siegel, S. & Hoffman, E.J. Design Considerations and Initial Performance of a 1.2 cm^2 Beta Imaging Intra-Operative Probe

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1995 Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, III, pp. 1791-1795  
Tornai, M.P.; MacDonald, L.R.; Levin, C.S.; Siegel, S.; Hoffman, E.J.; Park, J.; Atac, M. & Cline, D.B. Miniature Nuclear Emission Imaging System for Intra-Operative Applications 1996 Proceedings from 1996 UCLA International Conference on Imaging Detectors in High Energy & Astroparticle Physics,, pp. 133-147  
Tornai, M.P.; Patt, B.E.; Iwanczyk, J.S.; Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. Discrete Scintillator Coupled Mercuric Iodide Photodetector Arrays for Breast Imaging

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1997 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 44-3, pp. 1127-1133  
Tornai, M.P.; Patt, B.E.; Iwanczyk, J.S.; Levin, C.S. & Hoffman, E.J. Discrete Scintillator Coupled Mercuric Iodide Photodetector Arrays for Breast Imaging

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1996 Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, II, pp. 1034-1038  
Vandenbroucke, A.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Lau, F.W.Y.; Olcott, P.D.; Reynolds, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Performance characterization of a new high resolution, 3-D positioning PET scintillation detector

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 3604-3608  
Vandenbroucke, A.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Performance characterization of a new high resolution PET scintillation detector

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2010 PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Vol. 55, pp. 5895-5911  
Vandenbroucke, A.; Innes, D. & Levin, C.S. Effects of external shielding on the performance of a 1 mm3 resolution breast PET camera 2010 Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC), 2010 IEEE, pp. 3644 -3648  
Vandenbroucke, A.; Lee, J.; Spanoudaki, V.C.; Lau, F.W.Y.; Reynolds, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Temperature and bias voltage studies of a large area position sensitive avalanche photodiode

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2009 Conference Record of the 2009 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 3664-3669  
Vandenbroucke, A. & Levin, C.S. Study of Scintillation Crystal Array Parameters for an Advanced PET Scanner Dedicated to Breast Cancer Imaging

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2008 Conference Record of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 4914-4919  
Vandenbroucke, A.; McLaughlin, T.J. & Levin, C.S. Influence of temperature and bias voltage on the performance of a high resolution PET detector built with position sensitive avalanche photodiodes

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2012 Journal of Instrumentation
Vol. 7, pp. P08001  
Yeom, J.Y.; Vinke, R. & Levin, C.S. Optimizing timing performance of silicon photomultiplier-based scintil lation detectors

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2013 Physics in Medicine and Biology
Vol. 58, pp. 1207  
Zhang, J.; Chinn, G.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Habte, F.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Evaluation of a Dual-Head PET Camera Design Dedicated to Breast Cancer Imaging 2006 Physica Medica
Vol. 21, pp. 94-98  
Zhang, J.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Performance Characterization of a Novel Thin Position-Sensitive Avalanche Photodiode for High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography

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2007 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 54, pp. 415-421  
Zhang, J.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. Performance Characterization of a Novel Thin Position-Sensitive Avalanche Photodiode-Based Detector for High Resolution PET

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2005 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, V, pp. 2478-2482  
Zhang, J.; Olcott, P.D.; Chinn, G.; Foudray, A.M.K. & Levin, C.S. Study of the Performance of a Novel 1 mm Resolution Dual-Panel PET Camera Design Dedicated to Breast Cancer Imaging Using Monte Carlo Simulation

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2007 Medical Physics
Vol. 34, pp. 689-702  
Zhang, J.; Olcott, P.D.; Foudray, A.M.K.; Chinn, G. & Levin, C.S. Monte Carlo Simulation Study of a Dual-Plate PET Camera Dedicated to Breast Cancer Imaging

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2005 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, III, pp. 1667-1671  
Zhang, J.; Olcott, P.D. & Levin, C.S. A New Positioning Algorithm for Position-Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes

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2007 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
Vol. 54, pp. 433-437