Department History
The legacy of Stanford University’s Department of Neurosurgery began in 1858, with the establishment of a new medical school on the West Coast. Stanford Neurosurgery instilled an atmosphere of dedication to neurosurgical care, scientific research, education, and innovation. We highlight key historical events leading to the formation of the medical school and neurosurgical department, the individuals who shaped the department’s vision and expansion, as well as pioneering advances in research and clinical care. The residency program was started in 1961, establishing the basis of the current education model with a strong emphasis on training future leaders, and the Moyamoya Center, founded in 1991, became the largest Moyamoya referral center in the United States. The opening of Stanford Stroke Center (1992) and seminal clinical trials resulted in a significant impact on cerebrovascular disease by expanding the treatment window of IV thrombolysis and intra-arterial thrombectomy. The invention and implementation of CyberKnife® (1994) marks another important event that revolutionized the field of radiosurgery, and the development of Stanford’s innovative Brain Computer Interface program is pushing the boundaries of this specialty. The more recent launch of the Neurosurgery Virtual Reality and Simulation Center (2017) exemplifies how Stanford is continuing to evolve in this ever-changing field. The department also became a model for diversity within the school as well as nationwide. The growth of Stanford Neurosurgery from one of the youngest neurosurgery departments in the country to a prominent comprehensive neurosurgery center mirrors the history of neurosurgery itself: young, innovative, and willing to overcome challenges.
Timeline
1895
Stanford University, founded in 1895, wasn't the first home of Stanford University's School of Medicine.
1908
What started as Cooper Medical College in San Francisco would become the first site of the Stanford University School of Medicine in 1908. The first class of students entered Stanford University School of Medicine in 1909. In these early days general training at the medical school included just two years of basic science followed by 2 years of clinical teaching; in contrast, today's neurosurgeons complete four years of medical school, seven years training as a resident, and often one additional year of specialty training as a clinical fellow.
1917
In 1917, Stanford University Hospital was inaugurated with 180 beds serving the San Francisco community. In 1919 the Stanford Home for Convalescent Children was founded.
1920
The first Stanford neurosurgeons were Drs. Edward Towne, Ted Fender, and Fritz Reichert. Dr. Towne, a trainee of neurosurgery pioneer Harvey Cushing at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and later the Mayo Clinic, joined the others in 1920 after his discharge from the U.S. Army Medical Corps post World War 1.
Dr. Edward Towne (photography credit: Stanford Medical History Center)
Dr. Frederick Reichert (photography credit: Stanford Medical History Center)
1926
In 1926 Dr. Reichert, who completed his residency with William Halsted and trained with the eminent neurosurgeon Walter Dandy of Johns Hopkins, was appointed Chief of Neurosurgery; shortly thereafter Dr. Towne resigned. Dr. Reichert continued in this capacity until 1954.
1942
In 1942 Emile Holman, MD, Stanford University's second Rhodes Scholar, graduate of Johns Hopkins Medical School, and current Chief of Surgery at Stanford Medical School, turned his private practice over to Dr. Reichert. Dr. Reichert was among a small group of neurosurgeons that included Howard Naffzinger, Chair of the Department of Surgery and Division of Neurosurgery at UCSF (also a Cushing trainee), to develop the neurosurgery field in Northern California in the early part of the 20th century.
1954
A turning point in Stanford Neurosurgery came in 1954 when Emile Holman recruited John Hanbery, MD, to the Stanford University School of Medicine as Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery; Dr. Hanbery's tenure at Stanford would last an amazing 35 years. A Stanford undergraduate, Dr. Hanbery attended the Stanford University School of Medicine where he completed his residency training in general surgery. He was accepted by Walter Dandy to pursue a Neurosurgery residency at Johns Hopkins, however, when Dr. Dandy died, Dr. Hanbery instead went to the Montreal Neurological Institute (McGill University) to study with neurosurgeons Drs. Wilder Penfield and William Cone, founders of the institute.
1959
Until 1959, the medical school’s curriculum was split between its Palo Alto campus and the facilities inherited from Cooper Medical College. In 1959, the Palo Alto-Stanford Hospital Center was established to consolidate clinical and academic activities. It included the School of Medicine, Stanford Clinics, Palo Alto-Stanford Hospital, and the largest medical library in the Western United States.
That same year Dr. Hanbery temporally left full-time academia to join neurosurgeon Dr. James Golden at the Palo Alto Clinic. He remained on the Stanford teaching faculty, however, and in 1961 he returned to Stanford full-time as Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery, where he established the very first Stanford Neurosurgery Residency training program.
1964
In 1964 Roy Cohn, MD, Chair of Surgery, appointed Dr. Hanbery Professor and Head of the Division of Neurosurgery where he would remain until 1989.
1968
In 1968, the city of Palo Alto sold its interest in hospital properties to the university, and the 580-bed hospital was renamed Stanford University Hospital.
1974-1987
In 1974 former residents honored Dr. Hanbery by establishing the John W. Hanbery Neurosurgical Society, an organization of Stanford Resident Alumni and honored guest members that meet annually to present scientific and clinical papers.
Dr. Hanbery also recruited Gerald Silverberg (1973), Frances Conley (1975), Richard Britt (1977), Larry Shuer (1984), John Adler (1987), and Gary Steinberg (1987). Dr. Silverberg brought microscopic neurosurgery to Stanford and spearheaded the effort to obtain departmental status for Neurosurgery. Dr. Britt, who passed away in 1985, was the first neurosurgical faculty member to receive NIH funding. Dr. Adler's invention of the CyberKnife completely changed the landscape in the neurosurgical treatment of brain tumors with his frameless and minimally invasive robotic system that targets radiation precisely to a tumor or vascular malformation without damaging nearby radiation-sensitive areas of the brain.
1992
Lawrence Shuer served as Acting Chair between 1992 and 1995, during which he helped navigate the department until a permanent chair could be appointed. Dr Shuer successfully appealed an adverse action proposal from the Neurosurgical Residency Review Committee to place the program on probation for lack of a permanent chair. Ultimately, a national chair search committee was convened, and Dr. Gary Steinberg was selected as the first Chair of the Department in 1995.
1995-2020
In December, 1995 Gary Steinberg, MD, PhD, became Chair of the Department and began an unprecedented expansion of our clinical and basic research programs. Centers for stroke and cerebrovascular disease, brain tumors, epilepsy, movement disorders, spine disease, head and spine trauma, pediatric neurosurgery, pituitary tumors, peripheral nerve and psychiatric disorders treat many of the most severe pediatric and adult cases using state-of-the-art and minimally invasive diagnostic and surgical techniques.
The number of surgical cases has increased 10 times the last 22 years, and Stanford Clinical Neurosciences is No. 1 in Bay Area neuroscience discharges and the No. 1 academic institution in the US for stroke management, according to the University Health Consortium. In the past 22 years, NIH and other extramural funding has grown more than 200 fold to $30M/yr, and philanthropy increased greater than 500 fold to $7M annually.
During this time, numerous basic and translational clinical research efforts flourished due to collaboration between scientists and clinicians across multiple disciplines. Dr. Steinberg led the Stanford Department of Neurosurgery for 25 years, stepping down from the role in 2020.
2020-Present Day
Dr. Michael Lim, a clinician, surgeon, and researcher of the highest order, returned to Stanford in September 2020 as the new Chair of the Stanford Department of Neurosurgery. From 2000-2007, Dr. Lim trained at Stanford as an intern and resident in Neurosurgery. In 2007 Dr. Lim joined the professoriate of Johns Hopkins, where he served as the director of Brain Tumor Immunotherapy, director of the Metastatic Brain Tumor Center, and division director of Stereotactic Radiosurgery.
Throughout his career, Dr. Lim has seamlessly collaborated with colleagues across oncology, radiation oncology, pathology, and radiology to develop and translate novel treatments and promising clinical trials from his laboratory to patients with glioblastoma, chordoma, and other forms of brain cancer. Clinically, he has established himself as a foremost expert in brain tumors and trigeminal neuralgia, a condition for which he has developed numerous surgical treatments. As an experienced neurosurgeon, Dr. Lim uses the most advanced techniques, including image-guided surgery, microsurgery, minimally invasive procedures, and endoscopic surgery.
Beyond his technical skill, Dr. Lim has been recognized for his empathetic care by his peers and patients. In October 2016, he received the HealthNetwork Foundation’s Service Excellence Award, which recognizes physicians for high levels of integrity and compassionate care, after being nominated by grateful patients. Additionally, Dr. Lim has demonstrated a great passion for teaching. He has garnered numerous teaching awards and is actively involved in shaping education for organized neurosurgery and oncology nationally and internationally.
News & Media
Interested in learning more about some of the Department members mentioned above? View our media down below.
Frances K. Conley
The Lancet: Frances Krauskopf Conley
Obituary: She was born on Aug 12, 1940, in Palo Alto, CA, USA, and died on Aug 5, 2024, in Sea Ranch, CA, USA, of complications from dementia, aged 83 years.
A Tribute to Dr. Frances Conley: 1940-2024
During Women in Medicine Month, the Department of Neurosurgery honors the memory and contribution of Frances K. Conley, MS, MD, who passed away on August 5.
Frances Conley, formidable neurosurgeon who broke gender barriers, dies at 83
Conley used her prominent position to advocate for women in medicine.