CAP Profiles

Bio

Bio

Sean M Wu, MD, PhD is a board certified cardiologist who specializes in treating men and women with cardiac diseases such as coronary artery disease, cardiac valve disorder, rhythm disorders, and cardiac preventive management.

Dr. Wu also conduct research in cardiac developmental biology/congenital heart disease, stem cell biology and translation of stem cells into new treatments for congenital heart disease, adult heart failure and rhythm disorders.

In addition to completion of residency program and board certification in internal medicine, Dr. Wu has also completed a 3-year ACGME-accredited fellowship in cardiovascular disease with board certification and additional clinical training in echocardiography at Massachusetts General Hospital and cardiac developmental biology research training at Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA.

Clinical Focus

  • Cardiovascular Disease

Academic Appointments

Administrative Appointments

  • Associate Member, Stanford Diabetes Research Center (2017 - Present)
  • Section Editor, Current Cardiology Reports (2016 - Present)
  • Consulting Editor, Circulation Research (2015 - Present)
  • Editorial Consultant, Journal of American College of Cardiology: Basic to Translational Science (2015 - Present)
  • Guest Editor, Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation (2015 - Present)
  • Associate Professor of Medicine (with tenure) and (by courtesy) Pediatrics, Stanford University (2016 - Present)
  • Editorial Board - General, Circulation Research (2014 - 2015)
  • Section Editor, Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine (2013 - Present)
  • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine (2012 - 2015)
  • Associate Editor, BMC Cardiovascular Disease (2011 - Present)
  • Organizing Committee, NIH/NHLBI Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine Symposium (2011 - 2013)
  • Editorial Board, Frontiers in Pharmacology and Smooth Muscle Biology (2010 - Present)
  • Editorial Board, World Journal of Stem Cell (2009 - Present)
  • Assistant Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital (2009 - 2012)
  • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School (2009 - 2012)
  • Editorial Board, Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology (2007 - Present)
  • Director, Mouse Microinjection Core, Massachusetts General Hospital (2007 - 2012)
  • Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School (2006 - 2009)

Honors & Awards

  • 2018 Kenneth D. Bloch Memorial Lecturer in Vascular Biology, American Heart Association (2018)
  • Established Investigator Award, American Heart Association (2017-2021)
  • Elected Member, American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI) (2016)
  • Cardiovascular Medicine Division Teaching Award, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine (2015)
  • NIH Director's Pioneer Award, National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director (2014-2019)
  • David Lawrence Stein Award, American Heart Association-Western Affiliate (2014)
  • Endowed Faculty Scholar, Child Health Research Institute/ Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health (2013-2018)
  • Seed Grant Award (Co-Recipient with Dr. Beth Pruitt), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (2013-2014)
  • SPARK Research Award, Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital (2010-2011)
  • Fellow, American College of Cardiology (2010)
  • Progenitor Cell Biology Consortium, Co-Principal Investigator, NIH/NHLBI (2009-2016)
  • NIH Director's New Innovator Award, National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director (2008-2013)
  • Seed Grant Recipient, Harvard Stem Cell Institute (2008-2010)
  • Young Investigator Competitive Award in Cardiovascular Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline Education and Research Foundation (2007-2009)
  • de Gunzburg Family Scholar, Massachusetts General Hospital (2006)
  • K08 Mentored Clinical Scientist Award, NIH/NHLBI (2005-2011)
  • Abstract of Distinction, Research Symposium - Massachusetts General Hospital (2005)
  • NIH/NHLBI Scholarship, Keystone Symposium on Molecular Mechanism of Cardiac Disease and Regeneration (2005)
  • Career Development Award in Cardiovascular Medicine, American College of Cardiology Foundation/Pfizer (2004-2007)
  • ACCF/Bristol Meyers Travel Award, American College of Cardiology (2002)
  • Merck/ACC Young Investigator Award - 2nd Place, American College of Cardiology (2001)
  • Henry Christian Award for Research Excellence, American Federation for Medical Research (1999)
  • Experimental Pathologist-in-Training, American Society for Investigative Pathology (1998)
  • Award for Academic Excellence and Achievement, American Society of Clinical Pathologists (1996, 1997)
  • Tau Beta Pi, Stanford University School of Engineering (1992)
  • Terman Award, Stanford University School of Engineering (1992)
  • President's Award for Academic Excellence, Stanford University (1989)

Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations

  • Vice Chair, AHA-BCVS Committee on Early Career Development (2018 - Present)
  • Vice-Chair, American Heart Association National Research Committee, Bioethics Subcommittee (2017 - Present)
  • Member, AHA - Committee on Scientific Session Programming (CSSP) (2016 - Present)
  • Member, AHA - BCVS Committee on Scientific and Clinical Education Lifelong Learning Committee (2016 - Present)
  • Member, American Heart Association - BCVS Committee on Early Career Development (2015 - 2018)
  • Member, American Heart Association National Research Committee, Stem Cell Research Subgroup (2013 - 2017)
  • Member, American Heart Association National Stem Cell Therapy Writing Group (2012 - Present)
  • Member, Research Administration Advisory Committee, Massachusette General Hospital (2010 - 2012)

Professional Education

  • Research Fellowship, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Stem Cell Biology (2006)
  • Board Certification: Cardiovascular Disease, American Board of Internal Medicine (2005)
  • Fellowship:Massachusetts General Hospital (2005) MA
  • Board Certification, Internal Medicine, ABIM (2003)
  • Residency:Duke University Medical Center (2001) NC
  • Medical Education:Duke University School of Medicine (1999) NC
  • PhD, Duke University School of Arts and Sciences, Pathology (1998)
  • BS, Stanford University, Mechanical Engineering (1992)
  • BS, Stanford University, Biological Science (1992)

Community and International Work

  • Faculty Advisor

    Partnering Organization(s)

    National Asian Pacific American Medical Student Association

    Location

    US

    Ongoing Project

    Yes

    Opportunities for Student Involvement

    Yes

Patents

  • Sean M. Wu. "United States Patent Application No. 13/552,975; US Patent No. 9393221 Methods and compounds for reducing intracellular lipid storage", Massachusetts General Hospital, Jul 19, 2016

Contact

  • Jennifer Soboleski Cardiovascular Institute
    • Tel: (650) 727-8913 (office)
  • Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine 265 Campus Dr Rm G1120A Lokey Stem Cell Research Bldg Stanford, CA 94305
    • Tel: (650) 724-4498
    Fax: (650) 724-4689

Links

Research & Scholarship

Current Research and Scholarly Interests

Cardiovascular Developmental Biology
A major focus of the Wu Laboratory is to define the earliest steps in heart formation. We use experimentally-modified mice as our live model to take advantage of a broad range of molecular tools available. The similarity between a mouse heart and a human heart allows us to connect our results directly into finding ways to treat human heart diseases. We seek to understand what genes are responsible for making the heart chamber form in the right way. We are also interested in finding out what disturbances in the normal process of heart formation is responsible for devastating congenital heart diseases that lead to fetal demise or death shortly after birth. We have utilized the most state-of-the-art tools to try to understand the process of normal heart formation and have made significant discoveries in this area of research.

Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
We have recently embarked on cardiac tissue engineering work due to the significant promise of this research direction in creating functional cardiac tissue for modeling of heart diseases and for generation a new organ that may be transplantable. By using stem cells that can be turned into cardiac cells, we have brought stem cell biology and tissue engineering together to begin making true functional heart tissue for screening drugs to treat heart diseases and to build new replacement tissues that may one day be used to replace the damaged heart muscle after heart attack. We have actively collaborated with material science engineers, vascular engineers, and mechanical engineers to make new discoveries in this research area. We currently employ 3D bioprinting as a tool to generate full-thickness, vascularized, and functional cardiac tissue.

Cardiovascular Disease Modeling
While mouse models are useful for studying the process of heart formation, they are not exactly like the human hearts in various ways. Since we cannot easily obtain human heart tissue, we have chosen to use stem cells as the next best source of material to study human heart formation and disease onset. We focus on a special type of stem cells call induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that behave exactly like embryonic stem cells but are made from regular human skin or blood cell. These human iPSCs make excellent model of heart formation inside a petri dish in the lab and can be turned into beating heart muscle cells by treating them with special factors. Furthermore, the steps that these iPSCs take to become heart muscle cells replicate exactly the way a human fetus goes through during early development in utero.

Cardiovascular Regenerative Biology
Ultimately, our work in developmental biology and tissue engineering seek to identify the most effective way to treat damage hearts. The regenerative potentials of stem cells is unlimited but requires careful guidance when given to a patient with heart disease. Many efforts that have failed in the past is due to the lack of understanding of what stem cells are capable of doing to treat damaged hearts. We have studied the role of stem cells in a fetal heart injury and recovery model (Sturzu et al, Circulation 2015) and have addressed the challenges that must be overcome in order to move the field forward (Wu et al, Cell 2008). We are currently seeking to find new cell types that may be useful for repairing damages to the muscle and the conduction system (i.e. the electrical network) in the heart using human iPSC-derived cells. In the future, we seek to generate transplantable organs using innovative strategies that involve tissue engineering and interspecies chimerism with pluripotent stem cells.

Teaching

2018-19 Courses

Stanford Advisees

Graduate and Fellowship Programs

Publications

All Publications

  • Reassessment of c-Kit in Cardiac Cells: A Complex Interplay Between Expression, Fate, and Function. Circulation research Zhou, B., Wu, S. M. 2018; 123 (1): 9–11

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313215

    View details for PubMedID 29929968

  • Single-cell transcriptomic characterization of 20 organs and tissues from individual mice creates a Tabula Muris NATURE The Tabula Muris Consortium, .. 2018; In Press
  • Mammalian Heart Regeneration: The Race to the Finish Line. Circulation research Doppler, S. A., Deutsch, M., Serpooshan, V., Li, G., Dzilic, E., Lange, R., Krane, M., Wu, S. M. 2017; 120 (4): 630-632

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.310051

    View details for PubMedID 28209796

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5321648

  • High-throughput screening of tyrosine kinase inhibitor cardiotoxicity with human induced pluripotent stem cells. Science translational medicine Sharma, A., Burridge, P. W., McKeithan, W. L., Serrano, R., Shukla, P., Sayed, N., Churko, J. M., Kitani, T., Wu, H., Holmström, A., Matsa, E., Zhang, Y., Kumar, A., Fan, A. C., Del Álamo, J. C., Wu, S. M., Moslehi, J. J., Mercola, M., Wu, J. C. 2017; 9 (377)

    Abstract

    Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), despite their efficacy as anticancer therapeutics, are associated with cardiovascular side effects ranging from induced arrhythmias to heart failure. We used human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), generated from 11 healthy individuals and 2 patients receiving cancer treatment, to screen U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved TKIs for cardiotoxicities by measuring alterations in cardiomyocyte viability, contractility, electrophysiology, calcium handling, and signaling. With these data, we generated a "cardiac safety index" to reflect the cardiotoxicities of existing TKIs. TKIs with low cardiac safety indices exhibit cardiotoxicity in patients. We also derived endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs) and cardiac fibroblasts (hiPSC-CFs) to examine cell type-specific cardiotoxicities. Using high-throughput screening, we determined that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)/platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-inhibiting TKIs caused cardiotoxicity in hiPSC-CMs, hiPSC-ECs, and hiPSC-CFs. With phosphoprotein analysis, we determined that VEGFR2/PDGFR-inhibiting TKIs led to a compensatory increase in cardioprotective insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in hiPSC-CMs. Up-regulating cardioprotective signaling with exogenous insulin or IGF1 improved hiPSC-CM viability during cotreatment with cardiotoxic VEGFR2/PDGFR-inhibiting TKIs. Thus, hiPSC-CMs can be used to screen for cardiovascular toxicities associated with anticancer TKIs, and the results correlate with clinical phenotypes. This approach provides unexpected insights, as illustrated by our finding that toxicity can be alleviated via cardioprotective insulin/IGF signaling.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2584

    View details for PubMedID 28202772

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5409837

  • The relationship between cardiac endothelium and fibroblasts: it's complicated. The Journal of clinical investigation Karra, R., Walter, A. O., Wu, S. M. 2017

    Abstract

    Coronary revascularization is an effective means of treating ischemic heart disease; however, current therapeutic revascularization strategies are limited to large caliber vessels. Because the mammalian heart scars following cardiac injury, recent work showing that cardiac fibroblasts can transdifferentiate into new coronary endothelium raises a new and exciting approach to promoting endogenous revascularization following cardiac injury. In this issue of the JCI, He et al. report on their employment of a battery of lineage-tracing tools to address the developmental origins of fibroblasts that give rise to new endothelial cells. Surprisingly, cardiac fibroblasts did not appear to contribute appreciably to regeneration of cardiac endothelium. Instead, cardiac endothelial cells were likely to proliferate and generate new endothelium following injury. As these conclusions diverge from prior findings, additional work will be required to understand the sources that generate cardiac endothelium in new blood vessels after injury. Clarification of the origins of coronary endothelial cells during cardiac repair is essential for identifying improved approaches to revascularizing damaged myocardium in patients with ischemic heart disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1172/JCI95492

    View details for PubMedID 28650344

  • Transcriptomic Profiling Maps Anatomically Patterned Subpopulations among Single Embryonic Cardiac Cells DEVELOPMENTAL CELL Li, G., Xu, A., Sim, S., Priest, J. R., Tian, X., Khan, T., Quertermous, T., Zhou, B., Tsao, P. S., Quake, S. R., Wu, S. M. 2016; 39 (4): 491-507

    Abstract

    Embryonic gene expression intricately reflects anatomical context, developmental stage, and cell type. To address whether the precise spatial origins of cardiac cells can be deduced solely from their transcriptional profiles, we established a genome-wide expression database from 118, 949, and 1,166 single murine heart cells at embryonic day 8.5 (e8.5), e9.5, and e10.5, respectively. We segregated these cells by type using unsupervised bioinformatics analysis and identified chamber-specific genes. Using a random forest algorithm, we reconstructed the spatial origin of single e9.5 and e10.5 cardiomyocytes with 92.0% ± 3.2% and 91.2% ± 2.8% accuracy, respectively (99.4% ± 1.0% and 99.1% ± 1.1% if a ±1 zone margin is permitted) and predicted the second heart field distribution of Isl-1-lineage descendants. When applied to Nkx2-5(-/-) cardiomyocytes from murine e9.5 hearts, we showed their transcriptional alteration and lack of ventricular phenotype. Our database and zone classification algorithm will enable the discovery of novel mechanisms in early cardiac development and disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.10.014

    View details for Web of Science ID 000389162800013

    View details for PubMedID 27840109

  • Inhibition of Apoptosis Overcomes Stage-Related Compatibility Barriers to Chimera Formation in Mouse Embryos. Cell stem cell Masaki, H., Kato-Itoh, M., Takahashi, Y., Umino, A., Sato, H., Ito, K., Yanagida, A., Nishimura, T., Yamaguchi, T., Hirabayashi, M., Era, T., Loh, K. M., Wu, S. M., Weissman, I. L., Nakauchi, H. 2016; 19 (5): 587-592

    Abstract

    Cell types more advanced in development than embryonic stem cells, such as EpiSCs, fail to contribute to chimeras when injected into pre-implantation-stage blastocysts, apparently because the injected cells undergo apoptosis. Here we show that transient promotion of cell survival through expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 enables EpiSCs and Sox17(+) endoderm progenitors to integrate into blastocysts and contribute to chimeric embryos. Upon injection into blastocyst, BCL2-expressing EpiSCs contributed to all bodily tissues in chimeric animals while Sox17(+) endoderm progenitors specifically contributed in a region-specific fashion to endodermal tissues. In addition, BCL2 expression enabled rat EpiSCs to contribute to mouse embryonic chimeras, thereby forming interspecies chimeras that could survive to adulthood. Our system therefore provides a method to overcome cellular compatibility issues that typically restrict chimera formation. Application of this type of approach could broaden the use of embryonic chimeras, including region-specific chimeras, for basic developmental biology research and regenerative medicine.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.013

    View details for PubMedID 27814480

  • Distilling complexity to advance cardiac tissue engineering SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE Ogle, B. M., Bursac, N., Domian, I., Huang, N. F., Menasche, P., Murry, C. E., Pruitt, B., Radisic, M., Wu, J. C., Wu, S. M., Zhang, J., Zimmermann, W., Vunjak-Novakovic, G. 2016; 8 (342)

    Abstract

    The promise of cardiac tissue engineering is in the ability to recapitulate in vitro the functional aspects of a healthy heart and disease pathology as well as to design replacement muscle for clinical therapy. Parts of this promise have been realized; others have not. In a meeting of scientists in this field, five central challenges or "big questions" were articulated that, if addressed, could substantially advance the current state of the art in modeling heart disease and realizing heart repair.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad2304

    View details for Web of Science ID 000377443800001

    View details for PubMedID 27280684

  • Members Only: Hypoxia-Induced Cell-Cycle Activation in Cardiomyocytes. Cell metabolism Sharma, A., Wu, S. M. 2015; 22 (3): 365-366

    Abstract

    A low level of cardiomyocyte turnover occurs in the adult mammalian heart, but the source of these new cells remains unknown. Kimura et al., 2015 utilized a novel hypoxia-induced fate mapping system to identify a rare population of adult cardiomyocytes undergoing cell-cycle entry and expansion in healthy adult hearts and following ischemic injury.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.08.004

    View details for PubMedID 26331604

  • Fetal Mammalian Heart Generates a Robust Compensatory Response to Cell Loss. Circulation Sturzu, A. C., Rajarajan, K., Passer, D., Plonowska, K., Riley, A., Tan, T. C., Sharma, A., Xu, A. F., Engels, M. C., Feistritzer, R., Li, G., Selig, M. K., Geissler, R., Robertson, K. D., Scherrer-Crosbie, M., Domian, I. J., Wu, S. M. 2015; 132 (2): 109-121

    Abstract

    -Heart development is tightly regulated by signaling events acting upon a defined number of progenitor and differentiated cardiac cells. While loss-of-function of these signaling pathways leads to congenital malformation, the consequences of cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) or embryonic cardiomyocyte loss are less clear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that embryonic mouse hearts exhibit a robust mechanism for regeneration following extensive cell loss.-By combining a conditional cell ablation approach with a novel blastocyst complementation strategy, we generated murine embryos that exhibit a full spectrum of CPC or cardiomyocyte ablation. Remarkably, ablation of up to 60% of CPCs at embryonic day 7.5 was well-tolerated and permitted embryo survival. Ablation of embryonic cardiomyocytes to a similar degree (50-60%) at embryonic day 9.0 could be fully rescued by residual myocytes with no obvious adult cardiac functional deficit. In both ablation models, an increase in cardiomyocyte proliferation rate was detected and accounted for at least some of the rapid recovery of myocardial cellularity and heart size.-Our study defines the threshold for cell loss in the embryonic mammalian heart and reveals a robust cardiomyocyte compensatory response that sustains normal fetal development.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011490

    View details for PubMedID 25995316

  • Lift NIH restrictions on chimera research. Science (New York, N.Y.) Sharma, A., Sebastiano, V., Scott, C. T., Magnus, D., Koyano-Nakagawa, N., Garry, D. J., Witte, O. N., Nakauchi, H., Wu, J. C., Weissman, I. L., Wu, S. M. 2015; 350 (6261): 640

    View details for DOI 10.1126/science.350.6261.640-a

    View details for PubMedID 26542560

  • Patching up broken hearts: cardiac cell therapy gets a bioengineered boost. Cell stem cell Serpooshan, V., Wu, S. M. 2014; 15 (6): 671-673

    Abstract

    Preclinical and clinical studies for cardiac cell therapy have only seen moderate success due to poor engraftment and survival of transplanted cells. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Ye et al. (2014) employ a growth-factor-loaded fibrin patch and show improved cardiovascular cell survival after cell transplantation into a porcine model of ischemia reperfusion.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2014.11.008

    View details for PubMedID 25479741

  • Harnessing the potential of induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine NATURE CELL BIOLOGY Wu, S. M., Hothedlinger, K. 2011; 13 (5): 497-505

    Abstract

    The discovery of methods to convert somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through expression of a small combination of transcription factors has raised the possibility of producing custom-tailored cells for the study and treatment of numerous diseases. Indeed, iPSCs have already been derived from patients suffering from a large variety of disorders. Here we review recent progress that has been made in establishing iPSC-based disease models, discuss associated technical and biological challenges, and highlight possible solutions to overcome these barriers. We believe that a better understanding of the molecular basis of pluripotency, cellular reprogramming and lineage-specific differentiation of iPSCs is necessary for progress in regenerative medicine.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ncb0511-497

    View details for Web of Science ID 000290148700004

    View details for PubMedID 21540845

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3617981

  • Generation of Functional Ventricular Heart Muscle from Mouse Ventricular Progenitor Cells SCIENCE Domian, I. J., Chiravuri, M., van der Meer, P., Feinberg, A. W., Shi, X., Shao, Y., Wu, S. M., Parker, K. K., Chien, K. R. 2009; 326 (5951): 426-429

    Abstract

    The mammalian heart is formed from distinct sets of first and second heart field (FHF and SHF, respectively) progenitors. Although multipotent progenitors have previously been shown to give rise to cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells, the mechanism governing the generation of large numbers of differentiated progeny remains poorly understood. We have employed a two-colored fluorescent reporter system to isolate FHF and SHF progenitors from developing mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells. Genome-wide profiling of coding and noncoding transcripts revealed distinct molecular signatures of these progenitor populations. We further identify a committed ventricular progenitor cell in the Islet 1 lineage that is capable of limited in vitro expansion, differentiation, and assembly into functional ventricular muscle tissue, representing a combination of tissue engineering and stem cell biology.

    View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1177350

    View details for Web of Science ID 000270818600053

    View details for PubMedID 19833966

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2895998

  • Epicardial progenitors contribute to the cardiomyocyte lineage in the developing heart NATURE Zhou, B., Ma, Q., Rajagopal, S., Wu, S. M., Domian, I., Rivera-Feliciano, J., Jiang, D., von Gise, A., Ikeda, S., Chien, K. R., Pu, W. T. 2008; 454 (7200): 109-U5

    Abstract

    The heart is formed from cardiogenic progenitors expressing the transcription factors Nkx2-5 and Isl1 (refs 1 and 2). These multipotent progenitors give rise to cardiomyocyte, smooth muscle and endothelial cells, the major lineages of the mature heart. Here we identify a novel cardiogenic precursor marked by expression of the transcription factor Wt1 and located within the epicardium-an epithelial sheet overlying the heart. During normal murine heart development, a subset of these Wt1(+) precursors differentiated into fully functional cardiomyocytes. Wt1(+) proepicardial cells arose from progenitors that express Nkx2-5 and Isl1, suggesting that they share a developmental origin with multipotent Nkx2-5(+) and Isl1(+) progenitors. These results identify Wt1(+) epicardial cells as previously unrecognized cardiomyocyte progenitors, and lay the foundation for future efforts to harness the cardiogenic potential of these progenitors for cardiac regeneration and repair.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/nature07060

    View details for Web of Science ID 000257308300047

    View details for PubMedID 18568026

  • Origins and fates of cardiovascular progenitor cells CELL Wu, S. M., Chien, K. R., Mummery, C. 2008; 132 (4): 537-543

    Abstract

    Multipotent cardiac progenitor cells are found in the fetal and adult heart of many mammalian species including humans and form as intermediates during the differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Despite similar biological properties, the molecular identities of these different cardiac progenitor cell populations appear to be distinct. Elucidating the origins and lineage relationships of these cell populations will accelerate clinical applications such as drug screening and cell therapy as well as shedding light on the pathogenic mechanisms underlying cardiac diseases.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.002

    View details for Web of Science ID 000253817900012

    View details for PubMedID 18295570

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2507768

  • Developmental origin of a bipotential myocardial and smooth muscle cell precursor in the mammalian heart CELL Wu, S. M., Fujiwara, Y., Cibulsky, S. M., Clapham, D. E., Lien, C., Schultheiss, T. M., Orkin, S. H. 2006; 127 (6): 1137-1150

    Abstract

    Despite recent advances in delineating the mechanisms involved in cardiogenesis, cellular lineage specification remains incompletely understood. To explore the relationship between developmental fate and potential, we isolated a cardiac-specific Nkx2.5(+) cell population from the developing mouse embryo. The majority of these cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes and conduction system cells. Some, surprisingly, adopted a smooth muscle fate. To address the clonal origin of these lineages, we isolated Nkx2.5(+) cells from in vitro differentiated murine embryonic stem cells and found approximately 28% of these cells expressed c-kit. These c-kit(+) cells possessed the capacity for long-term in vitro expansion and differentiation into both cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells from a single cell. We confirmed these findings by isolating c-kit(+)Nkx2.5(+) cells from mouse embryos and demonstrated their capacity for bipotential differentiation in vivo. Taken together, these results support the existence of a common precursor for cardiovascular lineages in the mammalian heart.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.028

    View details for Web of Science ID 000242991000013

    View details for PubMedID 17123591

  • Large-Scale Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Molecular Signatures of Heterogeneous Populations of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells. Circulation research Paik, D. T., Tian, L., Lee, J., Sayed, N., Chen, I. Y., Rhee, S., Rhee, J., Kim, Y., Wirka, R. C., Buikema, J. W., Wu, S. M., Red-Horse, K., Quertermous, T., Wu, J. C. 2018

    Abstract

    Rationale: Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs) have risen as a useful tool in cardiovascular research, offering a wide gamut of translational and clinical applications. However, inefficiency of the currently available iPSC-EC differentiation protocol and underlying heterogeneity of derived iPSC-ECs remain as major limitations of iPSC-EC technology. Objective: Here we performed droplet-based single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the human iPSCs following iPSC-EC differentiation. Droplet-based scRNA-seq enables analysis of thousands of cells in parallel, allowing comprehensive analysis of transcriptional heterogeneity. Methods and Results: Bona fide iPSC-EC cluster was identified by scRNA-seq, which expressed high levels of endothelial-specific genes. iPSC-ECs, sorted by CD144 antibody-conjugated magnetic sorting, exhibited standard endothelial morphology and function including tube formation, response to inflammatory signals, and production of nitric oxide. Non-endothelial cell populations resulting from the differentiation protocol were identified, which included immature and atrial-like cardiomyocytes, hepatic-like cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, scRNA-seq analysis of purified iPSC-ECs revealed transcriptional heterogeneity with four major subpopulations, marked by robust enrichment of CLDN5, APLNR, GJA5, and ESM1 genes respectively. Conclusions: Massively parallel, droplet-based scRNA-seq allowed meticulous analysis of thousands of human iPSCs subjected to iPSC-EC differentiation. Results showed inefficiency of the differentiation technique, which can be improved with further studies based on identification of molecular signatures that inhibit expansion of non-endothelial cell types. Subtypes of bona fide human iPSC-ECs were also identified, allowing us to sort for iPSC-ECs with specific biological function and identity.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312913

    View details for PubMedID 29986945

  • 4D Printing of Actuating Cardiac Tissue 3D Printing in Cardiovascular Medicine Serpooshan, V., Hu, J. B., Chirikian, O., Hu, D. A., Wu, S. M. 2018

    View details for DOI Pending

  • Cardiovascular tissue bioprinting: physical and chemical processes Applied Physics Reviews Hu, J., Tomov, M., Chen, C., Wu, S. M., Morteza, M., Serpooshan, V. 2018; In Press
  • Single-cell analysis of early progenitor cells that build coronary arteries. Nature Su, T., Stanley, G., Sinha, R., D'Amato, G., Das, S., Rhee, S., Chang, A. H., Poduri, A., Raftrey, B., Dinh, T. T., Roper, W. A., Li, G., Quinn, K. E., Caron, K. M., Wu, S., Miquerol, L., Butcher, E. C., Weissman, I., Quake, S., Red-Horse, K. 2018

    Abstract

    Arteries and veins are specified by antagonistic transcriptional programs. However, during development and regeneration, new arteries can arise from pre-existing veins through a poorly understood process of cell fate conversion. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing and mouse genetics, we show that vein cells of the developing heart undergo an early cell fate switch to create a pre-artery population that subsequently builds coronary arteries. Vein cells underwent a gradual and simultaneous switch from venous to arterial fate before a subset of cells crossed a transcriptional threshold into the pre-artery state. Before the onset of coronary blood flow, pre-artery cells appeared in the immature vessel plexus, expressed mature artery markers, and decreased cell cycling. The vein-specifying transcription factor COUP-TF2 (also known as NR2F2) prevented plexus cells from overcoming the pre-artery threshold by inducing cell cycle genes. Thus, vein-derived coronary arteries are built by pre-artery cells that can differentiate independently of blood flow upon the release of inhibition mediated by COUP-TF2 and cell cycle factors.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41586-018-0288-7

    View details for PubMedID 29973725

  • Genome editing redefines precision medicine in the cardiovascular field Stem Cells International Dzilic, E., Lahm, H., Dressen, M., Deutsch, M., Lange, R., Wu, S. M., Krane, M., Doppler, S. A. 2018: 1-11

    Abstract

    Genome editing is a powerful tool to study the function of specific genes and proteins important for development or disease. Recent technologies, especially CRISPR/Cas9 which is characterized by convenient handling and high precision, revolutionized the field of genome editing. Such tools have enormous potential for basic science as well as for regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, there are still several hurdles that have to be overcome, but patient-tailored therapies, termed precision medicine, seem to be within reach. In this review, we focus on the achievements and limitations of genome editing in the cardiovascular field. We explore different areas of cardiac research and highlight the most important developments: (1) the potential of genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells in basic research for disease modelling, drug screening, or reprogramming approaches and (2) the potential and remaining challenges of genome editing for regenerative therapies. Finally, we discuss social and ethical implications of these new technologies.

    View details for DOI 10.1155/2018/4136473

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5872631

  • Fates Aligned: Origins and Mechanisms of Ventricular Conduction System and Ventricular Wall Development. Pediatric cardiology Goodyer, W. R., Wu, S. M. 2018

    Abstract

    The cardiac conduction system is a network of distinct cell types necessary for the coordinated contraction of the cardiac chambers. The distal portion, known as the ventricular conduction system, allows for the rapid transmission of impulses from the atrio-ventricular node to the ventricular myocardium and plays a central role in cardiac function as well as disease when perturbed. Notably, its patterning during embryogenesis is intimately linked to that of ventricular wall formation, including trabeculation and compaction. Here, we review our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the development and maturation of these interdependent processes.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00246-018-1869-9

    View details for PubMedID 29594502

  • Stage-specific Effects of Bioactive Lipids on Human iPSC Cardiac Differentiation and Cardiomyocyte Proliferation. Scientific reports Sharma, A., Zhang, Y., Buikema, J. W., Serpooshan, V., Chirikian, O., Kosaric, N., Churko, J. M., Dzilic, E., Shieh, A., Burridge, P. W., Wu, J. C., Wu, S. M. 2018; 8 (1): 6618

    Abstract

    Bioactive lipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) regulate diverse processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. However, their roles in cardiac differentiation and cardiomyocyte proliferation have not been explored. Using a 96-well differentiation platform for generating human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) we found that S1P and LPA can independently enhance cardiomyocyte generation when administered at an early stage of differentiation. We showed that the combined S1P and LPA treatment of undifferentiated hiPSCs resulted in increased nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, the canonical Wnt signaling pathway mediator, and synergized with CHIR99021, a glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibitor, to enhance mesodermal induction and subsequent cardiac differentiation. At later stages of cardiac differentiation, the addition of S1P and LPA resulted in cell cycle initiation in hiPSC-CMs, an effect mediated through increased ERK signaling. Although the addition of S1P and LPA alone was insufficient to induce cell division, it was able to enhance β-catenin-mediated hiPSC-CM proliferation. In summary, we demonstrated a developmental stage-specific effect of bioactive lipids to enhance hiPSC-CM differentiation and proliferation via modulating the effect of canonical Wnt/β-catenin and ERK signaling. These findings may improve hiPSC-CM generation for cardiac disease modeling, precision medicine, and regenerative therapies.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-24954-3

    View details for PubMedID 29700394

  • Myocardial Development Reference Modules in Biomedical Sciences Galdos, F. X., Wu, S. M. Elsevier. 2018; 1
  • Reactivation of the Nkx2.5 cardiac enhancer after myocardial infarction does not presage myogenesis. Cardiovascular research Deutsch, M. A., Doppler, S. A., Li, X., Lahm, H., Santamaria, G., Cuda, G., Eichhorn, S., Ratschiller, T., Dzilic, E., Dreßen, M., Eckart, A., Stark, K., Massberg, S., Bartels, A., Rischpler, C., Gilsbach, R., Hein, L., Fleischmann, B. K., Wu, S. M., Lange, R., Krane, M. 2018

    Abstract

    The contribution of resident stem or progenitor cells to cardiomyocyte renewal after injury in adult mammalian hearts remains a matter of considerable debate. We evaluated a cell population in the adult mouse heart induced by myocardial infarction (MI) and characterized by an activated Nkx2.5 enhancer element that is specific for multipotent cardiac progenitor cells during embryonic development. We hypothesized that these MI induced cells (MICs) harbor cardiomyogenic properties similar to their embryonic counterparts.MICs reside in the heart and mainly localize to the infarction area and border zone. Interestingly, gene expression profiling of purified MICs one week after infarction revealed increased expression of stem cell markers and embryonic cardiac transcription factors in these cells as compared to the non-mycoyte cell fraction of adult hearts. A subsequent global transcriptome comparison with embryonic cardiac progenitor cells and fibroblasts and in vitro culture of MICs unveiled that (myo-) fibroblastic features predominated and that cardiac transcription factors were only expressed at background levels.Adult injury induced reactivation of a cardiac-specific Nkx2.5 enhancer element known to specifically mark myocardial progenitor cells during embryonic development does not reflect hypothesized embryonic cardiomyogenic properties. Our data suggest a decreasing plasticity of cardiac progenitor (-like) cell populations with increasing age. A re-expression of embryonic, stem or progenitor cell features in the adult heart must be interpreted very carefully with respect to the definition of cardiac resident progenitor cells. Albeit, the abundance of scar formation after cardiac injury suggests a potential to target predestinated activated profibrotic cells to push them towards cardiomyogenic differentiation to improve regeneration.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/cvr/cvy069

    View details for PubMedID 29579159

  • Bioengineering of vascular myocardial tissue; a 3D bioprinting approach Hu, J. B., Hu, D. A., Buikema, J. W., Chirikian, O., Venkatraman, S., Serpooshan, V., Wu, S. M. MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC. 2017: S158–S159

    View details for Web of Science ID 000416247300609

  • Bioacoustic-enabled patterning of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes into 3D cardiac tissue BIOMATERIALS Serpooshan, V., Chen, P., Wu, H., Lee, S., Sharma, A., Hu, D. A., Venkatraman, S., Ganesan, A. V., Usta, O. B., Yarmush, M., Yang, F., Wu, J. C., Demirci, U., Wu, S. M. 2017; 131: 47-57

    Abstract

    The creation of physiologically-relevant human cardiac tissue with defined cell structure and function is essential for a wide variety of therapeutic, diagnostic, and drug screening applications. Here we report a new scalable method using Faraday waves to enable rapid aggregation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) into predefined 3D constructs. At packing densities that approximate native myocardium (10(8)-10(9) cells/ml), these hiPSC-CM-derived 3D tissues demonstrate significantly improved cell viability, metabolic activity, and intercellular connection when compared to constructs with random cell distribution. Moreover, the patterned hiPSC-CMs within the constructs exhibit significantly greater levels of contractile stress, beat frequency, and contraction-relaxation rates, suggesting their improved maturation. Our results demonstrate a novel application of Faraday waves to create stem cell-derived 3D cardiac tissue that resembles the cellular architecture of a native heart tissue for diverse basic research and clinical applications.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.037

    View details for Web of Science ID 000401393600005

    View details for PubMedID 28376365

  • Contractile force generation by 3D hiPSC-derived cardiac tissues is enhanced by rapid establishment of cellular interconnection in matrix with muscle-mimicking stiffness BIOMATERIALS Lee, S., Serpooshan, V., Tong, X., Venkatraman, S., Lee, M., Lee, J., Chirikian, O., Wu, J. C., Wu, S. M., Yang, F. 2017; 131: 111-120

    Abstract

    Engineering 3D human cardiac tissues is of great importance for therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications. As cardiac tissue substitutes, extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels have been widely explored. However, they exhibit premature degradation and their stiffness is often orders of magnitude lower than that of native cardiac tissue. There are no reports on establishing interconnected cardiomyocytes in 3D hydrogels at physiologically-relevant cell density and matrix stiffness. Here we bioengineer human cardiac microtissues by encapsulating human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) in chemically-crosslinked gelatin hydrogels (1.25 × 10(8)/mL) with tunable stiffness and degradation. In comparison to the cells in high stiffness (16 kPa)/slow degrading hydrogels, hiPSC-CMs in low stiffness (2 kPa)/fast degrading and intermediate stiffness (9 kPa)/intermediate degrading hydrogels exhibit increased intercellular network formation, α-actinin and connexin-43 expression, and contraction velocity. Only the 9 kPa microtissues exhibit organized sarcomeric structure and significantly increased contractile stress. This demonstrates that muscle-mimicking stiffness together with robust cellular interconnection contributes to enhancement in sarcomeric organization and contractile function of the engineered cardiac tissue. This study highlights the importance of intercellular connectivity, physiologically-relevant cell density, and matrix stiffness to best support 3D cardiac tissue engineering.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.039

    View details for Web of Science ID 000401393600010

    View details for PubMedID 28384492

  • YY1 Expression is Sufficient for the Maintenance of Cardiac Progenitor Cell State. Stem cells Gregoire, S., Li, G., Sturzu, A. C., Schwartz, R. J., Wu, S. M. 2017

    Abstract

    During cardiac development, DNA binding transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers regulate gene expression in cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). We have previously shown that Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is essential for the commitment of mesodermal precursors into CPCs. However, the role of YY1 in the maintenance of CPC phenotype and their differentiation into cardiomyocytes is unknown. In this study, we found, by genome-wide transcriptional profiling and phenotypic assays, that YY1 overexpression prevents cardiomyogenic differentiation and maintains the proliferative capacity of CPCs. We show further that the ability of YY1 to regulate CPC phenotype is associated with its ability to modulate histone modifications specifically at a developmentally critical enhancer of Nkx2-5 and other key cardiac transcription factor such as Tbx5. Specifically, YY1 overexpression helps to maintain markers of gene activation such as the acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9Ac) and lysine 27 (H3K27Ac) as well as trimethylation at lysine 4 (H3K4Me3) at the Nkx2-5 cardiac enhancer. Furthermore, transcription factors associated proteins such as PoIII, p300, and Brg1 are also enriched at the Nkx2-5 enhancer with YY1 overexpression. The biological activities of YY1 in CPCs appear to be cell autonomous, based coculture assays in differentiating embryonic stem cells. Altogether, these results demonstrate that YY1 overexpression is sufficient to maintain a CPC phenotype through its ability to sustain the presence of activating epigenetic/chromatin marks at key cardiac enhancers. Stem Cells 2017.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/stem.2646

    View details for PubMedID 28580685

  • Untangling the Biology of Genetic Cardiomyopathies with Pluripotent Stem Cell Disease Models CURRENT CARDIOLOGY REPORTS Buikema, J. W., Wu, S. M. 2017; 19 (4)

    Abstract

    Recently, the discovery of strategies to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has led to a major paradigm change in developmental and stem cell biology. The application of iPS cells and their cardiac progeny has opened novel directions to study cardiomyopathies at a cellular and molecular level. This review discusses approaches currently undertaken to unravel known inherited cardiomyopathies in a dish.With improved efficiency for mutation correction by genome editing, human iPS cells have now provided a platform to untangle the biology of cardiomyopathies. Multiple studies have derived pluripotent stem cells lines from patients with genetic heart diseases. The generation of cardiomyocytes from these cells lines has, for the first time, enable the study of cardiomyopathies using cardiomyocytes harboring patient-specific mutations and their corrected isogenic counterpart. The molecular analyses, functional assays, and drug tests of these lines have led to new molecular insights in the early pathophysiology of left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), and others. The advent of iPS cells offers an exceptional opportunity for creating disease-specific cellular models to investigate their underlying mechanisms and to optimize future therapy through drug and toxicity screening. Thus far, the iPS cell model has improved our understanding of the genetic and molecular pathophysiology of patients with various genetic cardiomyopathies. It is hoped that the new discoveries arising from using these novel platforms for cardiomyopathy research will lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat these diseases.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11886-017-0842-1

    View details for Web of Science ID 000399238000003

    View details for PubMedID 28315121

  • Partial Reprogramming of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes into Neurons SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Chuang, W., Sharma, A., Shukla, P., Li, G., Mall, M., Rajarajan, K., Abilez, O. J., Hamaguchi, R., Wu, J. C., Wernig, M., Wu, S. M. 2017; 7

    Abstract

    Direct reprogramming of somatic cells has been demonstrated, however, it is unknown whether electrophysiologically-active somatic cells derived from separate germ layers can be interconverted. We demonstrate that partial direct reprogramming of mesoderm-derived cardiomyocytes into neurons is feasible, generating cells exhibiting structural and electrophysiological properties of both cardiomyocytes and neurons. Human and mouse pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs (PSC-CMs) were transduced with the neurogenic transcription factors Brn2, Ascl1, Myt1l and NeuroD. We found that CMs adopted neuronal morphologies as early as day 3 post-transduction while still retaining a CM gene expression profile. At week 1 post-transduction, we found that reprogrammed CMs expressed neuronal markers such as Tuj1, Map2, and NCAM. At week 3 post-transduction, mature neuronal markers such as vGlut and synapsin were observed. With single-cell qPCR, we temporally examined CM gene expression and observed increased expression of neuronal markers Dcx, Map2, and Tubb3. Patch-clamp analysis confirmed the neuron-like electrophysiological profile of reprogrammed CMs. This study demonstrates that PSC-CMs are amenable to partial neuronal conversion, yielding a population of cells exhibiting features of both neurons and CMs.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/srep44840

    View details for Web of Science ID 000396983300001

    View details for PubMedID 28327614

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5361100

  • Cardiac Regeneration Lessons From Development CIRCULATION RESEARCH Galdos, F. X., Guo, Y., Paige, S. L., VanDusen, N. J., Wu, S. M., Pu, W. T. 2017; 120 (6): 941-959

    Abstract

    Palliative surgery for congenital heart disease has allowed patients with previously lethal heart malformations to survive and, in most cases, to thrive. However, these procedures often place pressure and volume loads on the heart, and over time, these chronic loads can cause heart failure. Current therapeutic options for initial surgery and chronic heart failure that results from failed palliation are limited, in part, by the mammalian heart's low inherent capacity to form new cardiomyocytes. Surmounting the heart regeneration barrier would transform the treatment of congenital, as well as acquired, heart disease and likewise would enable development of personalized, in vitro cardiac disease models. Although these remain distant goals, studies of heart development are illuminating the path forward and suggest unique opportunities for heart regeneration, particularly in fetal and neonatal periods. Here, we review major lessons from heart development that inform current and future studies directed at enhancing cardiac regeneration.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309040

    View details for Web of Science ID 000397330700007

    View details for PubMedID 28302741

  • Strategies for the acquisition of transcriptional and epigenetic information in single cells. Journal of thoracic disease Li, G., Dzilic, E., Flores, N., Shieh, A., Wu, S. M. 2017; 9: S9-S16

    Abstract

    As the basic unit of living organisms, each single cell has unique molecular signatures and functions. Our ability to uncover the transcriptional and epigenetic signature of single cells has been hampered by the lack of tools to explore this area of research. The advent of microfluidic single cell technology along with single cell genome-wide DNA amplification methods had greatly improved our understanding of the expression variation in single cells. Transcriptional expression profile by multiplex qPCR or genome-wide RNA sequencing has enabled us to examine genes expression in single cells in different tissues. With the new tools, the identification of new cellular heterogeneity, novel marker genes, unique subpopulations, and spatial locations of each single cell can be acquired successfully. Epigenetic modifications for each single cell can also be obtained via similar methods. Based on single cell genome sequencing, single cell epigenetic information including histone modifications, DNA methylation, and chromatin accessibility have been explored and provided valuable insights regarding gene regulation and disease prognosis. In this article, we review the development of strategies to obtain single cell transcriptional and epigenetic data. Furthermore, we discuss ways in which single cell studies may help to provide greater understanding of the mechanisms of basic cardiovascular biology that will eventually lead to improvement in our ability to diagnose disease and develop new therapies.

    View details for DOI 10.21037/jtd.2016.08.17

    View details for PubMedID 28446964

  • Identification of a hybrid myocardial zone in the mammalian heart after birth. Nature communications Tian, X., Li, Y., He, L., Zhang, H., Huang, X., Liu, Q., Pu, W., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Zhao, H., Wang, Z., Zhu, J., Nie, Y., Hu, S., Sedmera, D., Zhong, T. P., Yu, Y., Zhang, L., Yan, Y., Qiao, Z., Wang, Q. D., Wu, S. M., Pu, W. T., Anderson, R. H., Zhou, B. 2017; 8 (1): 87

    Abstract

    Noncompaction cardiomyopathy is characterized by the presence of extensive trabeculations, which could lead to heart failure and malignant arrhythmias. How trabeculations resolve to form compact myocardium is poorly understood. Elucidation of this process is critical to understanding the pathophysiology of noncompaction disease. Here we use genetic lineage tracing to mark the Nppa(+) or Hey2(+) cardiomyocytes as trabecular and compact components of the ventricular wall. We find that Nppa(+) and Hey2(+) cardiomyocytes, respectively, from the endocardial and epicardial zones of the ventricular wall postnatally. Interposed between these two postnatal layers is a hybrid zone, which is composed of cells derived from both the Nppa(+) and Hey2(+) populations. Inhibition of the fetal Hey2(+) cell contribution to the hybrid zone results in persistence of excessive trabeculations in postnatal heart. Our findings indicate that the expansion of Hey2(+) fetal compact component, and its contribution to the hybrid myocardial zone, are essential for normal formation of the ventricular walls.Fetal trabecular muscles in the heart undergo a poorly described morphogenetic process that results into a solidified compact myocardium after birth. Tian et al. show that cardiomyocytes in the fetal compact layer also contribute to this process, forming a hybrid myocardial zone that is composed of cells derived from both trabecular and compact layers.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41467-017-00118-1

    View details for PubMedID 28729659

  • Bioengineering cardiac constructs using 3D printing Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine Serpooshan, V., Mahmoudi, M., Hu, D. A., Hu, J. B., Wu, S. M. 2017; 1 (2): 1-8

    View details for DOI 10.2217/3dp-2016-0009

  • Tissue Engineering of 3D Organotypic Microtissues by Acoustic Assembly. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) Zhu, Y., Serpooshan, V., Wu, S., Demirci, U., Chen, P., Güven, S. 2017

    Abstract

    There is a rapidly growing interest in generation of 3D organotypic microtissues with human physiologically relevant structure, function, and cell population in a wide range of applications including drug screening, in vitro physiological/pathological models, and regenerative medicine. Here, we provide a detailed procedure to generate structurally defined 3D organotypic microtissues from cells or cell spheroids using acoustic waves as a biocompatible and scaffold-free tissue engineering tool.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/7651_2017_68

    View details for PubMedID 28921421

  • In vivo rescue of the hematopoietic niche by pluripotent stem cell complementation of defective osteoblast compartments. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) Chubb, R., Oh, J., Riley, A. K., Kimura, T., Wu, S. M., Wu, J. Y. 2017

    Abstract

    Bone-forming osteoblasts play critical roles in supporting bone marrow hematopoiesis. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts. To determine the capacity of stem cells needed to rescue aberrant skeletal development and bone marrow hematopoiesis in vivo, we employed a skeletal complementation model. Mice deficient in Runx2, a master transcription factor for osteoblastogenesis, fail to form a mineralized skeleton and bone marrow. Wild-type GFP(+) ES and YFP(+) iPS cells were introduced into Runx2-null blastocyst-stage embryos. We assessed GFP/YFP(+) cell contribution by whole-mount fluorescence and histological analysis and found that the proportion of PSCs in the resulting chimeric embryos is directly correlated with the degree of mineralization in the skull. Moreover, PSC contribution to long bones successfully restored bone marrow hematopoiesis. We validated this finding in a separate model with diphtheria toxin A-mediated ablation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Remarkably, chimeric embryos harboring as little as 37.5% wild-type PSCs revealed grossly normal skeletal morphology, suggesting a near-complete rescue of skeletogenesis. In summary, we demonstrate that fractional contribution of PSCs in vivo is sufficient to complement and reconstitute an osteoblast-deficient skeleton and hematopoietic marrow. Further investigation using genetically modified PSCs with conditional loss of gene function in osteoblasts will enable us to address the specific roles of signaling mediators to regulate bone formation and hematopoietic niches in vivo. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/stem.2670

    View details for PubMedID 28741855

  • Nkx2.5+ Cardiomyoblasts Contribute to Cardiomyogenesis in the Neonatal Heart. Scientific reports Serpooshan, V., Liu, Y. H., Buikema, J. W., Galdos, F. X., Chirikian, O., Paige, S., Venkatraman, S., Kumar, A., Rawnsley, D. R., Huang, X., Pijnappels, D. A., Wu, S. M. 2017; 7 (1): 12590

    Abstract

    During normal lifespan, the mammalian heart undergoes limited renewal of cardiomyocytes. While the exact mechanism for this renewal remains unclear, two possibilities have been proposed: differentiated myocyte replication and progenitor/immature cell differentiation. This study aimed to characterize a population of cardiomyocyte precursors in the neonatal heart and to determine their requirement for cardiac development. By tracking the expression of an embryonic Nkx2.5 cardiac enhancer, we identified cardiomyoblasts capable of differentiation into striated cardiomyocytes in vitro. Genome-wide expression profile of neonatal Nkx2.5+ cardiomyoblasts showed the absence of sarcomeric gene and the presence of cardiac transcription factors. To determine the lineage contribution of the Nkx2.5+ cardiomyoblasts, we generated a doxycycline suppressible Cre transgenic mouse under the regulation of the Nkx2.5 enhancer and showed that neonatal Nkx2.5+ cardiomyoblasts mature into cardiomyocytes in vivo. Ablation of neonatal cardiomyoblasts resulted in ventricular hypertrophy and dilation, supporting a functional requirement of the Nkx2.5+ cardiomyoblasts. This study provides direct lineage tracing evidence that a cardiomyoblast population contributes to cardiogenesis in the neonatal heart. The cell population identified here may serve as a promising therapeutic for pediatric cardiac regeneration.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-12869-4

    View details for PubMedID 28974782

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5626718

  • Integrative Analysis of PRKAG2 Cardiomyopathy iPS and Microtissue Models Identifies AMPK as a Regulator of Metabolism, Survival, and Fibrosis CELL REPORTS Hinson, J. T., Chopra, A., Lowe, A., Sheng, C. C., Gupta, R. M., Kuppusamy, R., O'Sullivan, J., Rowe, G., Wakimoto, H., Gorham, J., Zhang, K., Musunuru, K., Gerszten, R. E., Wu, S. M., Chen, C. S., Seidman, J. G., Seidman, C. E. 2016; 17 (12): 3292-3304

    Abstract

    AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic enzyme that can be activated by nutrient stress or genetic mutations. Missense mutations in the regulatory subunit, PRKAG2, activate AMPK and cause left ventricular hypertrophy, glycogen accumulation, and ventricular pre-excitation. Using human iPS cell models combined with three-dimensional cardiac microtissues, we show that activating PRKAG2 mutations increase microtissue twitch force by enhancing myocyte survival. Integrating RNA sequencing with metabolomics, PRKAG2 mutations that activate AMPK remodeled global metabolism by regulating RNA transcripts to favor glycogen storage and oxidative metabolism instead of glycolysis. As in patients with PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy, iPS cell and mouse models are protected from cardiac fibrosis, and we define a crosstalk between AMPK and post-transcriptional regulation of TGFβ isoform signaling that has implications in fibrotic forms of cardiomyopathy. Our results establish critical connections among metabolic sensing, myocyte survival, and TGFβ signaling.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.066

    View details for Web of Science ID 000390895600019

    View details for PubMedID 28009297

  • iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes reveal abnormal TGF-ß signalling in left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Nature cell biology Kodo, K., Ong, S., Jahanbani, F., Termglinchan, V., Hirono, K., Inanloorahatloo, K., Ebert, A. D., Shukla, P., Abilez, O. J., Churko, J. M., Karakikes, I., Jung, G., Ichida, F., Wu, S. M., Snyder, M. P., Bernstein, D., Wu, J. C. 2016; 18 (10): 1031-1042

    Abstract

    Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is the third most prevalent cardiomyopathy in children and its pathogenesis has been associated with the developmental defect of the embryonic myocardium. We show that patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) generated from LVNC patients carrying a mutation in the cardiac transcription factor TBX20 recapitulate a key aspect of the pathological phenotype at the single-cell level and this was associated with perturbed transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling. LVNC iPSC-CMs have decreased proliferative capacity due to abnormal activation of TGF-β signalling. TBX20 regulates the expression of TGF-β signalling modifiers including one known to be a genetic cause of LVNC, PRDM16, and genome editing of PRDM16 caused proliferation defects in iPSC-CMs. Inhibition of TGF-β signalling and genome correction of the TBX20 mutation were sufficient to reverse the disease phenotype. Our study demonstrates that iPSC-CMs are a useful tool for the exploration of pathological mechanisms underlying poorly understood cardiomyopathies including LVNC.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/ncb3411

    View details for PubMedID 27642787

  • Endocardium Minimally Contributes to Coronary Endothelium in the Embryonic Ventricular Free Walls CIRCULATION RESEARCH Zhang, H., Pu, W., Li, G., Huang, X., He, L., Tian, X., Liu, Q., Zhang, L., Wu, S. M., Sucov, H. M., Zhou, B. 2016; 118 (12): 1880-?

    Abstract

    There is persistent uncertainty regarding the developmental origins of coronary vessels, with two principal sources suggested as ventricular endocardium or sinus venosus (SV). These two proposed origins implicate fundamentally distinct mechanisms of vessel formation. Resolution of this controversy is critical for deciphering the programs that result in the formation of coronary vessels, and has implications for research on therapeutic angiogenesis.To resolve the controversy over the developmental origin of coronary vessels.We first generatedNfatc1-CreandNfatc1-Drelineage tracers for endocardium labeling. We found that Nfatc1 recombinases also label a significant portion of SV endothelial cells in addition to endocardium. Therefore, restricted endocardial lineage tracing requires a specific marker that distinguishes endocardium from SV. By single cell gene expression analysis, we identified a novel endocardial gene natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (Npr3). Npr3 is expressed in the entirety of the endocardium but not in the SV. Genetic lineage tracing based onNpr3-CreERshowed that endocardium contributes to a minority of coronary vessels in the free walls of embryonic heart. Intersectional genetic lineage tracing experiments demonstrated that endocardium minimally contributes to coronary endothelium in the embryonic ventricular free walls.Our study suggested that SV, but not endocardium, is the major origin for coronary endothelium in the embryonic ventricular free walls. This work thus resolves the recent controversy over the developmental origin of coronary endothelium, providing the basis for studying coronary vessel formation and regeneration after injury.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308749

    View details for Web of Science ID 000377885100009

    View details for PubMedID 27056912

  • Regenerative Medicine: Potential Mechanisms of Cardiac Recovery in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine Chang, A. Y., Kittle, J. T., Wu, S. M. 2016; 18 (3): 20-?

    Abstract

    Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is an increasingly reported cause of acute chest pain and acute heart failure and is often associated with significant hemodynamic compromise. The illness is remarkable for the reversibility in systolic dysfunction seen in the disease course. While the pathophysiology of takotsubo syndrome is not completely elucidated, research suggests the presence of a cytoprotective process that allows the myocardium to recover following the inciting insult. Here, we summarize molecular and histologic studies exploring the response to injury in takotsubo disease and provide some discussion on how they may contribute to further investigations in cardiac recovery and regeneration.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11936-016-0443-0

    View details for PubMedID 26874708

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4957545

  • Cardioprotective Actions of TGF beta RI Inhibition Through Stimulating Autocrine/Paracrine of Survivin and Inhibiting Wnt in Cardiac Progenitors STEM CELLS Ho, Y., Tsai, W., Lin, F., Huang, W., Lin, L., Wu, S. M., Liu, Y., Chen, W. 2016; 34 (2): 445-455

    Abstract

    Heart failure due to myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. We found previously that A83-01, a TGFβRI inhibitor, could facilitate cardiac repair in post-MI mice and induce the expansion of a Nkx2.5+ cardiomyoblast population. The present study aimed to investigate the key autocrine/paracrine factors regulated by A83-01 in the injured heart and the mechanism of cardioprotection by this molecule. Using a previously described transgenic Nkx2.5 enhancer-GFP reporter mice, we isolated cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) including Nkx2.5-GFP+ (Nkx2.5+), sca1+ and Nkx2.5+/sca1+ cells. A83-01 was found to induce proliferation of these three subpopulations mainly through increasing Birc5 expression in the MEK/ERK-dependent pathway. Survivin, encoded by Birc5, could also directly proliferate Nkx2.5+ cells and enhance cultured cardiomyocytes viability. A83-01 could also reverse the down-regulation of Birc5 in post-injured mice hearts (n=6) to expand CPCs. Moreover, the increased Wnt3a in post-injured hearts could decrease CPCs, which could be reversed by A83-01 via inhibiting Fzd6 and WISP1 expressions in CPCs. Next, we used inducible αMHC-cre/mTmG mice to label cardiomyocytes with GFP and non-myocytes with RFP. We found A83-01 preserved more GFP+ myocytes (68.6±3.1% vs 80.9±3.0%; P<0.05, n=6) and fewer renewed RFP+ myocytes (0.026±0.005 vs 0.062±0.008%; P<0.05, n=6) in parallel with less cardiac fibrosis in isoprenaline-injected mice treated with A83-01. TGFβRI inhibition in an injured adult heart could both stimulate the autocrine/paracrine activity of survivin and inhibit Wnt in CPCs to mediate cardioprotection and improve cardiac function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/stem.2216

    View details for Web of Science ID 000370353200017

    View details for PubMedID 26418219

  • Harnessing the Induction of Cardiomyocyte Proliferation for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine Sharma, A., Zhang, Y., Wu, S. M. 2015; 17 (10): 404-?

    Abstract

    Adult human cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated and have limited capacity for cell division. Hence, they are not naturally replaced following ischemic injury to the heart. As such, cardiac function is often permanently compromised after an event such as myocardial infarction. In recent years, investigators have focused intensively on ways to reactivate cardiomyocyte mitotic activity in both in vitro cell culture systems and in vivo animal models. In parallel, advances in stem cell biology have allowed for the mass production of patient-specific human cardiomyocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. These cells can be produced via chemically defined differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in a matter of weeks and could theoretically be utilized directly for therapeutic purposes to replace damaged myocardium. However, stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, like their adult counterparts, are post-mitotic and incapable of large-scale expansion after reaching a certain stage of in vitro differentiation. Due to this shared characteristic, these stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes may provide a platform for studying genes, pathways, and small molecules that induce cell cycle reentry and proliferation of human cardiomyocytes. Ultimately, the discovery of novel mechanisms or pathways to induce human cardiomyocyte proliferation should improve our ability to regenerate adult cardiomyocytes and help restore cardiac function following injury.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s11936-015-0404-z

    View details for PubMedID 26324824

  • Integrin Based Isolation Enables Purification of Murine Lineage Committed Cardiomyocytes PLOS ONE Tarnawski, L., Xian, X., Monnerat, G., Macaulay, I. C., Malan, D., Borgman, A., Wu, S. M., Fleischmann, B. K., Jovinge, S. 2015; 10 (8)

    Abstract

    In contrast to mature cardiomyocytes which have limited regenerative capacity, pluripotent stem cells represent a promising source for the generation of new cardiomyocytes. The tendency of pluripotent stem cells to form teratomas and the heterogeneity from various differentiation stages and cardiomyocyte cell sub-types, however, are major obstacles to overcome before this type of therapy could be applied in a clinical setting. Thus, the identification of extracellular markers for specific cardiomyocyte progenitors and mature subpopulations is of particular importance. The delineation of cardiomyocyte surface marker patterns not only serves as a means to derive homogeneous cell populations by FACS, but is also an essential tool to understand cardiac development. By using single-cell expression profiling in early mouse embryonic hearts, we found that a combination of integrin alpha-1, alpha-5, alpha-6 and N-cadherin enables isolation of lineage committed murine cardiomyocytes. Additionally, we were able to separate trabecular cardiomyocytes from solid ventricular myocardium and atrial murine cells. These cells exhibit expected subtype specific phenotype confirmed by electrophysiological analysis. We show that integrin expression can be used for the isolation of living, functional and lineage-specific murine cardiomyocytes.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0135880

    View details for Web of Science ID 000360435500010

  • Identification of cardiovascular lineage descendants at single-cell resolution. Development Li, G., Plonowska, K., Kuppusamy, R., Sturzu, A., Wu, S. M. 2015; 142 (5): 846-857

    Abstract

    The transcriptional profiles of cardiac cells derived from murine embryos and from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) have primarily been studied within a cell population. However, the characterization of gene expression in these cells at a single-cell level might demonstrate unique variations that cannot be appreciated within a cell pool. In this study, we aimed to establish a single-cell quantitative PCR platform and perform side-by-side comparison between cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from mESCs and mouse embryos. We first generated a reference map for cardiovascular single cells through quantifying lineage-defining genes for CPCs, CMs, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), endothelial cells (EDCs), fibroblasts and mESCs. This panel was then applied against single embryonic day 10.5 heart cells to demonstrate its ability to identify each endocardial cell and chamber-specific CM. In addition, we compared the gene expression profile of embryo- and mESC-derived CPCs and CMs at different developmental stages and showed that mESC-derived CMs are phenotypically similar to embryo-derived CMs up to the neonatal stage. Furthermore, we showed that single-cell expression assays coupled with time-lapse microscopy can resolve the identity and the lineage relationships between progenies of single cultured CPCs. With this approach, we found that mESC-derived Nkx2-5(+) CPCs preferentially become SMCs or CMs, whereas single embryo-derived Nkx2-5(+) CPCs represent two phenotypically distinct subpopulations that can become either EDCs or CMs. These results demonstrate that multiplex gene expression analysis in single cells is a powerful tool for examining the unique behaviors of individual embryo- or mESC-derived cardiac cells.

    View details for DOI 10.1242/dev.116897

    View details for PubMedID 25633351

  • Small RNAs make big impact in cardiac repair. Circulation research Krane, M., Deutsch, M., Doppler, S., Lange, R., Wu, S. M. 2015; 116 (3): 393-395

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.305676

    View details for PubMedID 25634967

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4313563

  • Molecular Regulation of Cardiomyocyte Differentiation CIRCULATION RESEARCH Paige, S. L., Plonowska, K., Xu, A., Wu, S. M. 2015; 116 (2): 341-353

    Abstract

    The heart is the first organ to form during embryonic development. Given the complex nature of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis, it is not surprising that some form of congenital heart disease is present in ≈1 percent of newborns. The molecular determinants of heart development have received much attention over the past several decades. This has been driven in large part by an interest in understanding the causes of congenital heart disease coupled with the potential of using knowledge from developmental biology to generate functional cells and tissues that could be used for regenerative medicine purposes. In this review, we highlight the critical signaling pathways and transcription factor networks that regulate cardiomyocyte lineage specification in both in vivo and in vitro models. Special focus will be given to epigenetic regulators that drive the commitment of cardiomyogenic cells from nascent mesoderm and their differentiation into chamber-specific myocytes, as well as regulation of myocardial trabeculation.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.302752

    View details for Web of Science ID 000347939000019

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4299877

  • Pharmacological inhibition of TGFß receptor improves Nkx2.5 cardiomyoblast-mediated regeneration. Cardiovascular research Chen, W., Liu, Y., Ho, Y., Wu, S. M. 2015; 105 (1): 44-54

    Abstract

    Our previous study found that A83-01, a small molecule type 1 TGFβ receptor inhibitor, could induce proliferation of postnatal Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts in vitro and enhance their cardiomyogenic differentiation. The present study addresses whether A83-01 treatment in vivo could increase cardiomyogenesis and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction through an Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblast-dependent process.To determine the effect of A83-01 on the number of Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts in the heart after myocardial injury, we treated transgenic Nkx2.5 enhancer-GFP reporter mice for 7 days with either A83-01 or DMSO and measured the number of GFP(+) cardiomyoblasts in the heart at 1 week after injury by flow cytometry. To determine the degree of new cardiomyocyte formation after myocardial injury and the effect of A83-01 in this process, we employed inducible Nkx2.5 enhancer-Cre transgenic mice to lineage label postnatal Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts and their differentiated progenies after myocardial injury. We also examined the cardiac function of each animal by intracardiac haemodynamic measurements. We found that A83-01 treatment significantly increased the number of Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts at baseline and after myocardial injury, resulting in an increase in newly formed cardiomyocytes. Finally, we showed that A83-01 treatment significantly improved ventricular elastance and stroke work, leading to improved contractility after injury.Pharmacological inhibition of TGFβ signalling improved cardiac function in injured mice and promoted the expansion and cardiomyogenic differentiation of Nkx2.5(+) cardiomyoblasts. Direct modulation of resident cardiomyoblasts in vivo may be a promising strategy to enhance therapeutic cardiac regeneration.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/cvr/cvu229

    View details for PubMedID 25362681

  • Derivation of Highly Purified Cardiomyocytes from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Small Molecule-modulated Differentiation and Subsequent Glucose Starvation. Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE Sharma, A., Li, G., Rajarajan, K., Hamaguchi, R., Burridge, P. W., Wu, S. M. 2015

    Abstract

    Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have become an important cell source to address the lack of primary cardiomyocytes available for basic research and translational applications. To differentiate hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes, various protocols including embryoid body (EB)-based differentiation and growth factor induction have been developed. However, these protocols are inefficient and highly variable in their ability to generate purified cardiomyocytes. Recently, a small molecule-based protocol utilizing modulation of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling was shown to promote cardiac differentiation with high efficiency. With this protocol, greater than 50%-60% of differentiated cells were cardiac troponin-positive cardiomyocytes were consistently observed. To further increase cardiomyocyte purity, the differentiated cells were subjected to glucose starvation to specifically eliminate non-cardiomyocytes based on the metabolic differences between cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes. Using this selection strategy, we consistently obtained a greater than 30% increase in the ratio of cardiomyocytes to non-cardiomyocytes in a population of differentiated cells. These highly purified cardiomyocytes should enhance the reliability of results from human iPSC-based in vitro disease modeling studies and drug screening assays.

    View details for DOI 10.3791/52628

    View details for PubMedID 25867738

  • Comparing mouse and human pluripotentstem cell derived cardiac cells: both systemshave advantages for pharmacological and toxicological screening. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods Lagerqvist, E. L., Finnin, B. A., Elliott, D., Anderson, D., Wu, S. M., Pouton, C. W., Haynes, J. M. 2015

    Abstract

    Pluripotent stem cells offer an unparalleled opportunity to investigate cardiac physiology, pharmacology, toxicology and pathophysiology. In this paper we describe the use of both mouse (Nkx2-5(eGFP/w)) and human (NKX2-5(eGFP/w)) pluripotent stem cell reporter lines, differentiated toward cardiac lineage, for live single cell high acquisition rate calcium imaging. We also assess the potential of NKX2-5(eGFP/w) cardiac lineage cells for use toxicological screening as well as establish their sensitivity to a shift between low and high oxygen environments. Differentiated mouse Nkx2-5(eGFP/w) cells demonstrated a wide range of spontaneous oscillation rates that could be reduced by ryanodine (10 μM), thapsigargin (1 μM) and ZD7288 (10μM). In contrast human NKX2-5(eGFP/w) cell activity was only reduced by thapsigargin (1 μM). Human cells were also sensitive to the addition of trastuzumab and doxorubicin as well as a low oxygen environment. We suggest that the human NKX2-5(eGFP/w) cells are less suitable for studies of compounds affecting cardiac pacemaker activity than mouse Nkx2-5(eGFP/w) cells, but are very suitable for cardiac toxicity studies.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.04.009

    View details for PubMedID 25957031

  • Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as an in vitro model for coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis and antiviral drug screening platform. Circulation research Sharma, A., Marceau, C., Hamaguchi, R., Burridge, P. W., Rajarajan, K., Churko, J. M., Wu, H., Sallam, K. I., Matsa, E., Sturzu, A. C., Che, Y., Ebert, A., Diecke, S., Liang, P., Red-Horse, K., Carette, J. E., Wu, S. M., Wu, J. C. 2014; 115 (6): 556-566

    Abstract

    Viral myocarditis is a life-threatening illness that may lead to heart failure or cardiac arrhythmias. A major causative agent for viral myocarditis is the B3 strain of coxsackievirus, a positive-sense RNA enterovirus. However, human cardiac tissues are difficult to procure in sufficient enough quantities for studying the mechanisms of cardiac-specific viral infection.This study examined whether human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) could be used to model the pathogenic processes of coxsackievirus-induced viral myocarditis and to screen antiviral therapeutics for efficacy.hiPSC-CMs were infected with a luciferase-expressing coxsackievirus B3 strain (CVB3-Luc). Brightfield microscopy, immunofluorescence, and calcium imaging were used to characterize virally infected hiPSC-CMs for alterations in cellular morphology and calcium handling. Viral proliferation in hiPSC-CMs was quantified using bioluminescence imaging. Antiviral compounds including interferonβ1, ribavirin, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, and fluoxetine were tested for their capacity to abrogate CVB3-Luc proliferation in hiPSC-CMs in vitro. The ability of these compounds to reduce CVB3-Luc proliferation in hiPSC-CMs was consistent with reported drug effects in previous studies. Mechanistic analyses via gene expression profiling of hiPSC-CMs infected with CVB3-Luc revealed an activation of viral RNA and protein clearance pathways after interferonβ1 treatment.This study demonstrates that hiPSC-CMs express the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, are susceptible to coxsackievirus infection, and can be used to predict antiviral drug efficacy. Our results suggest that the hiPSC-CM/CVB3-Luc assay is a sensitive platform that can screen novel antiviral therapeutics for their effectiveness in a high-throughput fashion.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.303810

    View details for PubMedID 25015077

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4149868

  • Somatic Cell Reprogramming into Cardiovascular Lineages JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS Chen, J. X., Plonowska, K., Wu, S. M. 2014; 19 (4): 340-349

    Abstract

    Ischemic cardiac disease is the leading cause of death in the developed world. The inability of the adult mammalian heart to adequately repair itself has motivated stem cell researchers to explore various strategies to regenerate cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction. Over the past century, progressive gains in our knowledge about the cellular mechanisms governing fate determination have led to recent advances in cellular reprogramming. The identification of specific factors capable of inducing pluripotent phenotype in somatic cells as well as factors that can directly reprogram somatic cells into cardiomyocytes suggests the potential for these approaches to translate into clinical therapies in the future. Although conceptually appealing, the field of cell lineage reprogramming is in its infancy, and further research will be needed to improve the efficiency of the reprogramming process and the fidelity of the reprogrammed cells to their in vivo counterpart.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1074248414527641

    View details for Web of Science ID 000338394200003

  • Insulin-like growth factor promotes cardiac lineage induction in vitro by selective expansion of early mesoderm. Stem cells Engels, M. C., Rajarajan, K., Feistritzer, R., Sharma, A., Nielsen, U. B., Schalij, M. J., de Vries, A. A., Pijnappels, D. A., Wu, S. M. 2014; 32 (6): 1493-1502

    Abstract

    A thorough understanding of the developmental signals that direct pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) towards a cardiac fate is essential for translational applications in disease modeling and therapy. We screened a panel of 44 cytokines/signaling molecules for their ability to enhance Nkx2.5(+) cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) formation during in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Treatment of murine ESCs with insulin or insulin-like growth factors (IGF1/2) during early differentiation increased mesodermal cell proliferation and, consequently, CPC formation. Furthermore, we show that downstream mediators of IGF signaling (e.g. phospho-Akt and mTOR) are required for this effect. These data support a novel role for IGF family ligands to expand the developing mesoderm and promote cardiac differentiation. Insulin or IGF treatment could provide an effective strategy to increase the PSC-based generation of CPCs and cardiomyocytes for applications in regenerative medicine. Stem Cells 2014.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/stem.1660

    View details for PubMedID 24496962

  • Telocytes in human heart valves JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE Yang, Y., Sun, W., Wu, S. M., Xiao, J., Kong, X. 2014; 18 (5): 759-765

    Abstract

    Valve interstitial cells (VICs) are responsible for maintaining the structural integrity and dynamic behaviour of the valve. Telocytes (TCs), a peculiar type of interstitial cells, have been recently identified by Popescu's group in epicardium, myocardium and endocardium (visit www.telocytes.com). The presence of TCs has been identified in atria, ventricles and many other tissues and organ, but not yet in heart valves. We used transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence methods (double labelling for CD34 and c-kit, or vimentin, or PDGF Receptor-β) to provide evidence for the existence of TCs in human heart valves, including mitral valve, tricuspid valve and aortic valve. TCs are found in both apex and base of heart valves, with a similar density of 27-28 cells/mm(2) in mitral valve, tricuspid valve and aortic valve. Since TCs are known for the participation in regeneration or repair biological processes, it remains to be determined how TCs contributes to the valve attempts to re-establish normal structure and function following injury, especially a complex junction was found between TCs and a putative stem (progenitor) cell.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/jcmm.12285

    View details for Web of Science ID 000335861500002

    View details for PubMedID 24674389

  • Myeloid zinc finger 1 (mzf1) differentially modulates murine cardiogenesis by interacting with an nkx2.5 cardiac enhancer. PloS one Doppler, S. A., Werner, A., Barz, M., Lahm, H., Deutsch, M., Dreßen, M., Schiemann, M., Voss, B., Gregoire, S., Kuppusamy, R., Wu, S. M., Lange, R., Krane, M. 2014; 9 (12): e113775

    Abstract

    Vertebrate heart development is strictly regulated by temporal and spatial expression of growth and transcription factors (TFs). We analyzed nine TFs, selected by in silico analysis of an Nkx2.5 enhancer, for their ability to transactivate the respective enhancer element that drives, specifically, expression of genes in cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). Mzf1 showed significant activity in reporter assays and bound directly to the Nkx2.5 cardiac enhancer (Nkx2.5 CE) during murine ES cell differentiation. While Mzf1 is established as a hematopoietic TF, its ability to regulate cardiogenesis is completely unknown. Mzf1 expression was significantly enriched in CPCs from in vitro differentiated ES cells and in mouse embryonic hearts. To examine the effect of Mzf1 overexpression on CPC formation, we generated a double transgenic, inducible, tetOMzf1-Nkx2.5 CE eGFP ES line. During in vitro differentiation an early and continuous Mzf1 overexpression inhibited CPC formation and cardiac gene expression. A late Mzf1 overexpression, coincident with a second physiological peak of Mzf1 expression, resulted in enhanced cardiogenesis. These findings implicate a novel, temporal-specific role of Mzf1 in embryonic heart development. Thereby we add another piece of puzzle in understanding the complex mechanisms of vertebrate cardiac development and progenitor cell differentiation. Consequently, this knowledge will be of critical importance to guide efficient cardiac regenerative strategies and to gain further insights into the molecular basis of congenital heart malformations.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0113775

    View details for PubMedID 25436607

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4249966

  • Patching Up Broken Hearts: Cardiac Cell Therapy Gets a Bioengineered Boost Cell Stem Cell Serpooshan, V., Wu, S. M. 2014; 15 (6): 671–673

    Abstract

    Preclinical and clinical studies for cardiac cell therapy have only seen moderate success due to poor engraftment and survival of transplanted cells. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Ye et al. (2014) employ a growth-factor-loaded fibrin patch and show improved cardiovascular cell survival after cell transplantation into a porcine model of ischemia reperfusion.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2014.11.008

  • Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiovascular disease modeling and drug screening STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY Sharma, A., Wu, J. C., Wu, S. M. 2013; 4

    View details for DOI 10.1186/scrt380

    View details for Web of Science ID 000329186900001

    View details for PubMedID 24476344

  • Screening drug-induced arrhythmia events using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and low-impedance microelectrode arrays. Circulation Navarrete, E. G., Liang, P., Lan, F., Sanchez-Freire, V., Simmons, C., Gong, T., Sharma, A., Burridge, P. W., Patlolla, B., Lee, A. S., Wu, H., Beygui, R. E., Wu, S. M., Robbins, R. C., Bers, D. M., Wu, J. C. 2013; 128 (11): S3-13

    Abstract

    Drug-induced arrhythmia is one of the most common causes of drug development failure and withdrawal from market. This study tested whether human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) combined with a low-impedance microelectrode array (MEA) system could improve on industry-standard preclinical cardiotoxicity screening methods, identify the effects of well-characterized drugs, and elucidate underlying risk factors for drug-induced arrhythmia. hiPSC-CMs may be advantageous over immortalized cell lines because they possess similar functional characteristics as primary human cardiomyocytes and can be generated in unlimited quantities.Pharmacological responses of beating embryoid bodies exposed to a comprehensive panel of drugs at 65 to 95 days postinduction were determined. Responses of hiPSC-CMs to drugs were qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the reported drug effects in literature. Torsadogenic hERG blockers, such as sotalol and quinidine, produced statistically and physiologically significant effects, consistent with patch-clamp studies, on human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes hESC-CMs. False-negative and false-positive hERG blockers were identified accurately. Consistent with published studies using animal models, early afterdepolarizations and ectopic beats were observed in 33% and 40% of embryoid bodies treated with sotalol and quinidine, respectively, compared with negligible early afterdepolarizations and ectopic beats in untreated controls.We found that drug-induced arrhythmias can be recapitulated in hiPSC-CMs and documented with low impedance MEA. Our data indicate that the MEA/hiPSC-CM assay is a sensitive, robust, and efficient platform for testing drug effectiveness and for arrhythmia screening. This system may hold great potential for reducing drug development costs and may provide significant advantages over current industry standard assays that use immortalized cell lines or animal models.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000570

    View details for PubMedID 24030418

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3855862

  • Meta-Analysis of Stem Cell Therapy in Chronic Ischemic Cardiomyopathy AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY Kandala, J., Upadhyay, G. A., Pokushalov, E., Wu, S., Drachman, D. E., Singh, J. P. 2013; 112 (2): 217-225

    Abstract

    Studies investigating bone marrow stem cell therapy (BMSCT) in patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy have yielded mixed results. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of BMSCT in patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy was undertaken to assess its efficacy and the best route of administration. The MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Library databases were searched through April 2012 for randomized controlled trials that investigated the impact of BMSCT and its route of administration on left ventricular (LV) function in patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy and systolic dysfunction. Of the 226 reports identified, 10 randomized controlled trials including 519 patients (average LV ejection fraction [LVEF] at baseline 32 ± 7%) were included in the analysis. On the basis of a random-effects model, BMSCT improved the LVEF at 6 months by 4.48% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.43% to 6.53%, p = 0.0001). A greater improvement in the LVEF was seen with intramyocardial injection compared with intracoronary infusion (5.13% [95% CI 3.17% to 7.10%], p <0.00001, vs 2.32% [95% CI -2.06% to 6.70%], p = 0.30). Overall, there were reductions in LV end-systolic volume of -20.64 ml (95% CI -33.21 to -8.07, p = 0.001) and LV end-diastolic volume of -16.71 ml (95% CI -31.36 to -2.06, p = 0.03). In conclusion, stem cell therapy may improve LVEF and favorably remodel the heart in patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy. On the basis of current limited data, intramyocardial injection may be superior to intracoronary infusion in patients with LV systolic dysfunction.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.021

    View details for Web of Science ID 000322206500013

    View details for PubMedID 23623290

  • A83-01, a TGF beta RI inhibitor, can proliferate adult cardiac progenitor cells and improve cardiac contractility of myocardial infarcted mice Chen, W., Liu, Y., Ho, Y., Wu, S. M. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA. 2013: 57–57

    View details for Web of Science ID 000322051500249

  • Autophagy - the friendly fire in endothelial cell regeneration. Focus on "Autophagy in endothelial progenitor cells is cytoprotective in hypoxic conditions" AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY Sharma, A., Wu, S. M. 2013; 304 (7): C614-C616

    View details for DOI 10.1152/ajpcell.00046.2013

    View details for Web of Science ID 000316995700003

    View details for PubMedID 23407881

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3625717

  • At a Crossroad Cell Therapy for Cardiac Repair CIRCULATION RESEARCH Deutsch, M., Sturzu, A., Wu, S. M. 2013; 112 (6): 884-890

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.275974

    View details for Web of Science ID 000316189900005

    View details for PubMedID 23493304

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3614339

  • Essential and Unexpected Role of Yin Yang 1 to Promote Mesodermal Cardiac Differentiation CIRCULATION RESEARCH Gregoire, S., Karra, R., Passer, D., Deutsch, M., Krane, M., Feistritzer, R., Sturzu, A., Domian, I., Saga, Y., Wu, S. M. 2013; 112 (6): 900-U104

    Abstract

    Cardiogenesis is regulated by a complex interplay between transcription factors. However, little is known about how these interactions regulate the transition from mesodermal precursors to cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). Objective: To identify novel regulators of mesodermal cardiac lineage commitment.We performed a bioinformatic-based transcription factor binding site analysis on upstream promoter regions of genes that are enriched in embryonic stem cell-derived CPCs. From 32 candidate transcription factors screened, we found that Yin Yang 1 (YY1), a repressor of sarcomeric gene expression, is present in CPCs in vivo. Interestingly, we uncovered the ability of YY1 to transcriptionally activate Nkx2.5, a key marker of early cardiogenic commitment. YY1 regulates Nkx2.5 expression via a 2.1-kb cardiac-specific enhancer as demonstrated by in vitro luciferase-based assays, in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation, and genome-wide sequencing analysis. Furthermore, the ability of YY1 to activate Nkx2.5 expression depends on its cooperative interaction with Gata4 at a nearby chromatin. Cardiac mesoderm-specific loss-of-function of YY1 resulted in early embryonic lethality. This was corroborated in vitro by embryonic stem cell-based assays in which we showed that the overexpression of YY1 enhanced the cardiogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells into CPCs.These results demonstrate an essential and unexpected role for YY1 to promote cardiogenesis as a transcriptional activator of Nkx2.5 and other CPC-enriched genes.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.259259

    View details for Web of Science ID 000316189900007

    View details for PubMedID 23307821

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3629954

  • Of fish and men: clonal lineage analysis identifies divergence in myocardial development. Circulation research Sharma, A., Wu, S. M. 2013; 112 (4): 583-585

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300964

    View details for PubMedID 23410876

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3600367

  • iPS Cell Modeling of Cardiometabolic Diseases JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH Nakamura, K., Hirano, K., Wu, S. M. 2013; 6 (1): 46-53

    Abstract

    Cardiometabolic diseases encompass simple monogenic enzyme deficiencies with well-established pathogenesis and clinical outcomes to complex polygenic diseases such as the cardiometabolic syndrome. The limited availability of relevant human cell types such as cardiomyocytes has hampered our ability to adequately model and study pathways or drugs relevant to these diseases in the heart. The recent discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology now offers a powerful opportunity to establish translational platforms for cardiac disease modeling, drug discovery, and pre-clinical testing. In this article, we discuss the excitement and challenges of modeling cardiometabolic diseases using iPS cell and their potential to revolutionize translational research.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s12265-012-9413-4

    View details for Web of Science ID 000313657700006

    View details for PubMedID 23070616

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3547131

  • Early cardiac development: a view from stem cells to embryos CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH van Vliet, P., Wu, S. M., Zaffran, S., Puceat, M. 2012; 96 (3): 352-362

    Abstract

    From the 1920s, early cardiac development has been studied in chick and, later, in mouse embryos in order to understand the first cell fate decisions that drive specification and determination of the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. More recently, mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have demonstrated faithful recapitulation of early cardiogenesis and have contributed significantly to this research over the past few decades. Derived almost 15 years ago, human ESCs have provided a unique developmental model for understanding the genetic and epigenetic regulation of early human cardiogenesis. Here, we review the biological concepts underlying cell fate decisions during early cardiogenesis in model organisms and ESCs. We draw upon both pioneering and recent studies and highlight the continued role for in vitro stem cells in cardiac developmental biology.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/cvr/cvs270

    View details for Web of Science ID 000311306800006

    View details for PubMedID 22893679

  • Reprogramming the Beat Kicking It Up a Notch CIRCULATION Wu, S. M., Milan, D. J. 2012; 126 (9): 1009-1011

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.126482

    View details for Web of Science ID 000308355100008

    View details for PubMedID 22837161

  • Inefficient Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Cardiomyocytes Using Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 CIRCULATION RESEARCH Chen, J. X., Krane, M., Deutsch, M., Wang, L., Rav-Acha, M., Gregoire, S., Engels, M. C., Rajarajan, K., Karra, R., Abel, E. D., Wu, J. C., Milan, D., Wu, S. M. 2012; 111 (1): 50-55

    Abstract

    Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes is a novel strategy for cardiac regeneration. However, the key determinants involved in this process are unknown.To assess the efficiency of direct fibroblast reprogramming via viral overexpression of GATA4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GMT).We induced GMT overexpression in murine tail tip fibroblasts (TTFs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) from multiple lines of transgenic mice carrying different cardiomyocyte lineage reporters. We found that the induction of GMT overexpression in TTFs and CFs is inefficient at inducing molecular and electrophysiological phenotypes of mature cardiomyocytes. In addition, transplantation of GMT infected CFs into injured mouse hearts resulted in decreased cell survival with minimal induction of cardiomyocyte genes.Significant challenges remain in our ability to convert fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells and a greater understanding of cardiovascular epigenetics is needed to increase the translational potential of this strategy.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.270264

    View details for Web of Science ID 000306061700012

    View details for PubMedID 22581928

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3390172

  • Small molecule regulators of postnatal Nkx2.5 cardiomyoblast proliferation and differentiation JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE Chen, W., Wu, S. M. 2012; 16 (5): 961-965

    Abstract

    While recent data have supported the capacity for a neonatal heart to undergo cardiomyogenesis, it is unclear whether these new cardiomyocytes arise from an immature cardiomyoblast population or from the division of mature cardiomyocytes. By following the expression of enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) in an Nkx2.5 enhancer-eGFP transgenic mice, we have identified a population of immature cells that can undergo cardiomyogenic as well as smooth muscle cell differentiation in the neonatal heart. Here, we examined growth factors and small molecule regulators that potentially regulate the proliferation and cardiomyogenic versus smooth muscle cell differentiation of neonatal Nkx2.5-GFP (+) cells in vitro. We found that A83-01 (A83), an inhibitor of TGF-βRI, was able to induce an expansion of neonatal Nkx2.5-eGFP (+) cells. In addition, the ability of A83 to expand eGFP (+) cells in culture was dependent on signalling from the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) as treatment with a MEK inhibitor, PD0325901, abolished this effect. On the other hand, activation of neonatal Nkx2.5-eGFP (+) cells with TGF-β1, but not activin A nor BMP2, led to smooth muscle cell differentiation, an effect that can be reversed by treatment with A83. In summary, small molecule inhibition of TGF-β signalling may be a promising strategy to induce the expansion of a rare population of postnatal cardiomyoblasts.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01513.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000303239500002

    View details for PubMedID 22212626

  • Putting the Pieces Together: Stem Cells and The Quest to Heal A Broken Heart CardioSource World News Wu, S. M., Singh, J. P. 2012; 12: 22-27
  • Induced pluripotent stem cell modeling of complex genetic diseases. Drug discovery today. Disease models Hinson, J. T., Nakamura, K., Wu, S. M. 2012; 9 (4): e147–e152

    Abstract

    The study of complex disease genetics by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has led to hundreds of genomic loci associated with disease traits in humans. However, the functional consequences of most loci are largely undefined. We discuss here the potential for human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to bridge the gap between genetic variant and mechanisms of complex disease. We also highlight specific diseases and the roadblocks that must be overcome before iPS cell technology can be widely adopted for complex disease modeling.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ddmod.2012.04.002

    View details for PubMedID 23690830

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3653342

  • A Brief Primer on the Development of the Heart Heart Failure, 2nd Ed. Gregoire S, Wu SM 2012: Chapter 1
  • Epigenetic mechanisms in cardiac development and disease ACTA BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA SINICA Vallaster, M., Vallaster, C. D., Wu, S. M. 2012; 44 (1): 92-102

    Abstract

    During mammalian development, cardiac specification and ultimately lineage commitment to a specific cardiac cell type is accomplished by the action of specific transcription factors (TFs) and their meticulous control on an epigenetic level. In this review, we detail how cardiac-specific TFs function in concert with nucleosome remodeling and histone-modifying enzymes to regulate a diverse network of genes required for processes such as cell growth and proliferation, or epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), for instance. We provide examples of how several cardiac TFs, such as Nkx2.5, WHSC1, Tbx5, and Tbx1, which are associated with developmental and congenital heart defects, are required for the recruitment of histone modifiers, such as Jarid2, p300, and Ash2l, and components of ATP-dependent remodeling enzymes like Brg1, Baf60c, and Baf180. Binding of these TFs to their respective sites at cardiac genes coincides with a distinct pattern of histone marks, indicating that the precise regulation of cardiac gene networks is orchestrated by interactions between TFs and epigenetic modifiers. Furthermore, we speculate that an epigenetic signature, comprised of TF occupancy, histone modifications, and overall chromatin organization, is an underlying mechanism that governs cardiac morphogenesis and disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/abbs/gmr090

    View details for Web of Science ID 000298386700010

    View details for PubMedID 22194017

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3244653

  • Reprogramming of mouse, rat, pig, and human fibroblasts into iPS cells. Current protocols in molecular biology / edited by Frederick M. Ausubel ... [et al.] Rajarajan, K., Engels, M. C., Wu, S. M. 2012; Chapter 23: Unit 23 15-?

    Abstract

    The induction of pluripotency in somatic cells by transcription-factor overexpression has been widely regarded as one of the major breakthroughs in stem cell biology within this decade. The generation of these induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has enabled investigators to develop in vitro disease models for biological discovery and drug screening, and in the future, patient-specific therapy for tissue or organ regeneration. While new technologies for reprogramming are continually being discovered, the availability of iPSCs from different species is also increasing rapidly. Comparison of iPSCs across species may provide new insights into key aspects of pluripotency and early embryonic development. iPSCs from large animals may enable the generation of genetically modified large animal models or potentially transplantable donor tissues or organs. This unit describes the procedure for the generation of iPSCs from mouse, rat, pig and human fibroblasts.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/0471142727.mb2315s97

    View details for PubMedID 22237859

  • Developmental and Regenerative Biology of Multipotent Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells CIRCULATION RESEARCH Sturzu, A. C., Wu, S. M. 2011; 108 (3): 353-364

    Abstract

    Our limited ability to improve the survival of patients with heart failure is attributable, in part, to the inability of the mammalian heart to meaningfully regenerate itself. The recent identification of distinct families of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells from endogenous, as well as exogenous, sources, such as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, has raised much hope that therapeutic manipulation of these cells may lead to regression of many forms of cardiovascular disease. Although the exact source and cell type remains to be clarified, our greater understanding of the scientific underpinning behind developmental cardiovascular progenitor cell biology has helped to clarify the origin and properties of diverse cells with putative cardiogenic potential. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of cardiovascular progenitor cell biology from embryogenesis to adulthood and their implications for therapeutic cardiac regeneration. We believe that a detailed understanding of cardiogenesis will inform future applications of cardiovascular progenitor cells in heart failure therapy and regenerative medicine.

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.227066

    View details for Web of Science ID 000286930500012

    View details for PubMedID 21293007

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3073355

  • Regenerative strategies for cardiac disease In: Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press. Huang X, Oh JB, Wu SM 2011; 1: 579-593
  • Origin of Cardiac Progenitor Cells in the Developing and Postnatal Heart JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY Kuhn, E. N., Wu, S. M. 2010; 225 (2): 321-325

    Abstract

    The mammalian heart lacks the capacity to replace the large numbers of cardiomyocytes lost due to cardiac injury. Several different cell-based routes to myocardial regeneration have been explored, including transplantation of cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes into injured myocardium. As seen with cell-based therapies in other solid organ systems, inherent limitations, such as host immune response, cell death and long-term graft instability have hampered meaningful cardiac regeneration. An understanding of the cell biology of cardiac progenitors, including their developmental origin, lineage markers, renewal pathways, differentiation triggers, microenvironmental niche, and mechanisms of homing and migration to the site of injury, will enable further refinement of therapeutic strategies to enhance clinically meaningful cardiac repair.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jcp.22281

    View details for Web of Science ID 000283003400007

    View details for PubMedID 20568226

  • Isolation and functional characterization of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac progenitor cells. Current protocols in stem cell biology Huang, X., Wu, S. M. 2010; Chapter 1: Unit 1F 10-?

    Abstract

    The use of transgenic markers in pluripotent stem cells allows the facile isolation of transient cell populations that appear at certain phases of embryonic development. Here, we describe a procedure for deriving cardiac progenitors from mouse pluripotent stem cells carrying a GFP reporter under the control of an Nkx2.5 enhancer sequence. The cells are propagated under standard conditions and are differentiated using the hanging-droplet method with medium optimized for commitment to the cardiac lineage. Cardiac progenitors are isolated from the differentiation culture using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and can be cultured further for functional characterization and experimentation. The protocols described here can be applied to both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells and can easily be adapted to transgenic lines carrying other cardiac cell lineage reporters.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01f10s14

    View details for PubMedID 20814937

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2947085

  • Promises and pitfalls in cell replacement therapy for heart failure. Drug discovery today. Disease mechanisms Krane, M., Wernet, O., Wu, S. M. 2010; 7 (2): e109-e115

    Abstract

    Symptomatic heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome with a poor prognosis. Many efforts have been made to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve prognosis associated with heart failure. In this context, different stem cell populations for cardiac regenerative therapy have been examined recently. Here we discuss the potential strategies for using stem cells in cardiac regenerative therapy and the barriers that remain before an effective cell-based cardiac regenerative therapy can be employed clinically.

    View details for PubMedID 21180399

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3003923

  • Cardiac progenitor cells: from embryonic to the aging heart. Aging Health Liu, Y-H., Kuhn, E.B., Wu, S.M. 2010; 6 (6): 679-686
  • The integrative aspects of cardiac physiology and their implications for cell-based therapy 6th Larry and Horti Fairberg Workshop on Analysis of Cardiac Development, From Embryo to Old Age Pijnappels, D. A., Gregoire, S., Wu, S. M. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2010: 7–14

    Abstract

    Cardiac development is characterized by a complex interplay of chemical, mechanical, and electrical forces, which together contribute to the proper formation of the heart muscle. In adult myocardium, cardiomyocytes are elongated, well-coupled by gap junctions, and organized in spatially well-defined muscle fibers. This specific tissue architecture affects electromechanical activation and global cardiac function. Since the adult heart has only limited capacity for repair after injury, a significant loss of myocardial tissue often leads to impaired cardiac function. Recent efforts to transplant autologous cells to counteract this cardiomyocyte loss have resulted in marginal functional improvement and no evidence of myocyte regeneration. In order to achieve durable therapeutic efficiency, the transplanted cells will need to not only be cardiomyogenic, but also functionally integrate with host myocardial tissue and thereby contribute to both structural and functional restoration.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05077.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000277731600002

    View details for PubMedID 20201880

  • Myocardial Injury Induces the Expansion and Cardiomyogenic Differentiation of Postnatal Nkx2.5 Progenitor Cells via Inflammatory Signals 82nd National Conference and Exhibitions and Annual Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association Liu, Y., Rawnsley, D., Zeng, M., Yu, E., Pijnappels, D., Thibault, H., Scherrer-Crosbie, M., Wu, S. M. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2009: S756–S756

    View details for Web of Science ID 000271831502235

  • VISIONS: the art of science. Molecular reproduction and development Wu, S. M. 2009; 76 (6): 525-?

    View details for DOI 10.1002/mrd.21022

    View details for PubMedID 19358263

  • Committed Ventricular Progenitors in the Islet-1 Lineage Expand and Assemble Into Functional Ventricular Heart Muscle 58th Annual Scientific Session of the American-College-of-Cardiology van der Meer, P., Domian, I. J., Chiravuri, M., Feinberg, A. F., Wu, S. M., Parker, K. K., Chien, K. R. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2009: A468–A468

    View details for Web of Science ID 000263864201940

  • Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome in two previously healthy adults: a case-based review Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology Ptaszek LM, Saldana F, Palacios IF, Wu SM 2009; 3: 37-43
  • Derivation and Functional Characterization of Nkx2.5+Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 81st Annual Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association Pijnappels, D. A., Stadtfeld, M., Zeng, M., Yu, E., Fujiwara, Y., Wang, G., Orkin, S. H., Jackson-Grusby, L., Hochedlinger, K., Wu, S. M. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2008: S428–S428

    View details for Web of Science ID 000262104500714

  • Mesp1 at the heart of mesoderm lineage specification CELL STEM CELL Wu, S. M. 2008; 3 (1): 1-2

    Abstract

    Stem cell-based cardiac regeneration requires a detailed understanding of the factors that induce cardiac lineage commitment. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Lindsley et al. (2008) and Bondue et al. (2008) use embryonic stem cells to identify a key role for Mesp1 in this process.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.stem.2008.06.017

    View details for Web of Science ID 000257622300001

    View details for PubMedID 18593549

  • Multipotent stem cells in cardiac regenerative therapy REGENERATIVE MEDICINE Karra, R., Wu, S. M. 2008; 3 (2): 189-198

    Abstract

    The potential for stem cells to ameliorate or cure heart diseases has galvanized a cadre of cardiovascular translational and clinical scientists to take a 'first-in-man' approach using autologous stem cells from a variety of tissues. However, recent clinical trial data show that when these cells are given by intracoronary infusion or direct myocardial injection, limited improvement in heart function occurs with no evidence of cardiomyogenesis. These studies illustrate the great need to understand the logic of cell-lineage commitment and the principles of cardiac differentiation. Recent identification of stem/progenitor cells of embryological origin with intrinsic competence to differentiate into multiple lineages within the heart offers new possibilities for cardiac regeneration. When combined with developments in nuclear reprogramming and provided that tumor risks and other challenges of embryonic cell transplantation can be overcome, the prospect of achieving autologous, cardiomyogenic, stem cell-based therapy may be within reach.

    View details for DOI 10.2217/17460751.3.2.189

    View details for Web of Science ID 000257995000013

    View details for PubMedID 18307403

  • Cardiovascular Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Ready for Prime Time? Drug discovery today. Therapeutic strategies Liu, Y., Karra, R., Wu, S. M. 2008; 5 (4): 201-207

    Abstract

    Restoration of cardiovascular function is the ultimate goal of stem cell-based therapy. In principle, cardiovascular stem cells can improve cardiac function via de novo cardiomyogenesis, enhanced myocardial neovascularization, and prevention of post-infarct remodeling. Stem cell transplantation to improve cardiac function has received mixed results in human clinical trials. These early data suggest that a critical reassessment of the scientific basis to stem cell-based therapy is needed in order to bring this highly promising treatment modality to mainstream clinical care.

    View details for PubMedID 20054428

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2801905

  • alpha(2)-Macraglobulin from rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid: Functional analysis defines a role for oxidation in inflammation ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS Wu, S. M., Pizzo, S. V. 2001; 391 (1): 119-126

    Abstract

    A hallmark of inflammation is the release of oxidants, proteinases, and cytokines, all important mediators of the inflammatory cascade. alpha(2)-Macroglobulin (alpha(2)M) is a high-affinity, broad-specificity proteinase inhibitor that also binds and regulates the biological activities of a number of cytokines. We demonstrated recently that hypochlorite-oxidized alpha(2)M has decreased ability to inhibit proteinases and regulate cytokines in vitro. The role of oxidation in regulating alpha(2)M functions in vivo is largely unknown. To determine the extent and biological consequence of in vivo alpha(2)M oxidation, we measured the degree of oxidative alpha(2)M modification from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid and compared this with osteoarthritis (OA) as noninflammatory controls. We found that RA synovial fluid alpha(2)M is significantly more oxidized than that from OA. RA synovial fluid also contains a twofold higher median alpha(2)M level than OA, while having only half the alpha(2)M-proteinase inhibitory activity. Detailed biochemical analysis demonstrates proteolytically degraded alpha(2)M in RA greater than in OA synovial fluid. Additionally, the hypochlorite-mediated oxidation product, chlorotyrosine, is present in RA more than in OA or plasma alpha(2)M samples. Taken together, these findings confirm a role for oxidative regulation of inflammation by altering the functions of extracellular mediators such as alpha(2)M.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000169700200015

    View details for PubMedID 11414692

  • Differential regulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family by alpha(2)-macroglobulin: evidence for selective modulation of FGF-2-induced angiogenesis BLOOD Asplin, I. R., Wu, S. M., Mathew, S., Bhattacharjee, G., Pizzo, S. V. 2001; 97 (11): 3450-3457

    Abstract

    The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family has an important role in processes such as angiogenesis, wound healing, and development in which precise control of proteinase activity is important. The human plasma proteinase inhibitor alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M) regulates cellular growth by binding and modulating the activity of many cytokines and growth factors. These studies investigate the ability of native and activated alpha(2)M (alpha(2)M*) to bind to members of the FGF family. Both alpha(2)M and alpha(2)M* bind specifically and saturably to FGF-1, -2, -4, and -6, although the binding to alpha(2)M* is of significantly higher affinity. Neither alpha(2)M nor alpha(2)M* bind to FGF-5, -7, -9, or -10. FGF-2 was chosen for more extensive study in view of its important role in angiogenesis. It was demonstrated that FGF-2 binds to the previously identified TGF-beta binding site. The alpha(2)M* inhibits FGF-2-dependent fetal bovine heart endothelial cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, alpha(2)M* does not affect FGF-2-induced vascular tubule formation on Matrigel basement membrane matrix or collagen gels. Further studies demonstrate that FGF-2 partitions between fluid-phase alpha(2)M* and solid-phase Matrigel or collagen. These studies suggest that the ability of alpha(2)M* to modulate the activity of FGF-2 is dependent on an interplay with extracellular matrix components. (Blood. 2001;97:3450-3457)

    View details for Web of Science ID 000168927900019

    View details for PubMedID 11369636

  • The conformation-dependent interaction of alpha(2)-macroglobulin with vascular endothelial growth factor - A novel mechanism of alpha(2)-macroglobulin/growth factor binding JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Bhattacharjee, G., Asplin, I. R., Wu, S. M., Gawdi, G., Pizzo, S. V. 2000; 275 (35): 26806-26811

    Abstract

    alpha(2)-Macroglobulin (alpha(2)M) is a highly conserved proteinase inhibitor present in human plasma at high concentration (2-4 mg/ml). alpha(2)M exists in two conformations, a native form and an activated, receptor-recognized form. While alpha(2)M binds to numerous cytokines and growth factors, in most cases, the nature of the alpha(2)M interaction with these factors is poorly understood. We examined in detail the interaction between alpha(2)M and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and found a novel and unexpected mechanism of interaction as demonstrated by the following observations: 1) the binding of VEGF to alpha(2)M occurs at a site distinct from the recently characterized growth factor binding site; 2) VEGF binds different forms of alpha(2)M with distinct spatial arrangement, namely to the interior of methylamine or ammonia-treated alpha(2)M and to the exterior of native and proteinase-converted alpha(2)M; and 3) VEGF (molecular mass approximately 40 kDa) can access the interior of receptor-recognized alpha(2)M in the absence of a proteinase trapped within the molecule. VEGF bound to receptor-recognized forms of alpha(2)M is internalized and degraded by macrophages via the alpha(2)M receptor, the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Oxidation of both native and receptor-recognized alpha(2)M results in significant inhibition of VEGF binding. We also examined the biological significance of this interaction by studying the effect of alpha(2)M on VEGF-induced cell proliferation and VEGF-induced up-regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) levels. We demonstrate that under physiological conditions, alpha(2)M does not impact the ability of VEGF to induce cell proliferation or up-regulate Ca(2+).

    View details for Web of Science ID 000089144800021

    View details for PubMedID 10862607

  • a-Macroglobulins/Kunins In: Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, 4th Ed. Pizzo SV, Wu SM 2000: 367-379
  • Mechanism of hypochlorite-mediated inactivation of proteinase inhibition by alpha(2)-Macroglobulin BIOCHEMISTRY Wu, S. M., Pizzo, S. V. 1999; 38 (42): 13983-13990

    Abstract

    The proteinase-proteinase inhibitor balance plays an important role in mediating inflammation-associated tissue destruction. alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) is a high-affinity, broad-spectrum proteinase inhibitor found abundantly in plasma and interstitial fluids. Increased levels of alpha 2M and proteinase-alpha 2M complexes can be demonstrated in patients with sepsis, emphysema, peridontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. Despite these increased levels, proteolysis remains a significant problem. We hypothesized that a mechanism for inactivating alpha 2M-mediated proteinase inhibition must exist and recently demonstrated that alpha 2M isolated from human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid is oxidized and has decreased functional activity. The oxidant responsible for alpha 2M inactivation and the mechanism of such destruction were not studied. We now report that while hypochlorite and hydroxyl radical both modify amino acid residues on alpha 2M, only hypochlorite can abolish the ability of alpha 2M to inhibit proteinases. Hydrogen peroxide, on the other hand, has no effect on alpha 2M structure or function. Protein unfolding with increased susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage appears to be involved in alpha 2M inactivation by oxidation. The in vivo relevance of this mechanism is supported by the presence of multiple cleavage fragments of alpha 2M in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, where significant tissue destruction occurs, but not in patients with osteoarthritis. These results provide strong evidence that hypochlorite oxidation contributes to enhanced tissue destruction during inflammation by inactivating alpha 2M.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000083288400025

    View details for PubMedID 10529245

  • Oxidized alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M) differentially regulates receptor binding by cytokines growth factors: Implications for tissue injury and repair mechanisms in inflammation JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Wu, S. M., Patel, D. D., Pizzo, S. V. 1998; 161 (8): 4356-4365

    Abstract

    Alpha2M binds specifically to TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), beta-nerve growth factor (beta-NGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and TGF-beta. Since many of these cytokines are released along with neutrophil-derived oxidants during acute inflammation, we hypothesize that oxidation alters the ability of alpha2M to bind to these cytokines, resulting in differentially regulated cytokine functions. Using hypochlorite, a neutrophil-derived oxidant, we show that oxidized alpha2M exhibits increased binding to TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-6 and decreased binding to beta-NGF, PDGF-BB, TGF-beta1, and TGF-beta2. Hypochlorite oxidation of methylamine-treated alpha2M (alpha2M*), an analogue of the proteinase/alpha2M complex, also results in decreased binding to bFGF, beta-NGF, PDGF-BB, TGF-beta1, and TGF-beta2. Concomitantly, we observed decreased ability to inhibit TGF-beta binding and regulation of cells by oxidized alpha2M and alpha2M*. We then isolated alpha2M from human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid and showed that the protein is extensively oxidized and has significantly decreased ability to bind to TGF-beta compared with alpha2M derived from plasma and osteoarthritis synovial fluid. We, therefore, propose that oxidation serves as a switch mechanism that down-regulates the progression of acute inflammation by sequestering TNF-alpha, IL-2, and IL-6, while up-regulating the development of tissue repair processes by releasing bFGF, beta-NGF, PDGF, and TGF-beta from binding to alpha2M.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000076343300073

    View details for PubMedID 9780213

  • The binding of receptor-recognized alpha(2)-macroglobulin to the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein and the alpha(2)M signaling receptor is decoupled by oxidation JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Wu, S. M., BOYER, C. M., Pizzo, S. V. 1997; 272 (33): 20627-20635

    Abstract

    Receptor-recognized forms of alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M*) bind to two classes of cellular receptors, a high affinity site comprising approximately 1500 sites/cell and a lower affinity site comprising about 60,000 sites/cell. The latter class has been identified as the so-called low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). Ligation of receptors distinct from LRP activates cell signaling pathways. Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that the high affinity binding sites are responsible for cell signaling induced by alpha2M*. Using sodium hypochlorite, a powerful oxidant produced by the H2O2-myeloperoxidase-Cl- system, we now demonstrate that binding to the high affinity sites correlates directly with activation of the signaling cascade. Oxidation of alpha2M* using 200 microM hypochlorite completely abolishes its binding to LRP without affecting its ability to activate the macrophage signaling cascade. Scatchard analysis shows binding to a single class of high affinity sites (Kd - 71 +/- 12 pM). Surprisingly, oxidation of native alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) with 125 microM hypochlorite results in the exposure of its receptor-binding site to LRP, but the ligand is unable to induce cell signaling. Scatchard analysis shows binding to a single class of lower affinity sites (Kd - 0.7 +/- 0.15 nM). Oxidation of a cloned and expressed carboxyl-terminal 20-kDa fragment of alpha2M (RBF), which is capable of binding to both LRP and the signaling receptor, results in no significant change in its binding Kd, supporting our earlier finding that the oxidation-sensitive site is predominantly outside of RBF. Attempts to understand the mechanism responsible for the selective exposure of LRP-binding sites in oxidized native alpha2M suggest that partial protein unfolding may be the most likely mechanism. These studies provide strong evidence that the high affinity sites (Kd - 71 pM) are the alpha2M* signaling receptor.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997XR22100048

    View details for PubMedID 9252378

  • Crashing the Boards: A User Friendly Study Guide for the USMLE Step 1 Lippincott-Raven Yeh B, Paydafar JA, Flynn M, Biswas SS, Bulsara KR, Liao L, Wu SM 1997; 1
  • Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein alpha(2)-macroglobulin receptor on murine peritoneal macrophages mediates the binding and catabolism of low-density lipoprotein ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS Wu, S. M., Pizzo, S. V. 1996; 326 (1): 39-47

    Abstract

    Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. It is known to bind a wide variety of unrelated ligands including alpha 2-macroglobulin-proteinase complexes, tissue plasminogen activator, apolipoprotein E-enriched very low density lipoprotein, lipoprotein lipase, and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Receptor-associated protein (RAP), a protein which copurifies with LRP, can inhibit the binding and internalization of all known ligands to LRP. Recent studies have shown that some ligands can bind to more than one receptor in this family. However, the ability of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to bind to LRP in addition to the LDL receptor has not been demonstrated consistently. In this study we demonstrate that LDL binds with high affinity to macrophage cell surface receptors at 4 degrees C (Kd = 1.8 nM) and competes for the binding of a receptor-recognized form of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M*) (Ki = 3 nM). alpha 2M* and RAP can inhibit the binding of LDL to macrophages completely (96 and 100% inhibition, respectively), after cell surface heparin has been removed by treatment with heparinase. Using a solid-phase assay, we show that LDL binds specifically, saturably, and with high affinity to purified LRP (Kd = 5 nM). LDL can also completely inhibit the binding of alpha 2M* to purified LRP. These results indicate that LDL binds directly to LRP. The ability of LDL to cross-compete with alpha 2M* for binding to LRP suggests that LDL binds to a similar or overlapping site as alpha 2M*. In addition, the ability of alpha 2M* to inhibit most of the receptor-mediated binding of LDL to macrophages suggests that LDL receptors on murine peritoneal macrophages are predominantly LRP.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996TT88500006

    View details for PubMedID 8579370