CAP Profiles

Bio

Clinical Focus

  • Infectious Diseases, Pediatric
  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Academic Appointments

Administrative Appointments

  • Medical Director, Infection Control, LPCH (2006 - Present)

Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations

  • Senior Fellow, Stanford Center for Innovation in Global Health (2015 - Present)

Professional Education

  • Board Certification: Pediatrics, American Board of Pediatrics (1986)
  • Fellowship:John Hopkins Hospital (1986) MD
  • Medical Education:Stanford University School of Medicine (1981) CA
  • Fellowship:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1988) GA
  • Fellowship, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Diseases (1986)
  • Residency:John Hopkins Hospital (1984) MD
  • Internship:Stanford University School of Medicine (1982) CA

Contact

    • Tel: (650) 723-5682
    Fax: (650) 725-8040
  • Nancy Wilkening Administrative Assistant
    • Tel: 650-498-6277
  • Pediatric Infectious Disease 730 Welch Rd MC 5884 2nd Fl Palo Alto, CA 94304
    • Tel: (650) 721-5805
    Fax: (650) 725-8040

Research & Scholarship

Current Research and Scholarly Interests

The research I have conducted has been focused on epidemiologic aspects of viral vaccine development and prevention of perinatal HIV transmission. A major project has been to identify the molecular epidemiology of factors affecting the immunogenicity of oral polio vaccine (OPV) among children living in developing areas of the world, where OPV immunogenicity is poor. We have identified several factors which affect the poor immunogenicity of OPV and will conduct clinical studies to attempt to improve immunogenicity. We are now working on ways to understand the transmission and circulation of polio vaccine derived viruses, which may cause polio, and how to use this information in global eradication of polio. I also work on perinatal HIV infection, including strategies to prevent breastfeeding transmission in developing settings as well as understanding how to maximize prevention strategies among pregnant women in developed countries.

The Maldonado Group recently received a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for a 2.5 year study investigating the dynamics of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) household and community transmission in 3 communities in Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Mexico provides a unique environment to study OPV transmission. Currently, Mexican children receive inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in their primary vaccination series. In addition, children ≤5 years old who have received at least 2 doses of IPV are eligible to receive OPV during biannual National Immunization Weeks. Our study will specifically assess the impact of different OPV vaccination rates during the February 2015 National Immunization Week on intra- and inter-household transmission of OPV. The outcome of this project will inform public policy decision-making regarding OPV cessation and the polio end-game.

A second ongoing project has been to define the ontogeny of the immune response to measles vaccine among young infants. The purpose is to identify specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to measles vaccine which affect vaccine immunogenicity and induce the immunosuppressive effects associated with measles vaccination.

A final project I have conducted since 1989 involves a long term natural history study of infants with perinatal HIV exposure and infection. This computer-based study involves following all HIV-exposed and infected infants living in the Northern California and defining factors associated with progression of HIV-related disease.

Clinical Trials

  • Pre-operative Prophylaxis With Vancomycin and Cefazolin in Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Patients Not Recruiting

    The investigators hope to learn 1) if the addition of prophylaxis with vancomycin will decrease the rate of cefazolin non-susceptible surgical site infections (SSI), in high risk population 2) to develop better understanding of vancomycin and cefazolin pharmacokinetics in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) 3) to assess the barriers to vancomycin dosing peri-operatively 4) to assess side effects and risks associated with peri-operative vancomycin administration. This will allow us to improve patient care by better understanding the benefits or the risks of peri-operative vancomycin administration and potentially decrease cefazolin-resistant surgical site infections. In addition, this study gives us the opportunity to evaluate cefazolin and vancomycin pharmacokinetics (pK) on children on CPB. The investigators will take blood samples from 20 patients. In 10 patients the investigators will do Cefazolin pK analysis and in the other 10 the investigators will do pK Vancomycin analysis. For the remainder of 292 patients, only prospective chart review will be done to determine the incidence of SSIs. This data will be compared with 936 controls who received only Cefazolin pre-operatively as prophylaxis for SSI's.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Kathleen Gutierrez, MD, 650-736-7642.

    View full details

Projects

  • OPV transmissibility in communities after cessation of routine OPV immunization, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (10/28/2014 - 3/31/2017)

    The Maldonado Group recently received a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for a 2.5 year study investigating the dynamics of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) household and community transmission in 3 communities in Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Mexico provides a unique environment to study OPV transmission. Currently, Mexican children receive inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in their primary vaccination series. In addition, children ≤5 years old who have received at least 2 doses of IPV are eligible to receive OPV during biannual National Immunization Weeks. Our study will specifically assess the impact of different OPV vaccination rates during the February 2015 National Immunization Week on intra- and inter-household transmission of OPV. The outcome of this project will inform public policy decision-making regarding OPV cessation and the polio end-game.

    Location

    Mexico

  • Kenya Gender-based violence prevention programs, Stanford University

    Sexual assault is a major cause of injury, unplanned pregnancy, HIV infection, and mental health issues worldwide. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, sexual assault has reached epidemic proportions. Our team is involved in studies evaluating interventions to reduce GBV in Kenya. These include: (1) researching the efficacy of an empowerment and self-defense intervention for adolescent girls in to decrease the incidence of sexual assault and harassment in Nairobi’s large informal settlements and (2) evaluating a micro-finance intervention aimed at improving economic conditions and decreasing GBV among survivors of intimate partner violence.

    Location

    Kenya

  • Evaluation of mobile technology platform to enhance evidence based practice for the treatment & epidemiological surveillance for diarrheal diseases in Bangladesh:A cluster randomized controlled trial, Stanford University

    Case fatality rates from diarrhoeal disease, including cholera, can rise above the WHO accepted threshold of 1% in both endemic and non-endemic settings, even in regions of Bangladesh. One challenge to reduce the morbidity and mortality from diarrhoeal diseases is to develop desired and scalable tools to improve decision support, and to be able to more easily report diarrhoeal cases.
    We hypothesize that a mobile phone based decision support tool will improve adherence to management guidelines for fluid resuscitation compared to existing methods. Our objective is to determine if adherence to rehydration guidelines improves with the use of a mobile technology decision-support platform. To address this objective and test the hypothesis, a pilot study followed by a cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted in the District of Netrokona, Bangladesh. The PI of this grant is, Dr. Eric Nelson, the first Global Health fellow and Instructor, who Dr. Maldonado is mentoring.

    Location

    Bangladesh

Teaching

2018-19 Courses

Stanford Advisees

Graduate and Fellowship Programs

Publications

All Publications

  • Safety of Multiple Antigen Exposure in the Childhood Immunization Schedule JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION O'Leary, S. T., Maldonado, Y. A. 2018; 319 (9): 870–71

    View details for DOI 10.1001/jama.2018.0891

    View details for Web of Science ID 000426705100014

    View details for PubMedID 29509849

  • Comparative evidence on harms in pediatric randomized clinical trials from less developed versus more developed countries is limited JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Tedesco, D., Farid-Kapadia, M., Offringa, M., Bhutta, Z. A., Maldonado, Y., Ioannidis, J. A., Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G. 2018; 95: 63–72

    Abstract

    Evaluate comparative harm rates from medical interventions in pediatric randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from more developed (MDCs) and less developed countries (LDCs).Meta-epidemiologic empirical evaluation of Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (June 2014) meta-analyses reporting clinically important harm-outcomes (severe adverse events [AEs], discontinuations due to AEs, any AE, and mortality) that included at least one pediatric RCT from MDCs and at least one from LDCs. We estimated relative odds ratios (RORs) for each harm, within each meta-analysis, between RCTs from MDCs and LDCs and calculated random-effects-summary-RORs (sRORs) for each harm across multiple meta-analyses.Only 1% (26/2,363) of meta-analyses with clinically important harm-outcomes in the entire Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews included pediatric RCTs both from MDCs and LDCs. We analyzed 26 meta-analyses with 244 data sets from pediatric RCTs, 116 from MDCs and 128 from LDCs (64 and 66 unique RCTs respectively). The summary ROR was 0.92 (95% confidence intervals: 0.78-1.08) for severe AEs; 1.13 (0.54-2.34) for discontinuations due to AEs; 1.10 (0.77-1.59) for any AE; and 0.99 (0.61-1.61) for mortality and for the all-harms-combined-end point 0.96 (0.83-1.10). Differences of ROR-point-estimates ≥2-fold between MDCs and LDCs were identified in 35% of meta-analyses.We found no major systematic differences in harm rates in pediatric trials between MDCs and LDCs, but data on harms in children were overall very limited.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.11.016

    View details for Web of Science ID 000427211500009

    View details for PubMedID 29191447

  • Multistate Outbreak of an Emerging Burkholderia cepacia Complex Strain Associated With Contaminated Oral Liquid Docusate Sodium INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Akinboyo, I. C., Sick-Samuels, A. C., Singeltary, E., Fackler, J., Ascenzi, J., Carroll, K. C., Maldonado, Y., Brooks, R. B., Benowitz, I., Wilson, L. E., LiPuma, J. J., Milstone, A. M. 2018; 39 (2): 237–39

    View details for DOI 10.1017/ice.2017.265

    View details for Web of Science ID 000428532100020

    View details for PubMedID 29417919

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5837050

  • Physician Gender Is Associated with Press Ganey Patient Satisfaction Scores in Outpatient Gynecology Women's Health Issues Rogo-Gupta, L. J., Haunschild, C., Altamirano, J., Maldonado, Y., Fassiotto, M. 2018: 281–85

    Abstract

    Patient satisfaction is gaining increasing attention as a quality measure in health care, but the methods used to assess it may negatively impact women physicians.Our objective was to examine the relationship between physician gender and patient satisfaction with outpatient gynecology care as measured by the Press Ganey patient satisfaction survey.This cross-sectional study analyzed 909 Press Ganey patient satisfaction surveys linked to outpatient gynecology visits at a single academic institution (March 2013-August 2014), including self-reported demographics and satisfaction. Surveys are delivered in a standardized fashion electronically and by mail. Surveys were completed by 821 unique patients and 13,780 gynecology visits occurred during the study period. The primary outcome variable was likelihood to recommend (LTR) a physician. We used χ2 tests of independence to assess the effect of demographic concordance on LTR and two generalized estimating equations models were run clustered by physician, with topbox physician LTR as the outcome variable. Analysis was performed in SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1 (SAS, Inc., Cary, NC).Nine hundred nine surveys with complete demographic data were completed by women during the study period (mean age, 49.3 years). Age- and race-concordant patient-physician pairs received significantly higher proportions of top LTR score than discordant pairs (p = .014 and p < .0001, respectively). In contrast, gender-concordant pairs received a significantly lower proportion of top scores than discordant pairs (p = .027). In the generalized estimating equations model adjusting for health care environment, only gender remained statistically significant. Women physicians had significantly lower odds (47%) of receiving a top score (odds ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.78; p = .001).Women gynecologists are 47% less likely to receive top patient satisfaction scores compared with their male counterparts owing to their gender alone, suggesting that gender bias may impact the results of patient satisfaction questionnaires. Therefore, the results of this and similar questionnaires should be interpreted with great caution until the impact on women physicians is better understood.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.whi.2018.01.001

  • Female Surgeons as Counter Stereotype: The Impact of Gender Perceptions on Trainee Evaluations of Physician Faculty Journal of Surgical Education Fassiotto, M., Li, J., Maldonado, Y., Kothary, N. 2018

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.01.011

  • Assessing the individual risk of fecal poliovirus shedding among vaccinated and non-vaccinated subjects following national health weeks in Mexico PLOS ONE Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Pablo Cruz-Hervert, L., Troy, S. B., Huang, C., Sarnquist, C., Delgado-Sanchez, G., Canizales-Quintero, S., Holubar, M., Ferreira-Guerrero, E., Montero-Campos, R., Rodriguez-Alvarez, M., Mongua-Rodriguez, N., Maldonado, Y., Garcia-Garcia, L. 2017; 12 (10): e0185594

    Abstract

    Mexico introduced inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) into its routine immunization (RI) schedule in 2007 but continued to give trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) twice a year during national health weeks (NHW) through 2015.To evaluate individual variables associated with poliovirus (PV) shedding among children with IPV-induced immunity after vaccination with tOPV and their household contacts.We recruited 72 children (both genders, ≤30 months, vaccinated with at least two doses of IPV) and 144 household contacts (both genders, 2 per household, children and adults) between 08/2010 and 09/2010 in Orizaba, Veracruz. Three NHW took place (one before and two after enrollment). We collected fecal samples monthly for 12 months, and tested 2500 samples for polioviruses types 1, 2 and 3 with three serotype-specific singleplex real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays. In order to increase the specificity for OPV virus, all positive and 112 negative samples were also processed with a two-step, OPV serotype-specific multiplex rRT-PCR.We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI using Cox proportional hazards regression for recurrent events models accounting for individual clustering to assess the association of individual variables with the shedding of any poliovirus for all participants and stratifying according to whether the participant had received tOPV in the month of sample collection.216 participants were included. Of the 2500 collected samples, using the singleplex rRT-PCR assay, PV was detected in 5.7% (n = 142); PV1 in 1.2% (n = 29), PV2 in 4.1% (n = 103), and PV3 in 1.9% (n = 48). Of the 256 samples processed by multiplex rRT-PCR, PV was detected in 106 (PV1 in 16.41% (n = 42), PV2 in 21.09% (n = 54), and PV3 in 23.05% (n = 59). Both using singleplex and multiplex assays, shedding of OPV among non-vaccinated children and subjects older than 5 years of age living in the same household was associated with shedding of PV2 by a household contact. All models were adjusted by sex, age, IPV vaccination and OPV shedding by the same individual during the previous month of sample collection.Our results provide important evidence regarding the circulation of poliovirus in a mixed vaccination context (IPV+OPV) which mimics the "transitional phase" that occurs when countries use both vaccines simultaneously. Shedding of OPV2 by household contacts was most likely the source of infection of non-vaccinated children and subjects older than 5 years of age living in the same household.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0185594

    View details for Web of Science ID 000412845100022

    View details for PubMedID 29023555

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5638237

  • Detection of Emerging Vaccine-Related Polioviruses by Deep Sequencing. Journal of clinical microbiology Sahoo, M. K., Holubar, M., Huang, C., Mohamed-Hadley, A., Liu, Y., Waggoner, J. J., Troy, S. B., Garcia-Garcia, L., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Maldonado, Y., Pinsky, B. A. 2017

    Abstract

    Oral poliovirus vaccine can mutate to regain neurovirulence. To date, evaluation of these mutations has been performed primarily on culture-enriched isolates by using conventional Sanger sequencing. We therefore developed a culture-independent, deep-sequencing method targeting the 5' untranslated region (UTR) and P1 genomic region to characterize vaccine-related poliovirus variants. Error analysis of the deep-sequencing method demonstrated reliable detection of poliovirus mutations at levels of <1%, depending on read depth. Sequencing of viral nucleic acids from the stool of vaccinated, asymptomatic children and their close contacts collected during a prospective cohort study in Veracruz, Mexico, revealed no vaccine-derived polioviruses. This was expected given that the longest duration between sequenced sample collection and the end of the most recent national immunization week was 66 days. However, we identified many low-level variants (<5%) distributed across the 5' UTR and P1 genomic region in all three Sabin serotypes, as well as vaccine-related viruses with multiple canonical mutations associated with phenotypic reversion present at high levels (>90%). These results suggest that monitoring emerging vaccine-related poliovirus variants by deep sequencing may aid in the poliovirus endgame and efforts to ensure global polio eradication.

    View details for DOI 10.1128/JCM.00144-17

    View details for PubMedID 28468861

  • Evidence That Classroom-Based Behavioral Interventions Reduce Pregnancy-Related School Dropout Among Nairobi Adolescents HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR Sarnquist, C., Sinclair, J., Mboya, B. O., Langat, N., Paiva, L., Halpern-Felsher, B., Golden, N. H., Maldonado, Y. A., Baiocchi, M. T. 2017; 44 (2): 297-303

    Abstract

    Purpose To evaluate the effect of behavioral, empowerment-focused interventions on the incidence of pregnancy-related school dropout among girls in Nairobi's informal settlements. Method Retrospective data on pregnancy-related school dropout from two cohorts were analyzed using a matched-pairs quasi-experimental design. The primary outcome was the change in the number of school dropouts due to pregnancy from 1 year before to 1 year after the interventions. Results Annual incidence of school dropout due to pregnancy decreased by 46% in the intervention schools (from 3.9% at baseline to 2.1% at follow-up), whereas the comparison schools remained essentially unchanged (p < .029). Sensitivity analysis shows that the findings are robust to small levels of unobserved bias. Conclusions Results suggest that these behavioral interventions significantly reduced the number of school dropouts due to pregnancy. As there are limited promising studies on behavioral interventions that decrease adolescent pregnancy in low-income settings, this intervention may be an important addition to this toolkit.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/1090198116657777

    View details for Web of Science ID 000398072000012

  • Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule-United States, 2017 PEDIATRICS Byington, C. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Barnett, E. D., Campbell, J. D., Davies, H. D., Lynfield, R., Munoz, F. M., Nolt, D., Nyquist, A. C., O'Leary, S., Rathore, M. H., Sawyer, M. H., Steinbach, W. J., Tan, T. Q., Zaoutis, T. E., Kimberlin, D. W., Brady, M. T., Jackson, M. A., Long, S. S., Bernstein, H. H., Meissner, H. C., Campos-Outcalt, D., Cohn, A. C., Farizo, K. M., Fischer, M., Gellin, B. G., Gorman, R. L., Halasa, N., Robinson, J. L., Deseda-Tous, J., Simon, G. R., Starke, J. R., Frantz, J. M. 2017; 139 (3)

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2016-4007

    View details for Web of Science ID 000395003200063

    View details for PubMedID 28167516

  • Impact of vaccine herd-protection effects in cost-effectiveness analyses of childhood vaccinations. A quantitative comparative analysis. PloS one Holubar, M., Stavroulakis, M. C., Maldonado, Y., Ioannidis, J. P., Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. 2017; 12 (3)

    Abstract

    Inclusion of vaccine herd-protection effects in cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) can impact the CEAs-conclusions. However, empirical epidemiologic data on the size of herd-protection effects from original studies are limited.We performed a quantitative comparative analysis of the impact of herd-protection effects in CEAs for four childhood vaccinations (pneumococcal, meningococcal, rotavirus and influenza). We considered CEAs reporting incremental-cost-effectiveness-ratios (ICERs) (per quality-adjusted-life-years [QALY] gained; per life-years [LY] gained or per disability-adjusted-life-years [DALY] avoided), both with and without herd protection, while keeping all other model parameters stable. We calculated the size of the ICER-differences without vs with-herd-protection and estimated how often inclusion of herd-protection led to crossing of the cost-effectiveness threshold (of an assumed societal-willingness-to-pay) of $50,000 for more-developed countries or X3GDP/capita (WHO-threshold) for less-developed countries.We identified 35 CEA studies (20 pneumococcal, 4 meningococcal, 8 rotavirus and 3 influenza vaccines) with 99 ICER-analyses (55 per-QALY, 27 per-LY and 17 per-DALY). The median ICER-absolute differences per QALY, LY and DALY (without minus with herd-protection) were $15,620 (IQR: $877 to $48,376); $54,871 (IQR: $787 to $115,026) and $49 (IQR: $15 to $1,636) respectively. When the target-vaccination strategy was not cost-saving without herd-protection, inclusion of herd-protection always resulted in more favorable results. In CEAs that had ICERs above the cost-effectiveness threshold without herd-protection, inclusion of herd-protection led to crossing of that threshold in 45% of the cases. This impacted only CEAs for more developed countries, as all but one CEAs for less developed countries had ICERs below the WHO-cost-effectiveness threshold even without herd-protection. In several analyses, recommendation for the adoption of the target vaccination strategy depended on the inclusion of the herd protection effect.Inclusion of herd-protection effects in CEAs had a substantial impact in the estimated ICERs and made target-vaccination strategies more attractive options in almost half of the cases where ICERs were above the societal-willingness to pay threshold without herd-protection. More empirical epidemiologic data are needed to determine the size of herd-protection effects across diverse settings and also the size of negative vaccine effects, e.g. from serotype substitution.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0172414

    View details for PubMedID 28249046

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5332092

  • A long-term follow-up of a physician leadership program Journal of Health Organization and Management Fassiotto, M., Maldonado, Y., Hopkins, J. 2017: 56–68

    Abstract

    Purpose Physician leadership programs serve to develop individual capabilities and to affect organizational outcomes. Evaluations of such programs often focus solely on short-term increases in individual capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to assess long-term individual and organizational outcomes of the Stanford Leadership Development Program. Design/methodology/approach There are three data sources for this mixed-methods study: a follow-up survey in 2013-2014 of program participants ( n=131) and matched (control) non-participants ( n=82) from the 2006 to 2011 program years; promotion and retention data; and qualitative in-person interview data. The authors analyzed survey data across leadership knowledge, skills, and attitudes as well as leadership titles held, following program participation using Pearson's χ2 test of independence. Using logistic regression, the authors analyzed promotion and retention among participants and non-participants. Finally, the authors applied both a grounded theory approach and qualitative content analysis to analyze interview data. Findings Program participants rated higher than non-participants across 25 of 30 items measuring leadership knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and were more likely to hold regional/national leadership titles and to have gained in leadership since program participation. Asian program participants were significantly more likely than Asian non-participants to have been promoted, and women participants were less likely to have left the institution than non-participants. Finally, qualitative interviews revealed the long-term impact of leadership learning and networking, as well as the enduring, sustained impact on the organization of projects undertaken during the program. Originality/value This study is unique in its long-term and comprehensive mixed-methods nature of evaluation to assess individual and organizational impact of a physician leadership program.

    View details for DOI 10.1108/JHOM-08-2017-0208

  • Comparative rates of harms in randomized trials from more developed versus less developed countries may be different JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D., Tseretopoulou, X., Ancker, M., Walterspiel, J. N., Panagiotou, O. A., Maldonado, Y., Ioannidis, J. P. 2016; 78: 10-21

    Abstract

    We set up to evaluate the relative risk of harms in trials performed in less developed vs. more developed countries.Meta-epidemiologic evaluation using the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. We considered meta-analyses with at least one randomized clinical trial (RCT) in a less developed country and one RCT in a more developed country. We targeted severe adverse events (AEs), discontinuations due to AEs, any AE, organ system-specific AEs, individual AEs, and all discontinuations due to any reason. We estimated the relative odds ratio (ROR) of harms between more and less developed countries for each topic and the summary ROR (sROR) across topics under each category of harms.We identified 42 systematic reviews (128 meta-analyses, 521 independent RCTs). Summary sRORs did not differ significantly from 1.00 for any harm category. Nominally significant RORs were found in only 6/128 meta-analyses. However, in 27% (35/128) of meta-analyses the ROR point estimates indicated relative differences between country settings >2-fold. Considering also ROR 95% confidence intervals, in 92% (118/128) of meta-analyses one could not exclude a 2-fold difference in both directions.We identified limited comparative evidence on harms in trials from these two country settings. Substantial differences in the risk point estimates were common; the potential for modest differences could rarely be excluded with confidence.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.02.032

    View details for Web of Science ID 000389615400004

    View details for PubMedID 27063207

  • Recommendations for Serogroup B Meningococcal Vaccine for Persons 10 Years and Older PEDIATRICS Byington, C. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Barnett, E. D., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Lynfield, R., Munoz, F. M., Nolt, D. L., Nyquist, A., Rathore, M. H., Sawyer, M. H., Steinbach, W. J., Tan, T. Q., Zaoutis, T. E. 2016; 138 (3)

    Abstract

    This policy statement provides recommendations for the prevention of serogroup B meningococcal disease through the use of 2 newly licensed serogroup B meningococcal vaccines: MenB-FHbp (Trumenba; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Pfizer, Philadelphia, PA) and MenB-4C (Bexsero; Novartis Vaccines, Siena, Italy). Both vaccines are approved for use in persons 10 through 25 years of age. MenB-FHbp is licensed as a 2- or 3-dose series, and MenB-4C is licensed as a 2-dose series for all groups. Either vaccine is recommended for routine use in persons 10 years and older who are at increased risk of serogroup B meningococcal disease (category A recommendation). Persons at increased risk of meningococcal serogroup B disease include the following: (1) persons with persistent complement component diseases, including inherited or chronic deficiencies in C3, C5-C9, properdin, factor D, or factor H or persons receiving eculizumab (Soliris; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, CT), a monoclonal antibody that acts as a terminal complement inhibitor by binding C5 and inhibiting cleavage of C5 to C5A; (2) persons with anatomic or functional asplenia, including sickle cell disease; and (3) healthy persons at increased risk because of a serogroup B meningococcal disease outbreak. Both serogroup B meningococcal vaccines have been shown to be safe and immunogenic and are licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration for individuals between the ages of 10 and 25 years. On the basis of epidemiologic and antibody persistence data, the American Academy of Pediatrics agrees with the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that either vaccine may be administered to healthy adolescents and young adults 16 through 23 years of age (preferred ages are 16 through 18 years) to provide short-term protection against most strains of serogroup B meningococcal disease (category B recommendation).

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2016-1890

    View details for Web of Science ID 000384002100067

    View details for PubMedID 27573083

  • Evidence That Classroom-Based Behavioral Interventions Reduce Pregnancy-Related School Dropout Among Nairobi Adolescents. Health education & behavior Sarnquist, C., Sinclair, J., Omondi Mboya, B., Langat, N., Paiva, L., Halpern-Felsher, B., Golden, N. H., Maldonado, Y. A., Baiocchi, M. T. 2016

    Abstract

    Purpose To evaluate the effect of behavioral, empowerment-focused interventions on the incidence of pregnancy-related school dropout among girls in Nairobi's informal settlements. Method Retrospective data on pregnancy-related school dropout from two cohorts were analyzed using a matched-pairs quasi-experimental design. The primary outcome was the change in the number of school dropouts due to pregnancy from 1 year before to 1 year after the interventions. Results Annual incidence of school dropout due to pregnancy decreased by 46% in the intervention schools (from 3.9% at baseline to 2.1% at follow-up), whereas the comparison schools remained essentially unchanged (p < .029). Sensitivity analysis shows that the findings are robust to small levels of unobserved bias. Conclusions Results suggest that these behavioral interventions significantly reduced the number of school dropouts due to pregnancy. As there are limited promising studies on behavioral interventions that decrease adolescent pregnancy in low-income settings, this intervention may be an important addition to this toolkit.

    View details for PubMedID 27486178

  • Results of the Women's Self-Performed Anal Pap Trial in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES McNeil, C. J., Kong, C. S., Anglemyer, A., Levy, V., Maldonado, Y. 2016; 43 (7): 433-435

    Abstract

    High-risk human papillomavirus anal infections are common in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. We conducted a cross-over study in 30 women seen in a California human immunodeficiency virus clinic, to test the feasibility of self-performed anal Pap smears. Women found the tests acceptable and feasible. Compared with physician-collected specimens, results were highly concordant for anal cytology (κ = 0.53) and high-risk human papillomavirus typing (κ = 0.59 inclusive of equivocal results, or κ = 0.81 excluding equivocal results).

    View details for DOI 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000448

    View details for Web of Science ID 000378151300007

    View details for PubMedID 27322044

  • Rotavirus Vaccines-OK to Mix and Match. Pediatrics Byington, C. L., Maldonado, Y. 2016; 137 (2): 1-2

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2015-3618

    View details for PubMedID 26823542

  • Shedding of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) by HIV-Infected and -Uninfected Mothers of OPV-Vaccinated Zimbabwean Infants. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society Holubar, M., Troy, S. B., Nathoo, K., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Musingwini, G., Srinivas, N., Huang, C., Junn, A., Halpern, M. S., Maldonado, Y. A. 2016

    Abstract

    Community circulation of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) likely begins with household transmission. We analyzed stool collected from Zimbabwean mothers who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and those who were uninfected with HIV 1 to 24 weeks after infant oral poliovirus vaccination. Overall, only 5% of the mothers had detectable OPV (16 of 304) despite high infant shedding rates. OPV shedding was similar between HIV-infected mothers and those who were uninfected (11 [6.4%] of 171 vs 5 [3.8%] of 133, respectively) and between mothers of HIV-infected infants and those of uninfected infants (2 [3.5%] of 57 vs 9 [6.3%] of 144, respectively). Mothers of vaccinated infants are unlikely to shed OPV, even when they are infected with HIV.

    View details for PubMedID 26759497

  • Clustering of Toxoplasma gondii Infections Within Families of Congenitally Infected Infants. Clinical infectious diseases Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D., Wheeler, K. M., Ramirez, R., Press, C., Mui, E., Zhou, Y., Van Tubbergen, C., Prasad, S., Maldonado, Y., Withers, S., Boyer, K. M., Noble, A. G., Rabiah, P., Swisher, C. N., Heydemann, P., Wroblewski, K., Karrison, T., Grigg, M. E., Montoya, J. G., McLeod, R. 2015; 61 (12): 1815-1824

    Abstract

    Family clusters and epidemics of toxoplasmosis in North, Central, and South America led us to determine whether fathers of congenitally infected infants in the National Collaborative Chicago-Based Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study (NCCCTS) have a high incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection.We analyzed serum samples collected from NCCCTS families between 1981 and 2013. Paternal serum samples were tested for T. gondii antibodies with immunoglobulin (Ig) G dye test and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additional testing of paternal serum samples was performed with differential-agglutination and IgG avidity tests when T. gondii IgG and IgM results were positive and serum samples were collected by the 1-year visit of the congenitally infected child. Prevalence of paternal seropositivity and incidence of recent infection were calculated. We analyzed whether certain demographics, maternal parasite serotype, risk factors, or maternal/infant clinical manifestations were associated with paternal T. gondii infection status.Serologic testing revealed a high prevalence (29 of 81; 36%) of T. gondii infection in fathers, relative to the average seropositivity rate of 9.8% for boys and men aged 12-49 years in the United States between 1994 and 2004 (P < .001). Moreover, there was a higher-than-expected incidence of recent infections among fathers with serum samples collected by the 1-year visit of their child (6 of 45; 13%; P < .001). No demographic patterns or clinical manifestations in mothers or infants were associated with paternal infections, except for sandbox exposure.The high prevalence of chronic and incidence of recent T. gondii infections in fathers of congenitally infected children indicates that T. gondii infections cluster within families in North America. When a recently infected person is identified, family clustering and community risk factors should be investigated for appropriate clinical management.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/cid/civ721

    View details for PubMedID 26405150

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4657536

  • Assessing the State of Vaccine Confidence in the United States: Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS Orenstein, W. A., Gellin, B. G., Beigi, R. H., Despres, S., Lynfield, R., Maldonado, Y., Mouton, C., Rawlins, W., Rothholz, M. C., Smith, N., Thompson, K., Torres, C., Viswanath, K., Hosbach, P. 2015; 130 (6): 573-595

    View details for Web of Science ID 000364503700006

  • Influenza Immunization for All Health Care Personnel: Keep It Mandatory PEDIATRICS Byington, C. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Barnett, E. D., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Lynfield, R., Munoz, F. M., Nolt, D. L., Nyquist, A., Rathore, M. H., Sawyer, M. H., Steinbach, W. J., Tan, T. Q., Zaoutis, T. E. 2015; 136 (4): 809-818

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2015-2922

    View details for Web of Science ID 000362944300073

    View details for PubMedID 26347432

  • Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2015-2016 PEDIATRICS Byington, C. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Barnett, E. D., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Lynfield, R., Munoz, F. M., Nolt, D. L., Nyquist, A., Rathore, M. H., Sawyer, M. H., Steinbach, W. J., Tan, T. Q., Zaoutis, T. E. 2015; 136 (4): 792-808

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2015-2920

    View details for Web of Science ID 000362944300072

    View details for PubMedID 26347430

  • Seasonal variation of acute toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy in the United States EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D., Talucod, J., Maldonado, Y., Montoya, J. G. 2015; 143 (9): 1893-1897

    Abstract

    SUMMARY We describe the seasonal variation of acute toxoplasmosis in the United States. Acute toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy (ATL) can be a surrogate of acute toxoplasmosis in patients in whom the date of onset of lymphadenopathy matches the window of acute infection predicted by serological tests performed at a reference laboratory. We used the electronic database of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory (PAMF-TSL) (1997-2011) to identify cases of ATL. We tested the uniformity of distribution of ATL cases per month, across the 12 calendar months, using circular statistics uniformity tests. We identified 112 consecutive cases of ATL. The distribution of cases was not uniform across the 12 calendar months. We observed the highest peak of cases in December and a second highest peak in September. Similar months were identified in patients with acute toxoplasmosis in rural areas in France. The results were similar when we performed weighted analyses, weighting for the total number of Toxoplasma gondii IgG tests performed per month in the PAMF-TSL laboratory. This is the largest study to date of the seasonal variation of ATL in the United States. Physicians should advise high-risk individuals to avoid risk factors associated with T. gondii infections especially around those months.

    View details for DOI 10.1017/S0950268814002945

    View details for Web of Science ID 000355760600012

    View details for PubMedID 25410401

  • NVAC Statement of Support Regarding Efforts to Better Implement IIS-to-IIS Data Exchange Across Jurisdictions PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS Orenstein, W. A., Gellin, B. G., Beigi, R. H., Despres, S., LaRussa, P. S., Lynfield, R., Maldonado, Y., Mouton, C., Pisani, A., Rawlins, W., Rothholz, M. C., Smith, N., Stenvig, T. E., Torres, C., Viswanath, K., Hetherington, S., Hosbach, P. 2015; 130 (4): 332-335

    View details for Web of Science ID 000357707100009

  • Trends in Hospitalizations for Intussusception in California in Relationship to the Introduction of New Rotavirus Vaccines, 1985-2010. Pediatric infectious disease journal Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G., Halpern, M. S., Maldonado, Y. 2015; 34 (7): 712-717

    Abstract

    The new rotavirus vaccines RV5 and RV1 have been associated with small increase in intussusception risk in active vaccine surveillance studies. It is unclear what the impact might be on the overall trends of intussusception hospitalizations at a large population basis.We conducted an ecological study of hospital discharges of infants with intussusception discharge diagnosis using the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database (1985-2010). We measured incidence rates (IR) of intussusception hospitalizations per 100,000 births within 3 periods (1985-1997; 2000-2005; 2006-2010) related to past, pre-introduction and post-introduction of the new rotavirus vaccines. We estimated slopes of yearly IRs within each period, changes in slopes between periods and IR ratios (IRR) of the mean IRs between periods. We did subgroup analyses for 5 age-subgroups. We also analyzed intussusception hospitalizations of infants who also had a surgical repair and/or radiologic reduction procedure code (restricted cohort).We identified 6241 intussusception hospitalizations; 4696 also had pertinent procedure codes. There was an upward trend in yearly IRs during 2006-2010 (+2 excess cases per 100,000 births per year; P = 0.023); the change in slopes between 2006-2010 and 2000-2005 was +3.2 excess cases per 100,000 births per year (P = 0.052), and the IR in 2006-2010 was 10% higher than in 2000-2005 (IRR: 1.10; 95% confidence intervals: 1.01-1.19). The IRR in 2006-2010 versus 2000-2005 for the 6-14 weeks age-subgroup was 1.90 (95% confidence intervals: 1.33-2.74). In the restricted cohort, trends were similar, though not nominally significant.We documented at a population-level a small increased risk in intussusception hospitalizations post-introduction of the new rotavirus vaccines.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/INF.0000000000000653

    View details for PubMedID 26069946

  • Comparison of the Immunogenicity of Various Booster Doses of Inactivated Polio Vaccine Delivered Intradermally Versus Intramuscularly to HIV-Infected Adults JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Troy, S. B., Kouiavskaia, D., Siik, J., Kochba, E., Beydoun, H., Mirochnitchenko, O., Levin, Y., Khardori, N., Chumakov, K., Maldonado, Y. 2015; 211 (12): 1969-1976

    Abstract

    Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is necessary for global polio eradication because oral polio vaccine can rarely cause poliomyelitis as it mutates and may fail to provide adequate immunity in immunocompromised populations. However, IPV is unaffordable for many developing countries. Intradermal IPV shows promise as a means to decrease the effective dose and cost of IPV, but prior studies, all using 20% of the standard dose used in intramuscular IPV, resulted in inferior antibody titers.We randomly assigned 231 adults with well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus infection at a ratio of 2:2:2:1 to receive 40% of the standard dose of IPV intradermally, 20% of the standard dose intradermally, the full standard dose intramuscularly, or 40% of the standard dose intramuscularly. Intradermal vaccination was done using the NanoPass MicronJet600 microneedle device.Baseline immunity was 87%, 90%, and 66% against poliovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. After vaccination, antibody titers increased a median of 64-fold. Vaccine response to 40% of the standard dose administered intradermally was comparable to that of the standard dose of IPV administered intramuscularly and resulted in higher (although not significantly) antibody titers. Intradermal administration had higher a incidence of local side effects (redness and itching) but a similar incidence of systemic side effects and was preferred by study participants over intramuscular administration.A 60% reduction in the standard IPV dose without reduction in antibody titers is possible through intradermal administration.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiu841

    View details for Web of Science ID 000355675600015

    View details for PubMedID 25567841

  • Immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) cases: A systematic review and implications for polio eradication VACCINE Guo, J., Bolivar-Wagers, S., Srinivas, N., Holubar, M., Maldonado, Y. 2015; 33 (10): 1235-1242

    Abstract

    Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), strains of poliovirus mutated from the oral polio vaccine, pose a challenge to global polio eradication. Immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived polioviruses (iVDPVs) are a type of VDPV which may serve as sources of poliovirus reintroduction after the eradication of wild-type poliovirus. This review is a comprehensive update of confirmed iVDPV cases published in the scientific literature from 1962 to 2012, and describes clinically relevant trends in reported iVDPV cases worldwide.We conducted a systematic review of published iVDPV case reports from January 1960 to November 2012 from four databases. We included cases in which the patient had a primary immunodeficiency, and the vaccine virus isolated from the patient either met the sequencing definition of VDPV (>1% divergence for serotypes 1 and 3 and >0.6% for serotype 2) and/or was previously reported as an iVDPV by the World Health Organization.We identified 68 iVDPV cases in 49 manuscripts reported from 25 countries and the Palestinian territories. 62% of case patients were male, 78% presented clinically with acute flaccid paralysis, and 65% were iVDPV2. 57% of cases occurred in patients with predominantly antibody immunodeficiencies, and the overall all-cause mortality rate was greater than 60%. The median age at case detection was 1.4 years [IQR: 0.8, 4.5] and the median duration of shedding was 1.3 years [IQR: 0.7, 2.2]. We identified a poliovirus genome VP1 region mutation rate of 0.72% per year and a higher median percent divergence for iVDPV1 cases. More cases were reported from high income countries, which also had a larger age variation and different distribution of immunodeficiencies compared to upper and lower middle-income countries.Our study describes the incidence and characteristics of global iVDPV cases reported in the literature in the past five decades. It also highlights the regional and economic disparities of reported iVDPV cases.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.018

    View details for Web of Science ID 000350083600004

    View details for PubMedID 25600519

  • The National Vaccine Advisory Committee: Reducing Patient and Provider Barriers to Maternal Immunizations Approved by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee on June 11, 2014 PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS Orenstein, W. A., Gellin, B. G., Beigi, R. H., Despres, S., LaRussa, P. S., Lynfield, R., Maldonado, Y., Mouton, C., Pisani, A., Rawlins, W., Rothholz, M. C., Smith, N., Stenvig, T. E., Torres, C., Viswanath, K., Hetherington, S., Hosbach, P. 2015; 130 (1): 10-42

    View details for Web of Science ID 000347660700004

    View details for PubMedID 25552752

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4245282

  • Authors' responses in response to the letter from Ambrose. Pediatrics Meissner, H. C., Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Lieberthal, A. S., Maldonado, Y. A., Ralston, S. L., Winterstein, A. 2014; 134 (6): e1782-3

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-2901C

    View details for PubMedID 25452650

  • Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2014-2015 PEDIATRICS Byington, C. L., Barnett, E. D., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Jackson, M. A., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Rathore, M. H., Sawyer, M. H., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E. 2014; 134 (5): E1503-E1519

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-2413

    View details for Web of Science ID 000344385900030

  • Updated Guidance for Palivizumab Prophylaxis Among Infants and Young Children at Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Jackson, M. A., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Rathore, M. H., Sawyer, M. H., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E., Ralston, S. L., Lieberthal, A. S., Meissner, H. C., Alverson, B. K., Baley, J. E., Gadomski, A. M., Johnson, D. W., Light, M. J. 2014; 134 (2): E620-E638

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-1666

    View details for Web of Science ID 000340266000042

  • Updated Guidance for Palivizumab Prophylaxis Among Infants and Young Children at Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Jackson, M. A., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Rathore, M. H., Sawyer, M. H., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E., Ralston, S. L., Lieberthal, A. S., Meissner, H. C., Alverson, B. K., Baley, J. E., Gadomski, A. M., Johnson, D. W., Light, M. J., Maraqa, N. F., Mendonca, E. A., Phelan, K. J., Zorc, J. J., Stanko-Lopp, D., Hernandez-Cancio, S. 2014; 134 (2): 415-420

    Abstract

    Palivizumab was licensed in June 1998 by the Food and Drug Administration for the reduction of serious lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children at increased risk of severe disease. Since that time, the American Academy of Pediatrics has updated its guidance for the use of palivizumab 4 times as additional data became available to provide a better understanding of infants and young children at greatest risk of hospitalization attributable to RSV infection. The updated recommendations in this policy statement reflect new information regarding the seasonality of RSV circulation, palivizumab pharmacokinetics, the changing incidence of bronchiolitis hospitalizations, the effect of gestational age and other risk factors on RSV hospitalization rates, the mortality of children hospitalized with RSV infection, the effect of prophylaxis on wheezing, and palivizumab-resistant RSV isolates. This policy statement updates and replaces the recommendations found in the 2012 Red Book.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-1665

    View details for Web of Science ID 000340266000068

    View details for PubMedID 25070315

  • Updated Recommendations on the Use of Meningococcal Vaccines PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Jackson, M. A., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Rathore, M. H., Sawyer, M. H., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E. 2014; 134 (2): 400-403

    Abstract

    Since the last policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) concerning meningococcal vaccine was published in 2011, 2 meningococcal conjugate vaccines have been licensed for use in infants (Hib-MenCY-TT and MenACWY-CRM). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has published new recommendations, "Prevention and Control of Meningococcal Disease: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices," which have been endorsed by the AAP. However, the CDC recommendations were published before licensure of MenACWY-CRM for infant use. This policy statement updates the AAP recommendations for use of meningococcal vaccines in children and adolescents. A more comprehensive review of background and technical information can be found in the CDC publication.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-1383

    View details for Web of Science ID 000340266000065

    View details for PubMedID 25070306

  • Community circulation patterns of oral polio vaccine serotypes 1, 2, and 3 after mexican national immunization weeks. journal of infectious diseases Troy, S. B., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Huang, C., Sarnquist, C., Canizales-Quintero, S., Nelson, C., Báez-Saldaña, R., Holubar, M., Ferreira-Guerrero, E., García-García, L., Maldonado, Y. A. 2014; 209 (11): 1693-1699

    Abstract

    Background. With wild poliovirus nearing eradication, preventing circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) by understanding oral polio vaccine (OPV) community circulation is increasingly important. Mexico, where OPV is given only during biannual national immunization weeks (NIWs) but where children receive inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) as part of their primary regimen, provides a natural setting to study OPV community circulation. Methods. In total, 216 children and household contacts in Veracruz, Mexico, were enrolled, and monthly stool samples and questionnaires collected for 1 year; 2501 stool samples underwent RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect OPV serotypes 1, 2, and 3. Results. OPV was detected up to 7 months after an NIW, but not at 8 months. In total, 35% of samples collected from children vaccinated the prior month, but only 4% of other samples, contained OPV. Although each serotype was detected in similar proportions among OPV strains shed as a result of direct vaccination, 87% of OPV acquired through community spread was serotype 2 (P < .0001). Conclusions. Serotype 2 circulates longer and is transmitted more readily than serotypes 1 or 3 after NIWs in a Mexican community primarily vaccinated with IPV. This may be part of the reason why most isolated cVDPV has been serotype 2.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/infdis/jit831

    View details for PubMedID 24367038

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4017366

  • Rape Prevention Through Empowerment of Adolescent Girls PEDIATRICS Sarnquist, C., Omondi, B., Sinclair, J., Gitau, C., Paiva, L., Mulinge, M., Cornfield, D. N., Maldonado, Y. 2014; 133 (5): E1226-E1232

    Abstract

    Sexual assault is a major cause of injury, unplanned pregnancy, HIV infection, and mental health problems worldwide. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, sexual assault has reached epidemic proportions. This study evaluated the efficacy of an empowerment and self-defense intervention for adolescent girls to decrease the incidence of sexual assault and harassment in Nairobi's large informal settlements.A prospective cohort of 1978 adolescents from 4 neighborhoods near Nairobi were taught empowerment, deescalation, and self-defense skills in six 2-hour sessions. The standard-of-care (SOC) group (n = 428) received a life skills class. Self-reported, anonymous survey data were collected at baseline and 10.5 months after intervention.Annual sexual assault rates decreased from 17.9/100 person-years at baseline to 11.1 at follow-up (rate ratio = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-1.86; P < .001); there was no significant change in the SOC group (14.3 to 14.0, rate ratio = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.67-1.57, P = .92). Sexual assault disclosure in the intervention group increased from 56% to 75% (P = .006), compared with a constant incidence of disclosure (53%) in the SOC group. The majority (52.3%) of adolescents in the intervention group reported using skills learned to stop an assault.This intervention decreased sexual assault rates among adolescent girls in Kenya. The intervention was also associated with an increase in the disclosure of assaults, thereby enabling survivors to seek care and support and possibly leading to the identification and prosecution of perpetrators. This model should be adaptable to other settings both in Africa and globally.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2013-3414

    View details for Web of Science ID 000335236800043

  • Efficacy and Safety of an Extended Nevirapine Regimen in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers With HIV-1 Infection for Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission (HPTN 046): 18-Month Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) Fowler, M. G., Coovadia, H., Herron, C. M., Maldonado, Y., Chipato, T., Moodley, D., Musoke, P., Aizire, J., Manji, K., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Fawzi, W., Chetty, V., Msweli, L., Kisenge, R., Brown, E., Mwatha, A., Eshleman, S. H., Richardson, P., Allen, M., George, K., Andrew, P., Zwerski, S., Mofenson, L. M., Jackson, J. B. 2014; 65 (3): 366-374

    Abstract

    HPTN 046 compared the efficacy and safety of infant nevirapine (NVP) among HIV-exposed breastfed infants randomized at 6 weeks to 6 months to t NVP or placebo to prevent postnatal infection: we report final 18-month outcomes.Randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 4 African countries. Infant diagnostic HIV testing was performed regularly from birth through 18 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess 18-month cumulative infant HIV infection, HIV infection/or death, and mortality rates.Between 6 weeks and 6 months, postnatal HIV infection rates were significantly lower among infants receiving daily NVP from 6 weeks to 6 months 1.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2% to 1.8%], compared with placebo 2.4% (95% CI: 1.3% to 2.6%), P = 0.049, but not significantly lower thereafter. Eighteen-month postnatal infection rates were low: 2.2% (95% CI: 1.1% to 3.3%) versus 3.1% (95% CI: 1.9% to 4.4%), respectively, P = 0.28. Mortality and HIV infection/death did not differ between arms at any age. Infants of women receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for their own health had the lowest 18-month postnatal infection rates (0.5%, 95% CI: 0.0% to 1.1%). However, HIV infection/death rates at 18 months were not significantly different for infants of mothers on ART (3.7%, 95% CI: 1.9% to 5.5%), and infants of mothers with CD4 counts of ≥350 cells per cubic millimeter not receiving ART (4.8%, 95% CI: 2.7% to 6.8%; P = 0.46). There were no differences in adverse events between study arms.This trial demonstrated early but not late differences in postnatal HIV transmission among infants randomized at age 6 weeks to extended NVP or placebo, underscoring the importance of continued prophylaxis throughout breastfeeding.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000052

    View details for PubMedID 24189151

  • Temporal Trends in Otolaryngologic Findings among HIV-1-infected Children in a Population-based Cohort. Pediatric infectious disease journal Sturt, A. S., Anglemyer, A. T., Dubray, K., Maldonado, Y. A. 2014; 33 (3): e76-80

    Abstract

    Otolaryngologic conditions are common among HIV-1-infected children. In this study, we provide data regarding prevalence of pediatric HIV-1 otolaryngologic manifestations in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART).We conducted population-based, prospective, multicenter pediatric HIV-1 surveillance among 276 children with perinatally acquired HIV-1 from 1988 to 2009. All Center for Disease Control (CDC) mild, moderate and severe otolaryngologic conditions were evaluated.CDC-defined, HIV-1-related otolaryngologic conditions among the 276 children were: 103, mild; 50, moderate and 20, severe. The majority [23.3% (24/103), 40.0% (20/50) and 50% (10/20)] of mild, moderate and severe diagnoses, respectively, occurred in the first year of life, with 53.4% (55/103), 66.0% (33/50) and 70% (14/20), respectively, occurring in the first 2 years of life. The most frequent diagnoses were otitis media [21% (58/276)] and oropharyngeal thrush [17.4% (48/276)]. There was a temporal decline by cohort in prevalence of mild and moderate otolaryngologic diagnoses which was significant for mild conditions: 90, pre-ART cohort and 13, ART cohort (P < 0.001) and moderate conditions: 47, pre-ART and 3, ART (P < 0.001).In our study, many CDC-defined, HIV-related otolaryngologic conditions occur in the first 2 years of life. Over 22 years of longitudinal follow up, there was a significant decline in prevalence of CDC-defined otolaryngologic conditions by temporal cohorts when comparing pre-ART and ART eras. This finding supports early ART administration to decrease morbidity in HIV-1-positive infants and children as well as current US and World Health Organization guidelines to prevent early HIV disease progression.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/INF.0000000000000034

    View details for PubMedID 23995587

  • Temporal trends in otolaryngologic findings among HIV-1-infected children in a population-based cohort. Pediatric infectious disease journal Sturt, A. S., Anglemyer, A. T., Dubray, K., Maldonado, Y. A. 2014; 33 (3): e76-80

    Abstract

    Otolaryngologic conditions are common among HIV-1-infected children. In this study, we provide data regarding prevalence of pediatric HIV-1 otolaryngologic manifestations in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART).We conducted population-based, prospective, multicenter pediatric HIV-1 surveillance among 276 children with perinatally acquired HIV-1 from 1988 to 2009. All Center for Disease Control (CDC) mild, moderate and severe otolaryngologic conditions were evaluated.CDC-defined, HIV-1-related otolaryngologic conditions among the 276 children were: 103, mild; 50, moderate and 20, severe. The majority [23.3% (24/103), 40.0% (20/50) and 50% (10/20)] of mild, moderate and severe diagnoses, respectively, occurred in the first year of life, with 53.4% (55/103), 66.0% (33/50) and 70% (14/20), respectively, occurring in the first 2 years of life. The most frequent diagnoses were otitis media [21% (58/276)] and oropharyngeal thrush [17.4% (48/276)]. There was a temporal decline by cohort in prevalence of mild and moderate otolaryngologic diagnoses which was significant for mild conditions: 90, pre-ART cohort and 13, ART cohort (P < 0.001) and moderate conditions: 47, pre-ART and 3, ART (P < 0.001).In our study, many CDC-defined, HIV-related otolaryngologic conditions occur in the first 2 years of life. Over 22 years of longitudinal follow up, there was a significant decline in prevalence of CDC-defined otolaryngologic conditions by temporal cohorts when comparing pre-ART and ART eras. This finding supports early ART administration to decrease morbidity in HIV-1-positive infants and children as well as current US and World Health Organization guidelines to prevent early HIV disease progression.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/INF.0000000000000034

    View details for PubMedID 23995587

  • Integrating family planning and prevention of mother to child HIV transmission in Zimbabwe. Contraception Sarnquist, C. C., Moyo, P., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Chipato, T., Kang, J. L., Maldonado, Y. A. 2014; 89 (3): 209-214

    Abstract

    The objective was to integrate enhanced family planning (FP) and prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission services in order to help HIV-positive Zimbabwean women achieve their desired family size and spacing as well as to maximize maternal and child health.HIV-positive pregnant women were enrolled into a standard-of-care (SOC, n=33) or intervention (n=65) cohort, based on study entry date, and followed for 3 months postpartum. The intervention cohort received education sessions aimed at increasing FP use and negotiation power. Both groups received care from nurses with enhanced FP training. Outcomes included FP use, FP knowledge and HIV disclosure, and were assessed with Fisher's Exact Tests, binomial tests and t tests.The intervention cohort reported increased control over condom use (p=.002), increased knowledge about IUDs (p=.002), increased relationship power (p=.01) and increased likelihood of disclosing their HIV status to a partner (p=.04) and having that partner disclose to them (p=.04) when compared to the SOC cohort. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) use in both groups increased from ~2% at baseline to >80% at 3 months postpartum (p<.001).FP and sexual negotiation skills and knowledge, as well as HIV disclosure, increased significantly in the intervention cohort. LARC uptake increased significantly in both the intervention and SOC cohorts, likely because both groups received care from nurses with enhanced FP training. Successful service integration models are needed to maximize health outcomes in resource-constrained environments; this intervention is such a model that should be replicable in other settings in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond.This study provides a rigorously evaluated intervention to integrate FP education into ante- and postnatal care for HIV-positive women and also to train providers on FP. Results suggest that this intervention had significant effects on contraception use and communication with sexual partners. This intervention should be adaptable to other areas.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.contraception.2013.11.003

    View details for PubMedID 24332254

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3965605

  • Antiretroviral therapy adherence and predictors to adherence in Albania: a cross-sectional study. Journal of infection in developing countries Morrison, S. D., Rashidi, V., Sarnquist, C., Banushi, V. H., Hole, M. K., Barbhaiya, N. J., Gashi, V. H., Osterberg, L., Maldonado, Y., Harxhi, A. 2014; 8 (7): 853-862

    Abstract

    The possibility of an HIV/AIDS epidemic in southeastern Europe (SEE) is not improbable. Thus, an understanding of the current issues surrounding HIV/AIDS care, specifically antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, in countries within SEE is critical. This study was conducted to determine the ART adherence characteristics of Albania's HIV-positive population.This cross-sectional study reports initial demographic and adherence characteristics of patients receiving HIV/AIDS treatment in Albania. Retrospective review of pharmacy medications dispensed supplemented reported adherence behavior. Further, an adherence index was utilized to explore adherence more thoroughly.Patient-reported adherence and pharmacy review showed adherence levels of 98.9±4.4% and 97.7±4.7%, respectively. Assessment by adherence index revealed an index level of 91.7±6.7. Factors associated with a score of < 95 on the adherence index were: being partnered (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.09 - 0.98), history of depression (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.08 - 0.76), increased number of barriers to care (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66 - 0.97), and increased number of current social and medical needs (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.58 - 0.91).Interventions aimed at reducing barriers to care, addressing current medical and social needs, and treating mental health issues may help improve adherence to ART in patients with HIV/AIDS in Albania. With little known about HIV/AIDS in SEE, this study provides guidance on how SEE countries can help prevent a possible rise in the prevalence of HIV given the close link of ART adherence and spread of HIV.

    View details for DOI 10.3855/jidc.3563

    View details for PubMedID 25022295

  • Consumption of Raw or Unpasteurized Milk and Milk Products by Pregnant Women and Children PEDIATRICS Maldonado, Y. A., Glode, M. P., Bhatia, J. 2014; 133 (1): 175-179

    Abstract

    Sales of raw or unpasteurized milk and milk products are still legal in at least 30 states in the United States. Raw milk and milk products from cows, goats, and sheep continue to be a source of bacterial infections attributable to a number of virulent pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella species, Brucella species, and Escherichia coli O157. These infections can occur in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals, including older adults, infants, young children, and pregnant women and their unborn fetuses, in whom life-threatening infections and fetal miscarriage can occur. Efforts to limit the sale of raw milk products have met with opposition from those who are proponents of the purported health benefits of consuming raw milk products, which contain natural or unprocessed factors not inactivated by pasteurization. However, the benefits of these natural factors have not been clearly demonstrated in evidence-based studies and, therefore, do not outweigh the risks of raw milk consumption. Substantial data suggest that pasteurized milk confers equivalent health benefits compared with raw milk, without the additional risk of bacterial infections. The purpose of this policy statement was to review the risks of raw milk consumption in the United States and to provide evidence of the risks of infectious complications associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk and milk products, especially among pregnant women, infants, and children.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2013-3502

    View details for Web of Science ID 000329168400059

    View details for PubMedID 24344105

  • Acute Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Family Members in the United States EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G., Maldonado, Y., Montoya, J. G. 2013; 19 (12): 1981-1984

    Abstract

    We investigated 32 families of persons with acute toxoplasmosis in which > or = 1 other family member was tested for Toxoplasma gondii infection; 18 (56%) families had > or = 1 additional family member with acute infection. Family members of persons with acute toxoplasmosis should be screened for infection, especially pregnant women and immunocompromised persons.

    View details for DOI 10.3201/eid1912.121892

    View details for Web of Science ID 000327826600012

    View details for PubMedID 24274896

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3840881

  • HIV Disease Progression in the First Year After Delivery Among African Women Followed in the HPTN 046 Clinical Trial. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes Watts, D. H., Brown, E. R., Maldonado, Y., Herron, C., Chipato, T., Reddy, L., Moodley, D., Nakabiito, C., Manji, K., Fawzi, W., George, K., Richardson, P., Zwerski, S., Coovadia, H., Fowler, M. 2013; 64 (3): 299-306

    Abstract

    Starting lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected pregnant women may decrease HIV progression and transmission, but adherence after delivery may be difficult, especially for asymptomatic women. We evaluated disease progression among HIV-infected women not on ART with CD4⁺ lymphocyte counts above 200 cells per microliter at delivery.We analyzed risk of death, progression to AIDS (stage IV or CD4 < 200 cells per microliter), or to CD4⁺ count <350 1 year after delivery among postpartum women enrolled to a prevention of breastfeeding transmission trial using the Kaplan-Meier method. In the primary analysis, women were censored if ART was initiated.Among 1285 women who were not WHO stage IV or less at 6 weeks postpartum, 49 (4.3%) progressed to stage IV/CD4 <200 cells per microliter or death by 1 year. Progression to CD4 <200 cells per microliter or death occurred among 16 (4.3%) of 441 women with CD4 count of 350-549 cells per microliter and 10 (1.6%) of 713 with CD4 counts >550 cells per microliter at delivery. CD4 <350 cells per microliter by 12 months postpartum occurred among 116 (37.0%) of 350 women with CD4 count 400-549 cells per microliter and 48 (7.4%) of 713 with CD4 count >550 cells per microliter at delivery.Progression to AIDS or CD4 count <350 cells per microliter is uncommon through 1 year postpartum for women with CD4 counts over 550 cells per microliter at delivery, but occurred in over one third of those with CD4 counts under 550 cells per microliter. ART should be continued after delivery or breastfeeding among women with CD4 counts <550 cells per microliter if follow-up and antiretroviral adherence can be maintained.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182a2123a

    View details for PubMedID 23846568

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3800257

  • Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2013-2014 PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Jackson, M. A., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Rathore, M., Sawyer, M., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E. 2013; 132 (4): E1089-E1104

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2013-2377

    View details for Web of Science ID 000325095400034

  • Vaccine Poliovirus Shedding and Immune Response to Oral Polio Vaccine in HIV-Infected and -Uninfected Zimbabwean Infants JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Troy, S. B., Musingwini, G., Halpern, M. S., Huang, C., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Kouiavskaia, D., Shetty, A. K., Chumakov, K., Nathoo, K., Maldonado, Y. A. 2013; 208 (4): 672-678

    Abstract

    Background. With prolonged replication, attenuated polioviruses used in oral polio vaccine (OPV) can mutate into vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) and cause poliomyelitis outbreaks. Individuals with primary humoral immunodeficiencies can become chronically infected with vaccine poliovirus, allowing it to mutate into immunodeficiency-associated VDPV (iVDPV). It is unclear if children perinatally infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), who have humoral as well as cellular immunodeficiencies, might be sources of iVDPV. Methods. We conducted a prospective study collecting stool and blood samples at multiple time points from Zimbabwean infants receiving OPV according to the national schedule. Nucleic acid extracted from stool was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for OPV serotypes. Results. We analyzed 825 stool samples: 285 samples from 92 HIV-infected children and 540 from 251 HIV-uninfected children. Poliovirus shedding was similar after 0-2 OPV doses but significantly higher in the HIV-infected versus uninfected children after ≥3 OPV doses, particularly within 42 days of an OPV dose, independent of seroconversion status. HIV infection was not associated with prolonged or persistent poliovirus shedding. HIV infection was associated with significantly lower polio seroconversion rates. Conclusions. HIV infection is associated with decreased mucosal and humoral immune responses to OPV but not the prolonged viral shedding required to form iVDPV.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/infdis/jit208

    View details for Web of Science ID 000322412100017

    View details for PubMedID 23661792

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3719901

  • Loss of passively acquired maternal antibodies in highly vaccinated populations: an emerging need to define the ontogeny of infant immune responses. journal of infectious diseases Gans, H. A., Maldonado, Y. A. 2013; 208 (1): 1-3

    View details for DOI 10.1093/infdis/jit144

    View details for PubMedID 23661801

  • Temporal Trends in Mucocutaneous Findings Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1-Infected Children in a Population-Based Cohort PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY Sturt, A. S., Anglemyer, A., Berk, D. R., Maldonado, Y. A. 2013; 30 (4): 451-456

    Abstract

    The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) mucocutaneous manifestations in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We conducted population-based, prospective, multicenter pediatric HIV-1 surveillance in 276 children with perinatally acquired HIV-1 from 1988 to 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-defined HIV-1 related mucocutaneous conditions among the 276 children were: category A (n = 152), B (n = 60), and C (n = 1). Nearly half of the category A and B diagnoses (43.4% [66/152] and 35.0% [21/60], respectively) occurred in the first year of life, with 59.2% (90/152) and 61.7% (37/60), respectively, occurring in the first 2 years of life. The most frequent infectious diagnosis was oropharyngeal thrush (n = 117, 42.4%); the most common inflammatory diagnosis was diaper dermatitis (n = 71, 25.7%). There was a temporal decline in the prevalence of A (pre-HAART cohort, 123; post-HAART cohort, 29; p < 0.01) and B (pre-HAART, 55; post-HAART, 5; p < 0.01) mucocutaneous diagnoses. In children with perinatal HIV-1, there was a significant decline in CDC category A and B mucocutaneous diagnoses by temporal cohort, consistent with the introduction of antiretroviral medications and HAART. Clinical category A and B mucocutaneous diagnoses were most common in the first 2 years of life, emphasizing the importance of early HIV-1 testing and HAART initiation.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/pde.12020

    View details for Web of Science ID 000321206100022

    View details for PubMedID 23131130

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3573247

  • Reproductive Health and Family Planning Needs Among HIV-Infected Women in Sub-Saharan Africa CURRENT HIV RESEARCH Sarnquist, C. C., Rahangdale, L., Maldonado, Y. 2013; 11 (2): 160-168

    Abstract

    Review key topics and recent literature regarding reproductive health and family planning needs for HIV-infected women in Sub-Saharan Africa.Electronic searches performed in PubMed, JSTOR, and Web of Science; identified articles reviewed for inclusion.Most HIV-infected women in Sub-Saharan Africa bear children, and access to antiretroviral therapy may increase childbearing desires and/or fertility, resulting in greater need for contraception. Most contraceptive options can be safely and effectively used by HIV-infected women. Unmet need for contraception is high in this population, with 66- 92% of women reporting not wanting another child (now or ever), but only 20-43% using contraception. During pregnancy and delivery, HIV-infected women need access to prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services, a skilled birth attendant, and quality post-partum care to prevent HIV infection in the infant and maximize maternal health. Providers may lack resources as well as appropriate training and support to provide such services to women with HIV. Innovations in biomedical and behavioral interventions may improve reproductive healthcare for HIV-infected women, but in Sub-Saharan Africa, models of integrating HIV and PMTCT services with family planning and reproductive health services will be important to improve reproductive outcomes.HIV-infected women in Sub-Saharan Africa have myriad needs related to reproductive health, including access to high-quality family planning information and options, high-quality pregnancy care, and trained providers. Integrated services that help prevent unintended pregnancy and optimize maternal and infant health before, during and after pregnancy will both maximize limited resources as well as provide improved reproductive outcomes.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000317098500008

    View details for PubMedID 23432491

  • Protecting the Public's Health: Critical Functions of the Section 317 Immunization Program-A Report of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS Orenstein, W. A., Gellin, B. G., Beigi, R. H., Buck, T., Despres, S., LaRussa, P. S., Lynfield, R., Maldonado, Y., Morita, J., Mouton, C., Pisani, A., Rothholz, M. C., Stenvig, T. E., Tan, L. (., Torres, C., Hetherington, S., Lewin, C., Bailowitz, A., Baker, C., Daum, R. S., Douglas, C., Hannan, C., Jarris, P., Rawlins, W., Richardson, V., Salisbury, D. 2013; 128 (2): 78-95

    View details for Web of Science ID 000315537600003

    View details for PubMedID 23450872

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3560865

  • Antiretroviral Drugs to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV During Breastfeeding CURRENT HIV RESEARCH Shetty, A. K., Maldonado, Y. 2013; 11 (2): 102-125

    Abstract

    In low and middle-income countries (LMIC), transmission of HIV during breastfeeding represents a major public health challenge. Several viral, maternal clinical, immunological and genetic factors, as well as maternal-infant host factors and type of infant feeding may influence the risk of breastfeeding transmission of HIV. The mechanisms of breast milk HIV transmission are poorly understood. For mothers who are healthy and do not need combination antiretroviral therapy for their own health, randomized controlled trials have proven that administration of extended maternal triple-drug antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis or extended infant ARV prophylaxis can significantly reduce the risk of HIV transmission during breastfeeding. Based on this evidence, the World Health Organization (WHO) published new guidance in 2010 on the use of ARVs for treating pregnant women, and preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT). Although, remarkable advances have occurred in prevention of postnatal transmission during breastfeeding using antiretroviral strategies, a number of challenges remain. Future research must focus on field studies to evaluate programmatic implementation of new WHO PMTCT regimens, monitor long-term safety of ART exposure during pregnancy and lactation, and study emergence of ARV resistance (in mothers and infected infants despite prophylaxis).

    View details for Web of Science ID 000317098500004

    View details for PubMedID 23432487

  • Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule-United States, 2013 PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E. 2013; 131 (2): 397-400

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2012-3706

    View details for Web of Science ID 000314355100074

  • Cultural adaptation of a survey to assess medical providers' knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Albania. PloS one Morrison, S. D., Rashidi, V., Banushi, V. H., Barbhaiya, N. J., Gashi, V. H., Sarnquist, C., Maldonado, Y., Harxhi, A. 2013; 8 (3)

    Abstract

    Though the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southeastern Europe is one of low reported prevalence, numerous studies have described the pervasiveness of medical providers' lack of knowledge of HIV/AIDS in the Balkans. This study sought to culturally adapt an instrument to assess medical providers' knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Albania. Cultural adaptation was completed through development of a survey from previously validated instruments, translation of the survey into Albanian, blinded back translation, expert committee review of the draft instrument, focus group pre-testing with community- and University Hospital Center of Tirana-based physicians and nurses, and test-retest reliability testing. Blinded back translation of the instrument supported the initial translation with slight changes to the idiomatic and conceptual equivalences. Focus group pre-testing generally supported the instrument, yet some experiential and idiomatic changes were implemented. Based on unweighted kappa and/or prevalence adjusted bias adjusted kappa (PABAK), 20 of the 43 questions were deemed statistically significant at kappa and/or PABAK ≥0.5, while 12 others did not cross zero on the 95% confidence interval for kappa, indicating their probable significance. Subsequently, an instrument to assess medical providers' knowledge of and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS for an Albanian population was developed which can be expanded within Albania and potentially to other countries within the Balkans, which have an Albanian-speaking population.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0059816

    View details for PubMedID 23544101

  • Clostridium difficile Infection in Infants and Children PEDIATRICS Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E. 2013; 131 (1): 196-200

    Abstract

    Infections caused by Clostridium difficile in hospitalized children are increasing. The recent publication of clinical practice guidelines for C difficile infection in adults did not address issues that are specific to children. The purpose of this policy statement is to provide the pediatrician with updated information and recommendations about C difficile infections affecting pediatric patients.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2012-2992

    View details for Web of Science ID 000313012400069

    View details for PubMedID 23277317

  • Cultural adaptation of a survey to assess medical providers' knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Albania. PloS one Morrison, S. D., Rashidi, V., Banushi, V. H., Barbhaiya, N. J., Gashi, V. H., Sarnquist, C., Maldonado, Y., Harxhi, A. 2013; 8 (3): e59816

    Abstract

    Though the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southeastern Europe is one of low reported prevalence, numerous studies have described the pervasiveness of medical providers' lack of knowledge of HIV/AIDS in the Balkans. This study sought to culturally adapt an instrument to assess medical providers' knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Albania. Cultural adaptation was completed through development of a survey from previously validated instruments, translation of the survey into Albanian, blinded back translation, expert committee review of the draft instrument, focus group pre-testing with community- and University Hospital Center of Tirana-based physicians and nurses, and test-retest reliability testing. Blinded back translation of the instrument supported the initial translation with slight changes to the idiomatic and conceptual equivalences. Focus group pre-testing generally supported the instrument, yet some experiential and idiomatic changes were implemented. Based on unweighted kappa and/or prevalence adjusted bias adjusted kappa (PABAK), 20 of the 43 questions were deemed statistically significant at kappa and/or PABAK ≥0.5, while 12 others did not cross zero on the 95% confidence interval for kappa, indicating their probable significance. Subsequently, an instrument to assess medical providers' knowledge of and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS for an Albanian population was developed which can be expanded within Albania and potentially to other countries within the Balkans, which have an Albanian-speaking population.

    View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0059816

    View details for PubMedID 23544101

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3609723

  • Staphylococcal infections in children, California, USA, 1985-2009. Emerging infectious diseases Gutierrez, K., Halpern, M. S., Sarnquist, C., Soni, S., Arroyo, A. C., Maldonado, Y. 2013; 19 (1): 10-20

    Abstract

    We conducted a retrospective, observational, population-based study to investigate the effect of staphylococcal infections on the hospitalization of children in California during 1985-2009. Hospitalized children with staphylococcal infections were identified through the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development discharge database. Infections were categorized as community onset, community onset health care-associated, or hospital onset. Infection incidence was calculated relative to all children and to those hospitalized in acute-care facilities. A total of 140,265 records were analyzed. Overall incidence increased from 49/100,000 population in 1985 to a peak of 83/100,000 in 2006 and dropped to 73/100,000 in 2009. Staphylococcal infections were associated with longer hospital stays and higher risk for death relative to all-cause hospitalizations of children. The number of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections increased, and the number of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infections remained unchanged. Children <3 years of age, Blacks, and those without private insurance were at higher risk for hospitalization.

    View details for DOI 10.3201/eid1901.111740

    View details for PubMedID 23260060

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3557972

  • Communicating About Vaccines and Vaccine Safety: What Are Medical Residents Learning and What Do They Want to Learn? JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE Sarnquist, C., Sawyer, M., Calvin, K., Mason, W., Blumberg, D., Luther, J., Maldonado, Y. 2013; 19 (1): 40-46

    Abstract

    Physicians spend significant amounts of time discussing vaccine safety concerns with patients and parents. This study aimed to better understand the educational needs of US residents regarding vaccine safety communication, primarily by quantifying the vaccine safety communication training that residents currently receive and elucidating residents' preferences around education about vaccines and vaccine safety communication.A mixed-methods needs assessment consisting of focus groups and a survey.A convenience sample of 303 medical residents in pediatrics, family medicine, and internal medicine from across the United States participated in an online, anonymous survey from March through June 2010. In addition, 9 focus groups with 47 resident participants were held. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES/RESULTS: The sample included residents in pediatrics (239, 80.2%), internal or family medicine (30, 10.1%), and dual medicine-pediatrics (29, 9.7%); 20.6% of the residents reported "not learning" about vaccine safety communication in their residency programs. Preferred learning methods, which were also the most commonly used methods, included didactic lectures and role-modeling/cases. Electronic teaching method were not only less desired but also very rarely utilized. More than 95% of residents reported thinking that vaccine safety communication would be very or somewhat important in their careers.Improving education on vaccine safety communication within US residency programs, as well as offering self-learning opportunities, can better prepare physicians for their careers.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182495776

    View details for Web of Science ID 000311830300011

    View details for PubMedID 23169402

  • Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2012-2013 PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E., Bradley, J. 2012; 130 (4): 780-792

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2012-2308

    View details for Web of Science ID 000309412100069

  • Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Sewage Samples to Determine Oral Polio Vaccine Circulation Duration and Mutation After Mexican National Immunization Weeks. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society Troy, S. B., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Canizales-Quintero, S., Huang, C., Lee, Y., Báez-Saldaña, R., Ferreira-Guerrero, E., García-García, L., Maldonado, Y. 2012; 1 (3): 223-229

    Abstract

    Oral polio vaccine (OPV) can mutate and cause outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis with prolonged replication. After poliovirus eradication, global use of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) may be needed until all OPV stops circulating. Mexico, where children receive routine IPV but where OPV is given only during biannual national immunization weeks (NIWs), provides a natural setting to study duration of OPV circulation in a community primarily vaccinated with IPV.One-liter sewage samples from four separate arroyos (creeks) near Orizaba, Mexico, were collected monthly for 12 months. Concentrated sewage underwent RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect OPV serotypes 1, 2, and 3 and their variants containing the serotype-specific point mutation in the 5' untranslated region associated with neurovirulence.OPV was detected 3, 4, 5, and 7 months after the May 2010 NIW, but was not detected at 6 or 8 months. A second and third NIW occurred in February 2011 and May 2011, and OPV was detected in the sewage monthly after both of these NIW through July 2011 when collection stopped. The OPV detected was primarily serotype 2 and predominantly contained the point mutations in the 5' untranslated region associated with increased neurovirulence.OPV was detected in sewage as late as 7 months after an NIW in a Mexican community primarily vaccinated with IPV, but was not detected at 8 months, suggesting that OPV circulation may have ceased. These data suggest that in communities with high vaccination rates, 1 or 2 years of IPV administration after OPV cessation could be sufficient to prevent outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis from vaccine-derived strains.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/jpids/pis062

    View details for PubMedID 23667738

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3529100

  • Measles Vaccine, HIV Infection, and Antiretroviral Therapy-A Window of Opportunity JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Maldonado, Y. 2012; 206 (4): 466-468

    View details for DOI 10.1093/infdis/jis392

    View details for Web of Science ID 000306667000003

    View details for PubMedID 22693235

  • POLICY STATEMENT HPV Vaccine Recommendations PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E. 2012; 129 (3): 602-605

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-3865

    View details for Web of Science ID 000302541000064

  • Hematologic and Immunologic Parameters in Zimbabwean Infants: A Case for Using Local Reference Intervals to Monitor Toxicities in Clinical Trials JOURNAL OF TROPICAL PEDIATRICS Troy, S. B., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Dyner, L., Musingwini, G., Shetty, A. K., Woelk, G., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Nathoo, K., Maldonado, Y. A. 2012; 58 (1): 59-62

    Abstract

    Studies investigating novel therapies in African infants report laboratory adverse events based on reference intervals from white Western infants. However, prior studies have shown that reference intervals differ based on ethnicity and geographic location. We calculated reference intervals for Zimbabwean infants by analyzing the hematologic and immunologic values found in 542 blood samples from 269 HIV-uninfected, black, Zimbabwean infants at 3, 5 and 9 months of age. Substantial proportions of the platelet counts (44%), hemoglobins (19%) and mean corpuscular volumes (41%) were outside published normal ranges. The majority (65%) of hemoglobin values qualified as a United States National Institutes of Health Division of AIDS adverse events. The majority (71%) of CD4% values indicated immunodeficiency by World Health Organization criteria. Hematologic and immunologic reference intervals used to evaluate toxicities in pediatric trials in sub-Saharan Africa need to be reevaluated to account for differences in ethnicity, geographic location, nutrition and socioeconomic status.

    View details for DOI 10.1093/tropej/fmr031

    View details for Web of Science ID 000299646700011

    View details for PubMedID 21504989

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3297016

  • Immunologic Response to Oral Polio Vaccine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected and Uninfected Zimbabwean Children PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL Gnanashanmugam, D., Troy, S. B., Musingwini, G., Huang, C., Halpern, M. S., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Shetty, A. K., Kouiavskaia, D., Nathoo, K., Chumakov, K., Maldonado, Y. A. 2012; 31 (2): 176-180

    Abstract

    Poliovirus eradication is dependent on maintaining adequate community-wide levels of serologic protection. Many African countries with conditions that favor continued wild poliovirus propagation also have a high prevalence of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Data are limited regarding the degree of serologic immunity conferred on HIV-infected children after immunization with oral polio vaccine (OPV).This was a cross-sectional study correlating HIV infection and neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3 in 95 Zimbabwean children 2 months to 2 years of age, born to HIV-infected mothers, who received OPV according to the national schedule.HIV-infected children had significantly lower rates of seroconversion to all 3 poliovirus serotypes than HIV-uninfected children (60%, 67%, and 47% vs. 96%, 100%, and 82%, P = 0.001, 0.0003, and 0.015 for serotypes 1, 2, and 3 in HIV-infected and uninfected children, respectively, after ≥3 OPV doses). Among poliovirus seroconverters, HIV-infected children also had significantly lower geometric mean titers against serotypes 1 and 2 than HIV-uninfected children (geometric mean titers: 198 and 317 vs. 1193 and 1056, P = 0.032 and 0.050, for serotypes 1 and 2, respectively, after ≥3 OPV doses). In addition, HIV-infected children had significantly higher levels of total IgG and significantly lower CD4% and mean weight than HIV-uninfected children. Of note, none of the HIV-infected children were receiving antiretroviral therapy, and 71% had a CD4% indicating severe immunodeficiency.Pediatric HIV infection is associated with a poor serologic response to OPV, which could pose an obstacle to global polio eradication.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/INF.0b013e31823faa5f

    View details for Web of Science ID 000299316500016

    View details for PubMedID 22146742

  • Efficacy and safety of an extended nevirapine regimen in infant children of breastfeeding mothers with HIV-1 infection for prevention of postnatal HIV-1 transmission (HPTN 046): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial LANCET Coovadia, H. M., Brown, E. R., Fowler, M. G., Chipato, T., Moodley, D., Manji, K., Musoke, P., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Chetty, V., Fawzi, W., Nakabiito, C., Msweli, L., Kisenge, R., Guay, L., Mwatha, A., Lynn, D. J., Eshleman, S. H., Richardson, P., George, K., Andrew, P., Mofenson, L. M., Zwerski, S., Maldonado, Y. 2012; 379 (9812): 221-228

    Abstract

    Nevirapine given once-daily for the first 6, 14, or 28 weeks of life to infants exposed to HIV-1 via breastfeeding reduces transmission through this route compared with single-dose nevirapine at birth or neonatally. We aimed to assess incremental safety and efficacy of extension of such prophylaxis to 6 months.In our phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled HPTN 046 trial, we assessed the incremental benefit of extension of once-daily infant nevirapine from age 6 weeks to 6 months. We enrolled breastfeeding infants born to mothers with HIV-1 in four African countries within 7 days of birth. Following receipt of nevirapine from birth to 6 weeks, infants without HIV infection were randomly allocated (by use of a computer-generated permuted block algorithm with random block sizes and stratified by site and maternal antiretroviral treatment status) to receive extended nevirapine prophylaxis or placebo until 6 months or until breastfeeding cessation, whichever came first. The primary efficacy endpoint was HIV-1 infection in infants at 6 months and safety endpoints were adverse reactions in both groups. We used Kaplan-Meier analyses to compare differences in the primary outcome between groups. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00074412.Between June 19, 2008, and March 12, 2010, we randomly allocated 1527 infants (762 nevirapine and 765 placebo); five of whom had HIV-1 infection at randomisation and were excluded from the primary analyses. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, 1·1% (95% CI 0·3-1·8) of infants who received extended nevirapine developed HIV-1 between 6 weeks and 6 months compared with 2·4% (1·3-3·6) of controls (difference 1·3%, 95% CI 0-2·6), equating to a 54% reduction in transmission (p=0·049). However, mortality (1·2% for nevirapine vs 1·1% for placebo; p=0·81) and combined HIV infection and mortality rates (2·3%vs 3·2%; p=0·27) did not differ between groups at 6 months. 125 (16%) of 758 infants given extended nevirapine and 116 (15%) of 761 controls had serious adverse events, but frequency of adverse events, serious adverse events, and deaths did not differ significantly between treatment groups.Nevirapine prophylaxis can safely be used to provide protection from mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 via breastfeeding for infants up to 6 months of age.US National Institutes of Health.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61653-X

    View details for Web of Science ID 000299316100036

    View details for PubMedID 22196945

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3539769

  • Intradermal fractional dose inactivated polio vaccine: A review of the literature VACCINE Nelson, K. S., Janssen, J. M., Troy, S. B., Maldonado, Y. 2012; 30 (2): 121-125

    Abstract

    Oral polio vaccine (OPV) will likely be insufficient to completely eradicate polio due to its propensity to mutate into neurovirulent forms and its inability to produce adequate immunity in certain areas of the world. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), a killed vaccine which therefore cannot mutate, may be more effective than OPV in certain populations, and will likely be required for global polio eradication. However, the high cost of IPV is prohibitive in many areas of the world. Intradermal administration has the potential to lower the dose, and thus the cost, of IPV. This article reviews the clinical studies to date on intradermal fractional dose polio vaccination. We conclude that intradermal IPV vaccination shows potential as a means to reduce the cost and increase the ease of administration of IPV, but that additional research is needed to determine the optimal fractional dose, timing, and role of adjuvants in intradermal IPV vaccination as well as the clinical significance of different antibody titers above the threshold for seroconversion.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.018

    View details for Web of Science ID 000299971800006

    View details for PubMedID 22100886

  • Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and its Impact on Disease Progression in Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL Sturt, A. S., Halpern, M. S., Sullivan, B., Maldonado, Y. A. 2012; 31 (1): 53-60

    Abstract

    Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduces overall perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-related mortality. The effect of timing of HAART initiation on reduction of morbidity is not well defined. We evaluated the association of timing of HAART initiation on progression to moderate or severe disease.Retrospective, population-based study of 196 perinatally HIV-infected children followed from birth in northern California from 1988 to 2009.Of 196 children, 58% received HAART and were followed for a median of 6.2 years after HAART initiation. HAART use was associated with improved survival to the age of 5 years: no HAART, 50% versus HAART, 88%; P < 0.0001. However, the advantage of initial HAART over mono or dual therapy transitioning to HAART was small and not statistically significant (P = 0.23). Starting HAART before the development of moderate or severe disease delayed the median age of diagnosis of moderate disease from 0.4 years (interquartile range, [0.3-0.8]) without HAART to 3.0 years ([interquartile range, 1.9-5.8]; P < 0.0001) with HAART. HAART initiation after progression to moderate or severe disease was associated with decreased progression to severe disease or death, respectively (moderate to severe: 8% [3/36] with HAART vs. 84% [70/83] with no HAART, P < 0.0001; severe to death: 9% [6/68] with HAART vs. 73% [49/67] with no HAART, P < 0.0001).In perinatal HIV infection, HAART is associated with delayed progression and reduced mortality regardless of disease severity at HAART initiation. This finding reinforces US guidelines regarding HAART initiation at >1 year of age if children present with most clinical category B diagnoses, regardless of CD4 measurements or plasma HIV RNA level.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/INF.0b013e31823515a2

    View details for Web of Science ID 000299050100016

    View details for PubMedID 21979798

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3252403

  • Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines Policy Update: Booster Dose Recommendations PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Bernstein, H. H., Byington, C. L., Edwards, K. M., Fisher, M. C., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Maldonado, Y. A., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E. 2011; 128 (6): 1213-1218

    Abstract

    The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics approved updated recommendations for the use of quadravalent (serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y) meningococcal conjugate vaccines (Menactra [Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA] and Menveo [Novartis, Basel, Switzerland]) in adolescents and in people at persistent high risk of meningococcal disease. The recommendations supplement previous Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for meningococcal vaccinations. Data were reviewed pertaining to immunogenicity in high-risk groups, bactericidal antibody persistence after immunization, current epidemiology of meningococcal disease, meningococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of different strategies for vaccination of adolescents. This review prompted the following recommendations: (1) adolescents should be routinely immunized at 11 through 12 years of age and given a booster dose at 16 years of age; (2) adolescents who received their first dose at age 13 through 15 years should receive a booster at age 16 through 18 years or up to 5 years after their first dose; (3) adolescents who receive their first dose of meningococcal conjugate vaccine at or after 16 years of age do not need a booster dose; (4) a 2-dose primary series should be administered 2 months apart for those who are at increased risk of invasive meningococcal disease because of persistent complement component (eg, C5-C9, properdin, factor H, or factor D) deficiency (9 months through 54 years of age) or functional or anatomic asplenia (2-54 years of age) and for adolescents with HIV infection; and (5) a booster dose should be given 3 years after the primary series if the primary 2-dose series was given from 2 through 6 years of age and every 5 years for persons whose 2-dose primary series or booster dose was given at 7 years of age or older who are at risk of invasive meningococcal disease because of persistent component (eg, C5-C9, properdin, factor H, or factor D) deficiency or functional or anatomic asplenia.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-2380

    View details for Web of Science ID 000298131400067

    View details for PubMedID 22123893

  • Levels of self-reported depression and anxiety among HIV-positive patients in Albania: a cross-sectional study CROATIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL Morrison, S. D., Banushi, V. H., Sarnquist, C., Gashi, V. H., Osterberg, L., Maldonado, Y., Harxhi, A. 2011; 52 (5): 622-628

    Abstract

    To gain an initial perspective of mental health issues facing the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive population at the University Hospital Center of Tirana (UHCT) HIV/AIDS Ambulatory Clinic.From June-August 2009, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 79 patients (93% response rate) at the UHCT HIV/AIDS Ambulatory Clinic. The interviews assessed patient-reported histories of mental health diagnoses, patients' demographics, and current emotional health status.The percentage of patients who reported a history of diagnosis of depression or anxiety was high - 62.3% and 82.3%, respectively. Factors associated with a history of depression included having been diagnosed with anxiety (P<0.001), having a higher number of barriers to care (P<0.001), having a higher number of current medical and social needs (P<0.001), or having not obtained antiretroviral therapy (ART) abroad (P=0.004). Factors associated with a history of anxiety included having been on first-line ART (P=0.008), having been diagnosed with HIV for shorter periods of time (P=0.043), having been diagnosed with depression (P<0.001), having a higher number of current medical and social needs (P=0.035), or having not obtained ART abroad (P=0.003).Mental health problems are widespread among the known HIV-positive patient population in Albania. The high prevalences of anxiety and depression and of dual diagnoses of these conditions suggest the need for more mental health care for HIV-positive patients in Albania.

    View details for DOI 10.3325/cmj.2011.52.622

    View details for Web of Science ID 000297080000006

    View details for PubMedID 21990080

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3195971

  • POLICY STATEMENT Additional Recommendations for Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced-Content Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine (Tdap) PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E. 2011; 128 (4): 809-812

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-1752

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295406800059

  • POLICY STATEMENT Recommendations for Administering Hepatitis A Vaccine to Contacts of International Adoptees PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Bernstein, H. H., Byington, C. L., Edwards, K. M., Fisher, M. C., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Maldonado, Y. A., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E. 2011; 128 (4): 803-804

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-1495

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295406800057

  • POLICY STATEMENT Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2011-2012 PEDIATRICS Bradyd, M. T., Byington, C. L., Davies, H. D., Edwards, K. M., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Maldonado, Y. A., Murray, D. L., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Zaoutis, T. E. 2011; 128 (4): 813-825

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-2295

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295406800060

  • POLICY STATEMENT Poliovirus PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Bernstein, H. H., Byington, C. L., Edwards, K. M., Fisher, M. C., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Maldonado, Y. A., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E. 2011; 128 (4): 805-808

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-1751

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295406800058

  • Trends in Hospitalization for Pediatric Pyelonephritis: A Population Based Study of California From 1985 to 2006 JOURNAL OF UROLOGY Copp, H. L., Halpern, M. S., Maldonado, Y., Shortliffe, L. D. 2011; 186 (3): 1028-1034

    Abstract

    We examined trends in pediatric hospitalization for pyelonephritis from 1985 to 2006 and identified factors associated with admission.We performed a population based analysis of hospital discharges using the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database to evaluate trends in California regarding pediatric hospitalizations for pyelonephritis from 1985 to 2006. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with admission for pyelonephritis.A total of 46,300 children were hospitalized for pyelonephritis in California from 1985 to 2006. The overall rate of hospitalization for pyelonephritis increased by greater than 80%, from 17 per 100,000 children in the California population in 1985 to 31 per 100,000 in 2005. This change was primarily due to the nearly ninefold increase in pyelonephritis hospitalizations observed in children younger than 1 year, from 28 per 100,000 in 1985 to 238 per 100,000 in 2005. Among children younger than 1 year males without private insurance and of nonwhite race had increased odds of hospitalization, while females with private insurance and of Asian race had increased odds of hospitalization, compared with nonprivate insurance and white race, respectively.A significant increase in hospital admissions for pyelonephritis, primarily in children younger than 1 year, occurred in California between 1985 and 2006. Further studies are needed to establish the cause of this striking increase and to determine why certain pediatric populations are at increased risk for hospitalization.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.101

    View details for Web of Science ID 000293688300095

    View details for PubMedID 21784477

  • Policy Statement-Recommendations for the Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal (GBS) Disease PEDIATRICS Baker, C. J., Byington, C. L., Polin, R. A., Brady, M. T., Bernstein, H. H., Byington, C. L., Edwards, K. M., Fisher, M. C., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Maldonado, Y. A., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Papile, L., Cummings, J., Baley, J. E., Bhutani, V. K., Carlo, W. A., Kumar, P., Polin, R. A., Tan, R. C., Wang, K. S., Watterberg, K. L. 2011; 128 (3): 611-616

    Abstract

    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for the prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal (GBS) disease were initially published in 1996. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) also published a policy statement on this topic in 1997. In 2002, the CDC published revised guidelines that recommended universal antenatal GBS screening; the AAP endorsed these guidelines and published recommendations based on them in the 2003 Red Book. Since then, the incidence of early-onset GBS disease in neonates has decreased by an estimated 80%. However, in 2010, GBS disease remained the leading cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis. The CDC issued revised guidelines in 2010 based on evaluation of data generated after 2002. These revised and comprehensive guidelines, which have been endorsed by the AAP, reaffirm the major prevention strategy--universal antenatal GBS screening and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for culture-positive and high-risk women--and include new recommendations for laboratory methods for identification of GBS colonization during pregnancy, algorithms for screening and intrapartum prophylaxis for women with preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes, updated prophylaxis recommendations for women with a penicillin allergy, and a revised algorithm for the care of newborn infants. The purpose of this policy statement is to review and discuss the differences between the 2002 and 2010 CDC guidelines that are most relevant for the practice of pediatrics.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-1466

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295406100060

    View details for PubMedID 21807694

  • Policy Statement-Prevention of Varicella: Update of Recommendations for Use of Quadrivalent and Monovalent Varicella Vaccines in Children PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Bernstein, H. H., Byington, C. L., Edwards, K. M., Fisher, M. C., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Maldonado, Y. A., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E. 2011; 128 (3): 630-632

    Abstract

    Two varicella-containing vaccines are licensed for use in the United States: monovalent varicella vaccine (Varivax [Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA]) and quadrivalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (MMRV) (ProQuad [Merck & Co, Inc]). It is estimated from postlicensure data that after vaccination at 12 through 23 months of age, 7 to 9 febrile seizures occur per 10,000 children who receive the MMRV, and 3 to 4 febrile seizures occur per 10,000 children who receive the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and varicella vaccines administered concurrently but at separate sites. Thus, 1 additional febrile seizure is expected to occur per approximately 2300 to 2600 children 12 to 23 months old vaccinated with the MMRV, when compared with separate MMR and varicella vaccine administration. The period of risk for febrile seizures is from 5 through 12 days after receipt of the vaccine(s). No increased risk of febrile seizures is seen among patients 4 to 6 years of age receiving MMRV. Febrile seizures do not predispose to epilepsy or neurodevelopmental delays later in life and are not associated with long-term health impairment. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that either MMR and varicella vaccines separately or the MMRV be used for the first dose of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines administered at 12 through 47 months of age. For the first dose of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines administered at ages 48 months and older, and for dose 2 at any age (15 months to 12 years), use of MMRV generally is preferred over separate injections of MMR and varicella vaccines.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-1968

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295406100063

    View details for PubMedID 21873692

  • ACCEPTABILITY OF ANAL PAP SELF-SCREENING IN HIGH-RISK WOMEN: FINDINGS FROM ENGLISH AND SPANISH FOCUS GROUPS IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA McNeil, C., Pinera, C., Maldonado, Y., Levy, V. BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. 2011: A200–A200

    View details for DOI 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.234

    View details for Web of Science ID 000302874201130

  • Epidemiologic trends in penile anomalies and hypospadias in the state of California, 1985-2006 JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC UROLOGY Elliott, C. S., Halpern, M. S., Paik, J., Maldonado, Y., Shortliffe, L. D. 2011; 7 (3): 294-298

    Abstract

    Using statewide data, we evaluated whether the changing incidence of penile anomalies and hypospadias is reflected in the diverse California population of newborn males over the past 20 years.Discharge data from all California hospitals, prepared by the OSHPD (Sacramento, CA) was reviewed for the years 1985-2006 for male infant births with an ICD-9 code (752.6) for hypospadias, epispadias or other penile anomalies. Trends were examined by Generalized Estimation Equations for Poisson regression.From 1985 to 2006, the birth incidence of newborn penile anomalies increased in California from 47 to 57 cases per 10,000 newborn discharges, yet the trend for hypospadias alone appears stable from 1997. The rates for penile anomalies in newborns increased 1.4% annually (p < 0.001). All racial/ethnic groups analyzed showed this increase (p < 0.001 for each). During the study period there was a 2% increase per year in plural births (p < 0.001). Interestingly, the rate of change in penile anomaly incidence was greater in males of plural births compared to their singleton cohorts (2% vs 1% annually) (p < 0.001). The birth incidence of cleft palate, another congenital anomaly known to be stable over time, remained unchanged over this period.From 1985 to 2006 in California the incidence of penile anomalies increased in a statistically significant manner, but the incidence of hypospadias appears stable for the last decade. Our data support the notion that different racial/ethnic groups have distinct incidences of penile anomaly formation and that an association with plural births appears to be present.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpurol.2011.03.006

    View details for Web of Science ID 000292666200014

    View details for PubMedID 21527236

  • BARRIERS TO CARE AND CURRENT MEDICAL AND SOCIAL NEEDS OF HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS IN ALBANIA CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Morrison, S. D., Banushi, V. H., Sarnquist, C., Gashi, V. H., Osterberg, L., Maldonado, Y., Harxhi, A. 2011; 19 (2): 91-97

    Abstract

    As HIV/AIDS prevalence rises in Eastern Europe, assessment of local epidemics in the bordering Central European region, especially South Eastern Europe, is vital in order to meet treatment and prevention needs. Understanding current medical and social needs and barriers to care experienced by HIV-positive patients in these regions may provide insight into how to best respond to the local epidemics, increase patients' access to treatment, and reduce loss to follow-up.This study assesses the patient characteristics, barriers to care, and current medical and social needs of HIV-positive patients in Albania. Semi-structured interviews were used in this cross-sectional study.We interviewed 79 of 85 patients (93% response rate) followed at the University Hospital Center of Tirana (UHCT) HIV/AIDS Ambulatory Clinic, which represented the majority of patients under HIV care in Albania during 2009.The local HIV epidemic seems to be comprised mainly of heterosexual men who have spent an average of 3.6 years abroad. The vast majority of patients under care at UHCT HIV/AIDS Ambulatory Clinic had experienced barriers to care associated with social stigma (97.4%), lack of knowledge of HIV medical care (76.6%), and medical provider's lack of knowledge of HIV (70.9%). Social needs of the patients were also overwhelmingly unmet (90.0-95.7%).In addressing HIV/AIDS in Albania, it will be crucial to educate the healthcare sector in ways to identify and address barriers to care and current medical and social needs of HIV-positive patients.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000291919600008

    View details for PubMedID 21739899

  • Factors Associated With Repeat Pregnancy Among Women in an Area of High HIV Prevalence in Zimbabwe WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES Smee, N., Shetty, A. K., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Chirenje, M., Chipato, T., Maldonado, Y., Portillo, C. 2011; 21 (3): 222-229

    Abstract

    This study examined predictors of repeat pregnancy among women from the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) program in Zimbabwe.The study was conducted at urban antenatal clinics in Chitungwiza, a high HIV prevalence urban town on the outskirts of Harare, Zimbabwe. Using a cross-sectional design, 79 HIV-positive and 80 HIV-negative women who had participated in a PMTCT program in their index pregnancy were interviewed in Shona using a standardized questionnaire 24 months after delivery of their index pregnancy. Logistic regression was used to determine whether a relationship exists between repeat pregnancy and HIV status, socioeconomic status, age, Fertility Attitude Score, and previous pregnancy outcomes.In multivariate analysis, factors associated with an increased likelihood of repeat pregnancy were death of a child (odds ratio [OR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-12.52; p = .0019), miscarriage (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.23-9.34; p = .019), and each additional child (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.89-11.52; p = .001). Decreased likelihood of repeat pregnancy was associated with decreased rank order of living conditions (OR, -0.75; 95% CI, 0.55-0.95; p = .021), each additional year of age (OR, -0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.97; p = .012), and higher Fertility Attitude Score (OR, -0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.91; p = .002).HIV status alone was not significant as a predictor of repeat pregnancy. Women's childbearing intentions are not influenced by the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) in this population. Future research is needed to address the cultural attitudes and sexual practices of HIV-positive women in order to minimize the threat of MTCT.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.whi.2010.11.005

    View details for Web of Science ID 000290358900006

    View details for PubMedID 21411336

  • Use of a Novel Real-Time PCR Assay To Detect Oral Polio Vaccine Shedding and Reversion in Stool and Sewage Samples after a Mexican National Immunization Day JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY Troy, S. B., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Huang, C., Mahmud, N., Lee, Y., Canizales-Quintero, S., Flaster, H., Baez-Saldana, R., Garcia-Garcia, L., Maldonado, Y. 2011; 49 (5): 1777-1783

    Abstract

    During replication, oral polio vaccine (OPV) can revert to neurovirulence and cause paralytic poliomyelitis. In individual vaccinees, it can acquire specific revertant point mutations, leading to vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). With longer replication, OPV can mutate into vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), which causes poliomyelitis outbreaks similar to those caused by wild poliovirus. After wild poliovirus eradication, safely phasing out vaccination will likely require global use of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) until cessation of OPV circulation. Mexico, where children receive routine IPV but where OPV is given biannually during national immunization days (NIDs), provides a natural setting to study the duration of OPV circulation in a population primarily vaccinated with IPV. We developed a real-time PCR assay to detect and distinguish revertant and nonrevertant OPV serotype 1 (OPV-1), OPV-2, and OPV-3 from RNA extracted directly from stool and sewage. Stool samples from 124 children and 8 1-liter sewage samples from Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, collected 6 to 13 weeks after a NID were analyzed. Revertant OPV-1 was found in stool at 7 and 9 weeks, and nonrevertant OPV-2 and OPV-3 were found in stool from two children 10 weeks after the NID. Revertant OPV-1 and nonrevertant OPV-2 and -3 were detected in sewage at 6 and 13 weeks after the NID. Our real-time PCR assay was able to detect small amounts of OPV in both stool and sewage and to distinguish nonrevertant and revertant serotypes and demonstrated that OPV continues to circulate at least 13 weeks after a NID in a Mexican population routinely immunized with IPV.

    View details for DOI 10.1128/JCM.02524-10

    View details for Web of Science ID 000289941000012

    View details for PubMedID 21411577

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3122635

  • Policy Statement-Rabies-Prevention Policy Update: New Reduced-Dose Schedule PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Bernstein, H. H., Byington, C. L., Edwards, K. M., Fisher, M. C., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Maldonado, Y. A., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E. 2011; 127 (4): 785-787

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-0095

    View details for Web of Science ID 000289074800062

  • Policy Statement-Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedules-United States, 2011 PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Bernstein, H. H., Byington, C. L., Edwards, K. M., Fisher, M. C., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Maldonado, Y. A., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E. 2011; 127 (2): 387-U596

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2010-3203

    View details for Web of Science ID 000286805200057

    View details for PubMedID 21285334

  • Rural HIV-infected women's access to medical care: ongoing needs in California AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV Sarnquist, C. C., Soni, S., Hwang, H., Topol, B. B., Mutima, S., Maldonado, Y. A. 2011; 23 (7): 792-796

    Abstract

    HIV-infected women living in rural areas often have considerably less access to care than their urban and suburban counterparts. In much of the USA, little is known about HIV care among rural populations. This study elucidated barriers to care for rural women in California. Methods included retrospective structured interviews conducted with 64 women living in rural areas and receiving HIV care at 11 California healthcare facilities. Facilities were randomly sampled and all HIV-infected female patients seeking care at those facilities during a specified time period were eligible. The most commonly cited barriers to accessing care included physical health problems that prevented travel to care (32.8%), lack of transportation (31.2%), and lack of ability to navigate the healthcare system (25.0%). Being divorced/separated/widowed (compared to being either married or single) was associated with reporting physical health as a barrier to care (p=0.03); being unemployed (p=0.003) or having to travel 31-90 minutes (p=0.007, compared to less than 31 or greater than 90) were both associated with transportation as a barrier; and speaking English rather than Spanish was associated with reporting "difficulty navigating the system" (p=0.04). Twenty-nine women (45.3%) reported difficulty in traveling to appointments. Overall, 24 (37.5%) women missed an HIV medical appointment in the previous 12-month period, primarily due to their physical health and transportation limitations. Physical health and transportation problems were both the major barriers to accessing health services and the primary reasons for missing HIV care appointments among this population of HIV-infected women living in rural areas. Providing transportation programs and/or mobile clinics, as well as providing support for patients with physical limitations, may be essential to improving access to HIV care in rural areas.

    View details for DOI 10.1080/09540121.2010.516345

    View details for Web of Science ID 000299479300002

    View details for PubMedID 21287418

  • Policy Statement-Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2010-2011 PEDIATRICS Brady, M. T., Bernstein, H. H., Byington, C. L., Edwards, K., Fisher, M. C., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Maldonado, Y., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Meissner, H. C., Pickering, L. K., Rubin, L. G., O'Dell, J. D., Weinberg, S. T., Baumrin, E. L., Fay, K. E., Frantz, J. 2010; 126 (4): 816-826

    Abstract

    The purpose of this statement is to update current recommendations for routine use of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine and antiviral medications for the prevention and treatment of influenza in children. The 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic virus is expected to circulate, with infants and children at increased risk of severe illness and death. This year's trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine contains A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like antigen (derived from the 2009 pandemic influenza A [H1N1] virus); A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like antigen; and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like antigen. Pediatricians continue to have a leadership role in the prevention of influenza through vaccine use and public education. In addition, pediatricians should promptly identify influenza infections to enable rapid treatment of influenza, when indicated, to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2010-2216

    View details for Web of Science ID 000282526100054

    View details for PubMedID 20805143

  • Policy Statement-Recommendation for Mandatory Influenza Immunization of All Health Care Personnel PEDIATRICS Bernstein, H. H., Starke, J. R., Brady, M. T., Bernstein, H. H., Byington, C. L., Edwards, K., Fisher, M. C., Glode, M. P., Jackson, M. A., Keyserling, H. L., Kimberlin, D. W., Maldonado, Y., Orenstein, W. A., Schutze, G. E., Willoughby, R. E., Bocchini, J. A., Bradley, J. S. 2010; 126 (4): 809-815

    Abstract

    The purpose of this statement is to recommend implementation of a mandatory influenza immunization policy for all health care personnel. Immunization of health care personnel is a critically important step to substantially reduce health care-associated influenza infections. Despite the efforts of many organizations to improve influenza immunization rates with the use of voluntary campaigns, influenza coverage among health care personnel remains unacceptably low. Mandatory influenza immunization for all health care personnel is ethically justified, necessary, and long overdue to ensure patient safety.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2010-2376

    View details for Web of Science ID 000282526100053

    View details for PubMedID 20837587

  • How Racial and Ethnic Groupings May Mask Disparities: The Importance of Separating Pacific Islanders From Asians in Prenatal Care Data MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL Sarnquist, C. C., Grieb, E. M., Maldonado, Y. A. 2010; 14 (4): 635-641

    Abstract

    To understand racial/ethnic differences in prenatal care receipt among Pacific Islanders and Asians, who are often combined into a single A/PI category.Retrospective, population-based data were collected by the Vital Statistics branch of the California Department of Health Services. Approximately 2.6 million records of all live California births with a birth certificate in 2000-2004 were included. Analysis focused on prenatal care receipt and population characteristics associated with lack of adequate prenatal care, especially among Asian and Pacific Islander groups.Pacific Islanders (n = 11,962) were the most likely, compared to any other racial/ethnic group, to have inadequate prenatal care (OR = 2.9, 95% CIs 2.8-3.1), even when controlling for factors known to affect care receipt, specifically maternal age, educational attainment, parity, insurance, geographical region of residence, and maternal place of birth. In contrast, Asian women (n = 295,741) received care closer to that of the White reference group (OR = 1.5, 95% CIs 1.5-1.5). Among Pacific Islanders, Samoans (OR = 3.0, 95% CIs 2.7-3.4) were at particular risk of inadequate care compared to other PI sub-groups.Pacific Islander women received less adequate prenatal care than women of other racial/ethnic groups. The common practice of combining Asians and Pacific Islanders into a single A/PI category may mask needs in the Pacific Islander community. Therefore, in order to continue to reduce health disparities, it may be necessary to collect separate data on these two distinct populations in order to be able to appropriately direct programs and resources.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s10995-009-0494-x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000279477400017

    View details for PubMedID 19582560

  • Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale among women in a high HIV prevalence area in urban Zimbabwe ARCHIVES OF WOMENS MENTAL HEALTH Chibanda, D., Mangezi, W., Tshimanga, M., Woelk, G., Rusakaniko, P., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Midzi, S., Maldonado, Y., Shetty, A. K. 2010; 13 (3): 201-206

    Abstract

    Despite the significant burden of common mental disorders (CMD) among women in sub Saharan Africa, data on postnatal depression (PND) is very limited, especially in settings with a high HIV prevalence. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a widely used screening test for PND has been validated in many countries, but not in Zimbabwe. We assessed the validity of the EPDS scale among postpartum women compared with Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria for major depression. Six trained community counselors administered the Shona version of the EPDS to a random sample of 210 postpartum HIV-infected and uninfected women attending two primary care clinics in Chitungwiza. All women were subsequently subjected to mental status examination using DSM IV criteria for major depression by 2 psychiatrists, who were blinded to the subject's EPDS scores. Data were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Of the 210 postpartum mothers enrolled, 64 (33%) met DSM IV criteria for depression. Using a cut-off score of 11/12 on the Shona version of the EPDS for depression, the sensitivity was 88%, and specificity was 87%, with a positive predictive value of 74%, a negative predictive value of 94%, and an area under the curve of 0.82. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale was 0.87. Conclusion: The Shona version of the EPDS is a reliable and valid tool to screen for PND among HIV-infected and un-infected women in Zimbabwe. Screening for PND should be integrated into routine antenatal and postnatal care in areas with high HIV prevalence.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s00737-009-0073-6

    View details for Web of Science ID 000277935600004

    View details for PubMedID 19760051

  • Prenatal Screening for Infectious Diseases: An Analysis of Disparities and Adherence to Policy in California 134th Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association Sheikh, L. A., Sarnquist, C., Grieb, E. M., Sullivan, B., Maldonado, Y. A. SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS. 2009: 260–67

    Abstract

    Prenatal infectious diseases are a major cause of mortality and morbidity among newborns, but many are preventable with proper maternal screening and treatment. METHODS; Adherence to prenatal infectious disease screening guidelines and demographic factors that influence adherence were determined utilizing existing data on 1837 live births from 1999-2003.We found higher rates of testing for syphilis (94.54%), rubella (92.69%) and hepatitis B (94.23%) than for HIV (73.82%) and GBS (69.05%). Adherence to testing guidelines varied by both disease and maternal factors. Lack of insurance, geographic location, inadequate prenatal care and incarceration were the main maternal factors associated with lack of testing.Disease screening rates may be improved by reducing socioeconomic barriers to prenatal testing, supporting access to insurance, eliminating provider biases and providing adequate prenatal care.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s10995-008-0341-5

    View details for Web of Science ID 000263081300012

    View details for PubMedID 18446431

  • Increased Uptake of HIV Testing With the Integration of Nurse-Initiated HIV Testing Into Routine Prenatal Care JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES Cohan, D., Sarnquist, C., Gomez, E., Feakins, C., Maldonado, Y., Zetola, N. 2008; 49 (5): 571-573

    View details for Web of Science ID 000261219000020

    View details for PubMedID 19202463

  • Patient acceptance of and satisfaction with rapid HIV testing in a labor and delivery setting JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH Rahangdale, L., Sarnquist, C., Maldonado, Y., Cohan, D. 2008; 17 (3): 465-471

    Abstract

    To evaluate women's acceptance of and satisfaction with rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in a labor and delivery (L&D) setting.We conducted a cross-sectional survey of pregnant women who underwent counseling for rapid HIV testing in an L&D unit at a university-affiliated urban hospital from April 1, 2005, to July 15, 2006. Medical chart abstractions were performed for all 158 eligible women, and a convenience sample of 46 women also completed a survey evaluating their satisfaction using a validated decisional conflict scale.Uptake of rapid HIV testing was 98.1% (155 of 158). Overall, 89.1% of the 46 surveyed women reported feeling satisfied with their testing experience, and 82.6% of women reported no decisional conflict in making decisions for rapid testing; 9% of women reported decisional conflict. The median decisional conflict score on a scale of 0-100 was 5 (mean 11.6, SD 16). In addition, most women reported feeling certain about their decision to test (87.0%), feeling informed about testing (76.1%), having high levels of clarity about their values regarding testing (76.1%), and feeling supported in their decision-making process (76.1%).In this study population, there was a high level of acceptance and satisfaction with rapid HIV testing in the L&D setting. Rapid HIV testing is a vital component of perinatal HIV transmission prevention, as well as being an opportunity for women, some of whom have little contact with the healthcare system, to learn their HIV status.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/jwh.2007.0545

    View details for Web of Science ID 000254734800015

    View details for PubMedID 18373491

  • Impact of fetal and neonatal viral (and parasitic) infections on later development and disease outcome 61st Nestle Nutrition Pediatric Workshop Maldonado, Y. A. KARGER. 2008: 225–242

    Abstract

    It is estimated that there are 4 million neonatal deaths and an equal number of stillbirths annually, the majority in the developing world. Neonatal deaths account for one third of deaths in children less than 5 years of age, and at least one third of neonatal deaths are related to infections. Infections also account for 80% of deaths in the postneonatal period through 5 years of age. There are several viral and parasitic infections which produce fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Neonatal infections occur during one or more perinatal periods: in utero (congenital), intrapartum (during labor and delivery), and early or late postpartum. Here the term perinatal refers to all of these stages of fetal or neonatal infections. The mechanisms of perinatal viral and parasitic infections vary depending on the specific pathogen, however, all begin with maternal infection. Following maternal infection, organisms may produce indirect placental infection with or without fetal infection, direct fetal or neonatal infection, or primary maternal infection and subsequent perinatal sequelae without either placental or fetal infection. Some pathogens may produce infections by more than one mechanism. This brief report will provide an overview of the pathogenesis, general outcomes, and known pathogens associated with perinatal viral and parasitic infections.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000253942500015

    View details for PubMedID 18196955

  • The feasibility of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV using peer counselors in Zimbabwe. AIDS research and therapy Shetty, A. K., Marangwanda, C., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Chandisarewa, W., Chirapa, E., Mahomva, A., Miller, A., Simoyi, M., Maldonado, Y. 2008; 5: 17-?

    Abstract

    Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) is a major public health challenge in Zimbabwe.Using trained peer counselors, a nevirapine (NVP)-based PMTCT program was implemented as part of routine care in urban antenatal clinics.Between October 2002 and December 2004, a total of 19,279 women presented for antenatal care. Of these, 18,817 (98%) underwent pre-test counseling; 10,513 (56%) accepted HIV testing, of whom 1986 (19%) were HIV-infected. Overall, 9696 (92%) of women collected results and received individual post-test counseling. Only 288 men opted for HIV testing. Of the 1807 HIV-infected women who received posttest counseling, 1387 (77%) collected NVP tablet and 727 (40%) delivered at the clinics. Of the 1986 HIV-infected women, 691 (35%) received NVPsd at onset of labor, and 615 (31%) infants received NVPsd. Of the 727 HIV-infected women who delivered in the clinics, only 396 women returned to the clinic with their infants for the 6-week follow-up visit; of these mothers, 258 (59%) joined support groups and 234 (53%) opted for contraception. By the end of the study period, 209 (53%) of mother-infant pairs (n = 396) came to the clinic for at least 3 follow-up visits.Despite considerable challenges and limited resources, it was feasible to implement a PMTCT program using peer counselors in urban clinics in Zimbabwe.

    View details for DOI 10.1186/1742-6405-5-17

    View details for PubMedID 18673571

  • Routine offer of antenatal HIV testing ( "opt-out" approach) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in urban Zimbabwe BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Chandisarewa, W., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Chirapa, E., Miller, A., Simoyi, M., Mahomva, A., Maldonado, Y., Shetty, A. K. 2007; 85 (11): 843-850

    Abstract

    To assess the impact of routine antenatal HIV testing for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in urban Zimbabwe.Community counsellors were trained in routine HIV testing policy using a specific training module from June 2005 through November 2005. Key outcomes during the first 6 months of routine testing were compared with the prior 6-month "opt-in" period, and clients were interviewed.Of the 4551 women presenting for antenatal care during the first 6 months of routine HIV testing, 4547 (99.9%) were tested for HIV compared with 3058 (65%) of 4700 women during the last 6 months of the opt-in testing (P < 0.001), with a corresponding increase in the numbers of HIV-infected women identified antenatally (926 compared with 513, P < 0.001). During routine testing, more HIV-infected women collected results compared to the opt-in testing (908 compared with 487, P < 0.001) resulting in a significant increase in deliveries by HIV-infected women (256 compared with 186, P = 0.001); more mother/infant pairs received antiretroviral prophylaxis (n = 256) compared to the opt-in testing (n = 185); and more mother/infant pairs followed up at clinics (105 compared with 49, P = 0.002). Women were satisfied with counselling services and most (89%) stated that offering routine testing is helpful. HIV-infected women reported low levels of spousal abuse and other adverse social consequences.Routine antenatal HIV testing should be implemented at all sites in Zimbabwe to maximize the public health impact of PMTCT.

    View details for DOI 10.2471/BLT.06.035188

    View details for Web of Science ID 000250858300011

    View details for PubMedID 18038074

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2636259

  • Shedding and reversion of oral polio vaccine type 3 in Mexican vaccinees: Comparison of mutant analysis by PCR and enzyme cleavage to a real-time PCR assay JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY Gnanashanmugam, D., Falkovitz-Halpern, M. S., Dodge, A., Fang, M., Wong, L. J., Esparza, M., Hammon, R., Rivas-Merelles, E. E., Santos, J. I., Maldonado, Y. 2007; 45 (8): 2419-2425

    Abstract

    A uracil-to-cytosine mutation at nucleotide position 472 of oral poliovirus vaccine type 3 (OPV3) contributes to the development of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). To analyze OPV3 shedding patterns, we previously used the multistep method of mutant analysis by PCR and enzyme cleavage (MAPREC). This involves conventional reverse transcription-PCR to detect OPV3, followed by a restriction digest to quantify position 472 reversion. Real-time PCR detects and quantifies nucleic acid as PCR occurs and avoids postreaction processing. The goal of this study was to compare a real-time PCR method to MAPREC. Seventy-three stool samples from Mexican OPV recipients underwent the reverse transcription-PCR step of MAPREC and real-time PCR. Real-time PCR identified 23% more OPV3-positive samples than conventional reverse transcription-PCR. When reversion was compared, the revertant proportion (RP), defined as the percentage of revertants in a sample, differed by < or =10% in 21/25 (84%) samples. The four samples differing by >10% were obtained within 5 days of OPV administration. The real-time PCR assay identified samples with an RP of > or =85% with 94% sensitivity and 86% specificity compared to MAPREC. The mean difference in RP between the two methods was 3.6% (95% confidence interval, -0.3 to 7.5%). Real-time PCR methods reliably detect OPV3, and reversion estimates correlate more consistently with MAPREC when OPV3 reversion rates are high. Detecting VAPP-related mutations by real-time PCR is rapid and efficient and can be useful in monitoring ongoing global polio eradication efforts.

    View details for DOI 10.1128/JCM.02268-06

    View details for Web of Science ID 000248793300011

    View details for PubMedID 17581940

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1951214

  • The effectiveness of state and national policy on the implementation of perinatal HIV prevention interventions AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Sarnquist, C. C., Cunningham, S. D., Sullivan, B., Maldonado, Y. 2007; 97 (6): 1041-1046

    Abstract

    The 1994 and 1995 US Public Health Service Guidelines regarding HIV testing and treatment for pregnant women and the resulting 1995 California law mandating an HIV test and treatment offer to every pregnant woman aim to reduce perinatal HIV transmission. However, the effectiveness of such policies after implementation is often unclear. We analyzed the association between these policies and offers of HIV tests and treatment to HIV-infected women in California.Data from active, population-based surveillance of 496 HIV-infected women and their infants, collected from 1987 to 2002, were analyzed to compare rates of offers of HIV tests and treatment before and after 1996.We found significant increases in offers of HIV tests (P<.001) and offers of treatment (P<.001) when we compared women who delivered between 1987 and 1995 with those who delivered between 1996 and 2002. Receipt of prenatal care was the major predictor of both test and treatment offer. A significant shift in reported HIV risk factors was also evident between the 2 groups.Our findings of increased offers of HIV tests and treatment to HIV-infected pregnant women suggest that the national guidelines and the 1996 California law improved health care for these women, which may lessen the risk of perinatal HIV transmission.

    View details for DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072371

    View details for Web of Science ID 000246867200016

    View details for PubMedID 17463383

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1874218

  • Disease progression among HIV-infected children who receive perinatal zidovudine prophylaxis JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES Berk, D. R., Falkovitz-Halpern, M. S., Sullivan, B., Ruiz, J., Maldonado, Y. A. 2007; 44 (1): 106-111

    Abstract

    Studies of perinatal HIV infection have reported mixed results regarding the prognosis of HIV-infected infants exposed to perinatal zidovudine prophylaxis (PZP).We have followed a population-based cohort of children with perinatal HIV infection to evaluate whether early HIV disease progression was more common among those who received PZP and whether subsequent antiretroviral therapy (ART) was less effective in preventing early disease progression.We identified 73 children with perinatal HIV infection born between 1994 and 2001 with at least 3 years of follow-up and with information concerning PZP administration. Children who received PZP started subsequent ART at an earlier age than those who did not receive PZP (median age at starting treatment: 2 months for PZP vs. 6 months for no PZP; P = 0.0002). PZP was associated with decreased early HIV progression: 21% (7 of 33) of children who received PZP progressed to a category C diagnosis by 3 years compared with 45% (18 of 40) of children who did not receive PZP (P = 0.047). Children who did not receive PZP progressed to a category C diagnosis at a younger age than children who received PZP (median: 4 vs. 11 months; P = 0.061). ART was as effective in preventing early HIV progression in children who received PZP as in children who did not receive PZP.In our population-based cohort of perinatally HIV-infected children, those who received PZP started ART at a significantly earlier age than those who did not receive PZP and also demonstrated decreased HIV disease progression by the age of 3 years.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000243189400016

    View details for PubMedID 17075392

  • A comparison of perinatal HIV prevention opportunities for Hispanic and non-Hispanic women in California AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION Kropp, R. Y., Sarnquist, C. C., Montgomery, E. T., Ruiz, J. D., Maldonado, Y. A. 2006; 18 (5): 430-443

    Abstract

    Using a semi-structured survey and convenience sample of pregnant/recently delivered Hispanic (n = 453) and non-Hispanic (n = 904) women in four California counties, this study compared rates of timely prenatal care (PNC) initiation, HIV test counseling, test offering, and test acceptance in PNC between Hispanic and non-Hispanic women. Hispanic women were less likely to report timely PNC initiation (69.3% vs. 80.4%, p < .0001), receiving test offer (69.5% vs. 76.7%, p = .002), and ever having been tested (77.3% vs. 87.9%, p < .0001) than non-Hispanic women. Hispanic women were more likely to report not knowing where to go (p = .04) and having no insurance (p < .001), transportation (p = .001), and child care (p = .007) as reasons for late PNC start. Both Hispanic and non-Hispanic women most commonly accepted a test offer for their health/health of their baby; Hispanic women were more likely to accept based on doctor/nurse recommendation (80.1% vs. 62.7%, p < .001). A quarter of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women reported they didn't feel they had a choice or that test was done automatically. Efforts to improve perinatal HIV prevention opportunities for all women in California are required. Furthermore, Hispanic women may have disparities in receipt of prenatal care and HIV test offer that need additional attention.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000241078100005

    View details for PubMedID 17067254

  • Range of normal neutrophil counts in healthy Zimbabwean infants: Implications for monitoring antiretroviral drug toxicity 15th International AIDS Conference Wells, J., Shetty, A. K., Stranix, L., Falkovitz-Halpern, M. S., Chipato, T., Nyoni, N., Mateta, P., Maldonado, Y. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2006: 460–63

    Abstract

    Mother-to-child HIV prevention trials in sub-Saharan Africa use the US National Institutes of Health Division of AIDS (DAIDS) grading scale to monitor hematologic toxicity. A recent study of nevirapine prophylaxis given for 6 months in breast-feeding Zimbabwean infants reported several cases of relative neutropenia in clinically well infants, raising concerns of drug toxicity. However, the DAIDS tables are based on normal blood counts for white infants, although there is evidence that black African infants may have lower absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) than white infants. To establish normal hematologic values in black Zimbabwean infants and to quantify the apparent prevalence of relative neutropenia in this population, we evaluated HIV-uninfected healthy infants born to HIV-uninfected women at birth, 10 days, 6 weeks, 3, and 4 months of life. A physical examination and blood count were performed at each visit, and an HIV test was performed at the final visit. The ANC values were graded using the DAIDS table. A total of 145 healthy term infants satisfied the inclusion criteria. The mean ANC values for Zimbabwean infants were less than half of the corresponding standard values at all 5 time points (P < 0.0001). Using the DAIDS table in use at the time that the blood was collected, 57% of these healthy infants had relative neutropenia of any grade at birth, followed by 29% at day 10, 53% at 6 weeks, 32% at 3 months, and 37% at 4 months of life. Our data indicate that relative neutropenia exists in healthy black Zimbabwean infants. The guidelines for identifying toxicity were changed in December 2004. However, even by the new DAIDS tables, 43%, 23%, 24%, 42%, and 43% of these healthy babies had relative neutropenia at the time of the 5 visits. Future HIV prevention and treatment trials in sub-Saharan Africa should use normal hematologic values derived from African infants to avoid the overestimation of antiretroviral drug toxicity.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000239129100011

    View details for PubMedID 16810112

  • Safety and immunogenicity of two live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine candidates, 116E and I321, in infants: Results of a randomised controlled trial VACCINE Bhandari, N., Sharma, P., Glass, R. I., Ray, P., Greenberg, H., Taneja, S., Saksena, M., Rao, C. D., Gentsch, J. R., Parashar, U., Maldonado, Y., Ward, R. L., Bhan, M. K. 2006; 24 (31-32): 5817-5823

    Abstract

    We evaluated safety and immunogenicity of two orally administered human rotavirus vaccine candidates 116E and I321. Ninety healthy infants aged 8 weeks received a single dose of 116E (10(5)FFu (florescence focus units)), I321 (10(5)FFu) or placebo. There were no significant differences in the number of adverse events. Fever was reported by 6/30, 1/30 and 5/30 in the 116E, I321 and placebo groups; the corresponding figures for diarrhoea were 5/30, 8/29 and 3/30. Serum IgA seroconversion rates were 73%, 39% and 20% in the 116E, I321 and placebo groups, respectively. Vaccine virus was shed on days 3, 7 or 28 in 11/30 infants of the 116E and none in the other two groups. The 116E strain is attenuated, clinically safe and highly immunogenic with a single dose.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.001

    View details for Web of Science ID 000239470000008

    View details for PubMedID 16735085

  • Screening for psychological morbidity in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women using community counselors in Zimbabwe. Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care (Chicago, Ill. : 2002) Stranix-Chibanda, L., Chibanda, D., Chingono, A., Montgomery, E., Wells, J., Maldonado, Y., Chipato, T., Shetty, A. K. 2005; 4 (4): 83-88

    Abstract

    To examine the prevalence of psychological morbidity in HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women seeking antenatal care in Zimbabwe.Pregnant women were screened for psychological morbidity at the initial antenatal care visit using the 14-item Shona Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ) before voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT). The primary outcome measure was "cases," as determined by a SSQ score of >or= 8. Demographic characteristics and HIV status were compared between cases and noncases to determine the risk factors for psychological morbidity.Of the 437 participants, psychological morbidity was detected in 73 (17%) women before undergoing VCT. Risk factors for psychological morbidity included having a spouse older than 35 years of age. HIV infection by itself was not a risk factor for psychological morbidity for women.There is a high burden of psychological morbidity among pregnant women in Zimbabwe. Mental health services should be integrated into antenatal care to improve psychological health for all women in Zimbabwe.

    View details for PubMedID 16533796

  • The feasibility of voluntary counselling and HIV testing for pregnant women using community volunteers in Zimbabwe 14th International AIDS Conference Shetty, A. K., Mhazo, M., Moyo, S., Von Lieven, A., Mateta, P., Katzenstein, D. A., Maldonado, Y., Hill, D., Bassett, M. T. ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD. 2005: 755–59

    Abstract

    The purpose of this pilot project was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCT) by pregnant women using community volunteers in Zimbabwe to prevent mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. From July 1999 to June 2001, a short-course zidovudine (ZDV)-based perinatal HIV prevention programme was initiated in two antenatal clinics. Community volunteers, recruited from local community organizations, underwent a two-week training course in VCT, which included HIV/AIDS facts, systematic counselling approach, and practical counselling techniques using scripts and role-play. Rapid HIV testing was performed after informed consent. Lay counsellors conducted individual pre- and post-test counselling for HIV. A total of 35 women community volunteers were trained in VCT; 34 graduated and committed to work four hours per week in the clinic. Of the 6051 pregnant women presenting for antenatal clinics (ANC), 1824 (30%) underwent pre-test counselling and 1547 (26%) were tested, and 429 (28%) were HIV infected. Overall, 1283 (83%) returned for their test results including 406 (95%) of HIV-infected women. Of the 406 HIV-infected women who collected their test results, only 203 (50%) opted for ZDV prophylaxis to prevent MTCT of HIV. Over the two-year study period, two counsellors died and three sought employment at other organizations. Adherence to duty roster was 97% and no breach of confidentiality was reported. Despite many challenges, VCT delivered by community volunteers is feasible and acceptable for pregnant women aiming to reduce their risk of transmitting HIV to their infants. This programme is being implemented at several urban and rural MTCT sites in Zimbabwe and can serve as a model for other resource-poor countries.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000233349700010

    View details for PubMedID 16303072

  • Breast-milk shedding of drug-resistant HIV-1 subtype C in women exposed to single-dose nevirapine 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Lee, E. J., Kantor, R., Zijenah, L., Sheldon, W., Emel, L., Mateta, P., Johnston, E., Wells, J., Shetty, A. K., Coovadia, H., Maldonado, Y., Jones, S. A., Mofenson, L. M., Contag, C. H., Bassett, M., Katzenstein, D. A. UNIV CHICAGO PRESS. 2005: 1260–64

    Abstract

    Single-dose nevirapine reduces intrapartum human immunodeficiency virus 1 type (HIV-1) transmission but may also select for nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in breast milk (BM) and plasma. Among 32 Zimbabwean women, median 8-week postpartum plasma and BM HIV-1 RNA levels were 4.57 and 2.13 log(10) copies/mL, respectively. BM samples from women with laboratory-diagnosed mastitis (defined as elevated BM Na(+) levels) were 5.4-fold more likely to have HIV-1 RNA levels above the median. BM RT sequences were not obtained for 12 women with BM HIV-1 RNA levels below the lower limit of detection of the assay used. In 20 paired BM and plasma samples, 65% of BM and 50% of plasma RT sequences had NNRTI-resistance mutations, with divergent mutation patterns.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000231623700019

    View details for PubMedID 16136470

  • Development of candidate rotavirus vaccines derived from neonatal strains in India JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Glass, R. I., Bhan, M. K., Ray, P., Bahl, R., Parashar, U. D., Greenberg, H., Rao, C. D., Bhandari, N., Maldonado, Y., Ward, R. L., BERNSTEIN, D. I., Gentsch, J. R. 2005; 192: S30-S35

    Abstract

    The need for a rotavirus vaccine in India is based on the enormous burden associated with the >100,000 deaths due to rotavirus diarrhea that occur annually among Indian children. Two rotavirus strains identified during nosocomial outbreaks of rotavirus infection in New Delhi and Bangalore, India, more than a decade ago are being developed as live oral vaccines. Infected newborns had no symptoms, shed virus for up to 2 weeks after infection, mounted a robust immune response, and demonstrated protection against severe rotavirus diarrhea after reinfection. The 2 strains are naturally occurring bovine-human reassortants. The New Delhi strain, 116E, is characterized as having a P[11],G9 genotype, and the Bangalore strain, I321, is characterized as having a P[11],G10 genotype. The strains have been prepared as pilot lots for clinical trials to be conducted in New Delhi. This unique project, which is developing a new rotavirus vaccine in India with the use of Indian strains, an Indian manufacturer, and an Indian clinical development program, aims to expedite introduction of rotavirus vaccines in India.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000231113500005

    View details for PubMedID 16088802

  • Temporal trends in early clinical manifestations of perinatal HIV infection in a population-based cohort JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Berk, D. R., Falkovitz-Halpern, M. S., Hill, D. W., Albin, C., Arrieta, A., Bork, J. M., Cohan, D., Nilson, B., Petru, A., Ruiz, J., Weintrub, P. S., Wenman, W., Maldonado, Y. A. 2005; 293 (18): 2221-2231

    Abstract

    The effect of early antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the early progression of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not well defined.To examine early disease progression and survival in a population-based cohort with perinatal HIV infection in relation to year of birth and use of ART.Retrospective study of temporal trends in early progression of perinatal HIV infection among 205 HIV-infected children in Northern California born between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2001, and followed up through age 3 years.Prevalence of and age at progression to a first US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category C diagnosis relative to year of birth, type of ART, and age at initiation of therapy.Of 205 children, 134 (65%) received ART and/or Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis. By age 3 years, 81 (40%) progressed to a category C diagnosis, 41 (51%) of whom died. Untreated children were significantly more likely to progress to a category C diagnosis (62% [44/71] untreated vs 28% [37/134] treated children, P<.001); none of 23 infants who received triple ART progressed to category C. However, even without triple ART, very early mono/dual ART (by age 2 months vs 3-4 months) was associated with delayed and decreased progression to category C (P = .02). Of 33 children born between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2001, only 7 (21%) progressed to category C (P = .02 compared with 1988-1995), 6 of 7 of whom received no therapy. More recent year of birth and more advanced therapy were associated with improved survival.This population-based cohort demonstrated decreased early HIV progression and improved survival at age 3 years, associated with more advanced therapy. Although limited by small sample size, the findings suggest that very early treatment, even without triple ART, was associated with improved outcome.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000228981100023

    View details for PubMedID 15886377

  • Unique challenges to preventing perinatal HIV transmission among Hispanic women in California: Results of a needs assessment AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION Kropp, R. Y., Montgomery, E. T., Hill, D. W., Ruiz, J. D., Maldonado, Y. A. 2005; 17 (1): 22-40

    Abstract

    To identify rates and factors associated with timely prenatal care (PNC) initiation, HIV test counseling, test offering, and test offer acceptance, we conducted a semistructured survey of a convenience sample of pregnant/recently delivered Hispanic women (n=453, 418 with analyzable data) in four California counties in 2000. Only 68.4% and 43.5% of Hispanic women reported receiving an HIV test offer and counseling, respectively, though 88.8% of those offered a test accepted. After controlling for the effects of age, education, years lived in the United States, health insurance coverage, delivery status, and parity, Hispanic women who initiated prenatal care in the first trimester were 1.7 times more likely to be offered an HIV test and almost 3 times more likely to receive counseling than women with a later prenatal care start or no prenatal care. Factors associated with timely PNC initiation on multivariate analysis were private/HMO insurance (OR=10.7, p < .001), Medi-Cal insurance (OR = 4.32, p < .001), being 25-30 years old (OR = 3.0, p = .008), and completion of high school (OR = 2.07, p = .01). Key opportunities to prevent perinatal HIV transmission are being lost for Hispanic women in California. Interventions to increase timely PNC initiation, and to improve test offering by health care providers, may help to improve counseling and testing rates for this population.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000227275300003

    View details for PubMedID 15843108

  • Shedding of Sabin poliovirus type 3 containing the nucleotide 472 uracil-to-cytosine point mutation after administration of oral poliovirus vaccine JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Martinez, C. V., Old, M. O., Kwock, D. K., Khan, S. S., Garcia, J. J., Chan, C. S., Webster, R., Falkovitz-Halpern, M. S., Maldonado, Y. A. 2004; 190 (2): 409-416

    Abstract

    A uracil-to-cytosine point mutation at nucleotide (nt) 472 of Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) type 3 is found in conjunction with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Direct RNA extraction and mutant analysis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme cleavage were used to identify this point mutation in clinical samples. A total of 238 stool samples were obtained from 28 healthy infants for 6 weeks after OPV vaccination. More than 25% of infants shed OPV3 in the week after vaccination, with a decrease on day 6. A second wave of OPV3 shedding occurred beginning the second week after vaccination and was maintained through the end of the study period. During the first week after vaccination, the proportion of nt 472 mutants in the shed OPV3 increased from undetectable to almost 100%. During the second shedding period, the proportion of nt 472 mutants remained close to 100%. These results suggest that selective mutation drives the VAPP-associated nt 472 point mutation for OPV3 in the human gastrointestinal tract.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000222254800028

    View details for PubMedID 15216480

  • Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to an early 2-dose measles vaccination regimen in the United States 41st Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America Gans, H. A., Yasukawa, L. L., Alderson, A., Rinki, M., DeHovitz, R., Beeler, J., Audet, S., Maldonado, Y., Arvin, A. M. UNIV CHICAGO PRESS. 2004: 83–90

    Abstract

    Shifts in peak measles incidence to children <12 months old and the associated high mortality support the study of an early 2-dose measles vaccine regimen.Fifty-five infants were vaccinated with measles vaccine at age 6 (n=32) or 9 (n=23) months, followed by measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)-II vaccine at age 12 months. A control group received MMR-II only at age 12 months. Measles-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity were evaluated before, 12 weeks after measles immunization, and 24 weeks after MMR-II.Measles-specific T cell proliferation after both doses of vaccine was equivalent, regardless of age or the presence of passive antibodies. Seroconversion rates, geometric mean titers, and the percentage of infants with antibody titers >120 mIU after the first measles vaccine were lower in infants vaccinated at age 6 months, regardless of the presence of passive antibodies, but measles humoral responses increased after the administration of MMR-II vaccine in children initially vaccinated at age 6 or 9 months.Measles vaccination elicits T cell responses in infants as young as 6 months old, which may prime the humoral response to the second dose. Initiating measles vaccination as an early 2-dose regimen results in an immunologic response that is likely to have clinical benefits in developed and developing countries.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000222002700010

    View details for PubMedID 15195246

  • T cell immunity to measles viral proteins in infants and adults after measles immunization VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY Gans, H. A., Yasukawa, L. L., Alderson, A., Rinki, M., DeHovitz, R., Maldonado, Y., Arvin, A. M. 2004; 17 (2): 298-307

    Abstract

    Vaccination of infants against measles remains of global importance, and proposed new vaccine strategies include the use of measles proteins or synthetic peptides as immunogens. We studied cell-mediated immunity to whole measles antigen and measles proteins in immune adults and infants after measles vaccine. Further, we measured CD8+ T cell responses to peptide pools corresponding to the nucelocapsid (N) measles protein in adults given measles vaccine. Cell-mediated immune responses to three of four measles proteins were equivalent to those against whole measles antigen in immune adults. Responses to the fusion (F) protein were lower in infants compared to whole measles antigen (p < or = 0.03). Infant responses to both whole measles antigen and the F protein were lower compared with these responses in adults (p < or = 0.001). CD8+ T cell responses to N peptide pools varied, and differed between immune HLA-A2-positive individuals compared with naive and HLA-A2-negative subjects after measles vaccination. The measles-specific T cell adaptive response of infants is limited compared to adults, including responses to the F protein.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000222411500014

    View details for PubMedID 15279707

  • Induction of cellular and humoral immunity after aerosol or subcutaneous administration of Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine as a primary dose to 12-month-old children JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Wong-Chew, R. M., Islas-Romero, R., Garcia-Garcia, M. D., Beeler, J. A., Audet, S., Santos-Preciado, J. I., Gans, H., Lew-Yasukawa, L., Maldonado, Y. A., Arvin, A. M., Valdespino-Gomez, J. L. 2004; 189 (2): 254-257

    Abstract

    Infants were immunized by aerosol (10(3.6) plaque-forming units [pfu]/dose) or subcutaneous (sc) (10(4.27) pfu/dose) administration of Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine. Measles-specific T cell proliferative responses with a stimulation index of > or =3 developed in 72% of children given aerosol-administered vaccine, compared with 87% given s.c.-administered vaccine (P =.06). Seroconversion rates were 90% after aerosol-administered vaccine and 100% after s.c.-administered vaccine (P=.01), and measles geometric mean titers were 237 milli-international units (mIU) (95% confidence interval [CI], 146-385 mIU) and 487 mIU (95% CI, 390-609 mIU) in each group, respectively (P=.01). Measles-specific T and B cell responses were weaker after aerosol than after sc vaccination, indicating a need to use a higher aerosol dose to achieve optimal immunogenicity.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000188097900012

    View details for PubMedID 14722890

  • Infant feeding practices of HIV-infected and uninfected women in Zimbabwe 13th International AIDS Conference GOTTLIEB, D., Shetty, A. K., Mapfungautsi, R. M., Bassett, M. T., Maldonado, Y., Katzenstein, D. A. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC. 2004: 45–53

    Abstract

    We surveyed infant feeding knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Zimbabwe to determine whether knowledge of HIV seropositivity influences infant feeding behavior. Questionnaires were administered to 97 women 1 and 4 weeks postpartum and prospective data on infant feeding practices were collected. Participants were pregnant women who consented to a HIV test. A total of 116 women participated of whom 99 women underwent voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT); 17 women agreed to blinded HIV testing but did not opt for VCT. The responses to questionnaires on infant feeding practices of HIV-positive and HIV-negative women who knew and did not know their HIV status at day 1 and week 4 postpartum were compared. We found that HIV-positive women who did not learn their status breastfed their infants less, introduced supplementary foods sooner, and planned to wean their babies earlier compared to other women (p = 0.005, p = NS, p= 0.02). HIV-positive women (30/97) more frequently reported a prior history of infant death and AIDS-related symptoms compared to HIV-negative women. We conclude that HIV-positive women who did not know their status made incorrect decisions with respect to infant feeding. These women may have suspected themselves to be HIV-positive and consequently underfed their infants or because these women were more symptomatic may have been less likely to breastfeed; decreased intake may increase the risk for malnutrition. Knowledge of HIV status may influence infant feeding decisions and reveal an urgent need to address infant feeding practices of pregnant women in Zimbabwe.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000188416500007

    View details for PubMedID 15006194

  • Safety and Trough Concentrations of Nevirapine Prophylaxis Given Daily, Twice Weekly, or Weekly in Breast-Feeding Infants From Birth to 6 Months JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES Shetty, A. K., Coovadia, H. M., Mirochnick, M. M., Maldonado, Y., Mofenson, L. M., Eshleman, S. H., Fleming, T., Emel, L., George, K., Katzenstein, D. A., Wells, J., Maponga, C. C., Mwatha, A., Jones, S. A., Karim, S. S., Bassett, M. T. 2003; 34 (5): 482-490

    Abstract

    Despite the success of antiretroviral prophylaxis in reducing mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission, postpartum transmission through breast milk remains a problem. Antiretroviral administration to the infant during the period of breast-feeding could protect against postnatal transmission. An open-label phase 1/2 study was designed to assess the safety and trough concentrations of nevirapine (NVP) given once weekly (OW), twice weekly (TW), or once daily (OD) to HIV-exposed breast-feeding infants for 24 weeks. Following maternal dosing with 200 mg NVP orally at onset of labor, breast-feeding infants were randomized within 48 hours of birth to 1 of 3 regimens: arm 1, NVP given OW (4 mg/kg from birth to 14 days, upward arrow to 8 mg/kg from 15 days to 24 weeks), arm 2, NVP given TW (4 mg/kg from birth to 14 days, upward arrow to 8 mg/kg from 15 days to 24 weeks), and arm 3, NVP given OD (2 mg/kg from birth to 14 days, upward arrow to 4 mg/kg from 15 days to 24 weeks). Trough NVP concentrations and clinical and laboratory abnormalities were monitored. Of the 75 infants randomized (26 to OW, 25 to TW, and 24 to OD dosing), 63 completed the 32-week follow-up visit. No severe skin, hepatic, or renal toxicity related to NVP was observed. Neutropenia occurred in 8 infants. Trough NVP levels were lower than the therapeutic target (100 ng/mL) in 48 of 75 (64.0%) samples from infants in the OW arm, 3 of 65 (4.6%) samples in the TW arm, and 0 of 72 samples in the OD arm. Median (range) trough NVP concentrations were 64 ng/mL (range: <25-1519 ng/mL) with OW dosing; 459 (range: <25-1386 ng/mL) with TW dosing; and 1348 (range: 108-4843 ng/ml) with OD dosing. Our data indicate that NVP prophylaxis for 6 months was safe and well tolerated in infants. OD NVP dosing resulted in all infants with trough concentration greater than the therapeutic target and maintenance of high drug concentrations. A phase 3 study is planned to assess the efficacy of OD infant NVP regimen to prevent breast-feeding HIV-1 transmission.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000206324300006

    View details for PubMedID 14657758

  • Measles and mumps vaccination as a model to investigate the developing immune system: passive and active immunity during the first year of life International Symposium on Protection of Newborns through Maternal Immunization Gans, H., DeHovitz, R., Forghani, B., Beeler, J., Maldonado, Y., Arvin, A. M. ELSEVIER SCI LTD. 2003: 3398–3405

    Abstract

    Evaluations of neutralizing antibody responses in 6-, 9- and 12-month-old infants given measles or mumps vaccine indicated that 6-month-old infants had diminished humoral immune responses associated with passive antibody effects, but also had an intrinsic deficiency in antiviral antibody production, which was independent of passive antibody effects. In contrast, lower neutralizing antibody titers in 9-month-olds were related only to passive antibody effects. Measles and mumps-specific T-cell proliferation and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) production were induced by vaccination at 6, 9 or 12 months, regardless of passive neutralizing antibodies or age. These observations suggest a need to refine concepts about passive antibody interference and primary vaccine failure, taking into account the sensitization of antiviral T-cells, which occurs in the presence of passive antibodies and is observed in infants who do not develop active humoral immunity. A second dose of measles vaccine given at 12-15 months enhanced antiviral T-cell responses to measles in infants who were vaccinated at 6 or 9 months, and produced higher seroconversion rates. Since T-cell immunity is elicited under the cover of passive antibodies, the youngest infants benefit from the synergistic protection mediated by maternal antibodies and their own capacity to develop sensitized antiviral T-cells, which prime for subsequent exposures to the viral antigens. Conceptually, maternal immunization approaches with vaccines that can be given to women of child-bearing age before pregnancy, or that are safe for administration during pregnancy, should enhance passive antibody protection. Rather than being detrimental to infant adaptive immune responses, maternal vaccination can be coupled effectively with vaccine regimens that elicit priming of antiviral immune responses in infants during the first year of life.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00341-4

    View details for Web of Science ID 000184402300012

    View details for PubMedID 12850348

  • Direct extraction of Sabin poliovirus genomes from human fecal samples using a guanidine thiocyanate extraction method Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Pediatric-Research Old, M. O., Martinez, C. V., Garcia, D. K., Martin, G., Chan, C., Maldonado, Y. A. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 2003: 193–200

    Abstract

    To permit rapid and efficient detection of Sabin poliovirus type 3 from human fecal samples, we developed a guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN) extraction and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Using 10-fold serial dilutions from stock Sabin-Leon 12 a1b poliovirus type 3 at 10(7) TCID(50) per 0.1 ml, genome was detected to a dilution of 10(3) TCID(50) per 0.1 ml. A total of 40 archived fecal samples were examined using this GuSCN extraction method followed by RT-PCR. Fourteen of 20 poliovirus type 3 tissue culture-positive specimens (70%) and two of 20 tissue culture-negative specimens (10%) were detected by GuSCN extraction and RT-PCR. All positive and negative extraction and RT-PCR controls were identified accurately. This GuSCN extraction and RT-PCR technique is rapid, inexpensive, and can be readily adapted to identify genome sequences of other enterovirus types in large numbers of fecal samples. Moreover, the GuSCN technique extracts viral RNA directly from fecal samples, allowing observation of in vivo alterations of genome sequences. Further studies are underway to examine the development of revertant point mutations in the Sabin poliovirus type 3 genome following oral administration of trivalent Sabin Oral Poliovirus Vaccine to humans.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S0166-0934(03)00133-2

    View details for Web of Science ID 000183669500011

    View details for PubMedID 12798248

  • Rapid flux in non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations among subtype CHIV-1-infected women after single dose nevirapine 12th International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop Kantor, R., Lee, E., Johnston, E., Mateta, P., Zijenah, L., Maldonado, Y., KATZENSTEIN, D. INT MEDICAL PRESS LTD. 2003: U78–U79

    View details for Web of Science ID 000231265900090

  • Current controversies in vaccination - Vaccine safety JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Maldonado, Y. A. 2002; 288 (24): 3155-3158

    View details for Web of Science ID 000180008200026

    View details for PubMedID 12495396

  • Group A streptococcal meningitis: Report of a case and review of literature since 1976 PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY CARE Shetty, A. K., Frankel, L. R., Maldonado, Y., Falco, D. A., Lewis, D. B. 2001; 17 (6): 430-434

    Abstract

    Group A streptococcal (GAS) invasive disease has become increasingly common in recent years. However, acute bacterial meningitis caused by this pathogen is unusual. We report a case of GAS meningitis in a previously healthy 21/2-year-old child associated with a dramatically rapid course and fatal outcome. A literature review of previously reported cases is presented. This case serves as a reminder that GAS can cause severe meningitis in otherwise healthy hosts.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000173001500007

    View details for PubMedID 11753187

  • Immune responses to measles and mumps vaccination of infants at 6, 9, and 12 months 38th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America Gans, H., Yasukawa, L., Rinki, M., DeHovitz, R., Forghani, B., Beeler, J., Audet, S., Maldonado, Y., Arvin, A. M. UNIV CHICAGO PRESS. 2001: 817–26

    Abstract

    Immunizing infants against measles at the youngest age possible has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality. The ability of infants at 6, 9, or 12 months to respond to measles and mumps vaccines was evaluated by measuring T cell proliferation, interferon-gamma production, and neutralizing antibody titers before and after vaccination. Infants in all age groups had equivalent cellular immune responses to measles or mumps viruses, with or without passive antibodies when immunized. In contrast, 6-month-old infants without passive antibodies had low geometric mean titers of antibody to measles or mumps viruses and low seroconversion rates. Geometric mean titers of antibody to measles virus increased if infants were revaccinated at 12 months. Six-month-old infants had limited humoral responses to paramyxovirus vaccines, whereas cellular immunity was equivalent to that of older infants. T cell responses can be established by immunization with these live attenuated virus vaccines during the first year, despite the presence of passive antibodies.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000171228400002

    View details for PubMedID 11528592

  • Risk factors for missed identification of HIV infected women and their infants Loyal, J. K., Hill, D., Sullivan, B., Ruiz, J., Maldonado, Y. A. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2001: 1223–23

    View details for Web of Science ID 000171226900818

  • Developmental maturation of the immune response to measles and mumps live viral vaccines. Gans, H. A., Maldonado, Y., Yasukawa, L. L., Beeler, J., Audet, S., Forghani, B., Rinki, M. M., DeHovitz, R., Hammer, L., Arvin, A. M. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 2000: 223–23

    View details for Web of Science ID 000088950900107

  • Lack of definitive severe mitochondrial signs and symptoms among deceased HIV-uninfected and HIV-indeterminate children <= 5 years of age, pediatric spectrum of HIV disease project (PSD), USA 2nd Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants Dominguez, K., Bertolli, J., Fowler, M., Peters, V., Ortiz, I., Melville, S., Rakusan, T., Frederick, T., Hsu, H., D'Almada, P., Maldonado, Y., Wilfert, C. NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES. 2000: 236–246

    Abstract

    In response to recent reports of mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-uninfected infants exposed to antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis, the Perinatal Safety Review Working Group reviewed deaths in five large HIV-exposed perinatal cohorts in the United States to determine if similar cases of severe mitochondrial toxicity could be detected. We describe the results of this review for the PSD cohort.Hospitalization, clinic and death records for deceased HIV-uninfected and HIV-indeterminate children who were less than 5 years of age were reviewed. Standard definitions were used to classify HIV infection status and the likelihood that signs and symptoms were related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Children were classified as having signs and symptoms that were considered (1) unrelated, (2) unlikely, (3) consistent with, or (4) likely related to mitochondrial disease. SIDS deaths were put into a separate category.8,465 of 13,125 HIV-exposed children were either HIV-uninfected or HIV-indeterminate. Among the 84 deaths in the subgroup of 8,465 children, 9 were considered in Class 2 (unlikely), 4 were considered in Class 3 (consistent with), and none were considered in Class 4 (likely). 97% of those children who received ARV prophylaxis received zidovudine alone. None of the HIV-uninfected deaths were classified in 2, 3, or 4; and only one of these was exposed to ARV prophylaxis. Among the 3 HIV-indeterminate children who were classified in 3 (consistent with), 2 had no or unknown ARV exposure before 1994 when use of ZDV prophylaxis became the standard of care. Both HIV-uninfected and HIV-indeterminate children with ARV exposure or unknown exposure had lower mortality rates than children without ARV exposure.Monoprophylaxis with ZDV was not associated with higher death rates in the cohort of 8,465 children or with any findings likely consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction among the 85 deaths. Ongoing monitoring of drug safety in large multi-site prospective cohort studies of HIV-exposed children is essential in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000171939500028

    View details for PubMedID 11131710

  • Lessons learned from a review of the development of selected vaccines. National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Pediatrics Peter, G., des Vignes-Kendrick, M., Eickhoff, T. C., Fine, A., Galvin, V., LEVINE, M. M., Maldonado, Y. A., Marcuse, E. K., MONATH, T. P., Osborn, J. E., Plotkin, S., Poland, G. A., Quinlisk, M. P., Smith, D. R., Sokol, M., Soland, D. B., Whitley-Williams, P. N., Williamson, D. E., Breiman, R. F. 1999; 104 (4): 942-950

    Abstract

    Although the vaccine research and development network in the United States remains vibrant, its continued success requires maintaining harmonious interaction among its many components. Changing one component is likely to affect the system overall. An examination of case studies of the development of selected vaccines would allow an examination of the network as a whole. This article presents conclusions drawn from the case study review undertaken.Successful development of vaccines is a time-intensive process requiring years of commitment from a network of scientists and a continuum of regulatory and manufacturing entities. We undertook this work to shed light on how well the vaccine development system in the United States performs.The National Vaccine Advisory Committee examined the research and development pathways of several vaccines that reached licensure expeditiously (hepatitis B vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines); some that became licensed only after considerable delay (oral typhoid Ty21a vaccine, varicella vaccine); some that are at the point of imminent or recent licensure (reassortant Rhesus rotavirus vaccine, which was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration on August 30, 1998) or near submission for licensure (intranasal cold adapted influenza vaccine); and one for which clinical development is slow because of hurdles that must be overcome (respiratory syncytial virus vaccines).Some common themes emerged from the reviews of these vaccine "case histories": the expediting influence of a strong scientific base and rationale; the need for firm quantitation of disease burden and clear identification of target populations; the critical role played by individuals or teams who act as "champions" to overcome the inevitable obstacles; availability of relevant animal models, high-quality reagents and standardized assays to measure immune response; the absolute requirement for well designed, meticulously executed clinical trials of vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy; postlicensure measurements of the public health impact of the vaccine and a track record of the vaccine's safety and acceptance with large-scale use; and the critical need for international collaborations to evaluate vaccines against diseases of global importance that are rare in the United States (eg, typhoid fever). It was clear that the critical step-up from bench scale to pilot lots and then to large-scale production, which depends on a small group of highly trained individuals, is often a particularly vulnerable point in the development process.One fundamental lesson learned is that within the varied and comprehensive US vaccine development infrastructure, multiple and rather distinct paths can be followed to reach vaccine licensure. The National Vaccine Advisory Committee review process should be conducted periodically in the future to ascertain that the US vaccine development network, which has been enormously productive heretofore and has played a leadership role globally, is adapting appropriately to ensure that new, safe, and efficacious vaccines become available in a timely manner.

    View details for PubMedID 10506239

  • Lessons learned from a review of the development of selected vaccines PEDIATRICS Peter, G., des-Vignes-Kendrick, M., Eickhoff, T. C., Fine, A., Galvin, V., LEVINE, M. M., Maldonado, Y. A., Marcuse, E. K., Monath, T. P., Osborn, J. E., Macy, J., Plotkin, S., Poland, G. A., Quinlisk, M. P., Smith, D. R., Sokol, M., Soland, D. B., Whitley-Williams, P. N., Williamson, D. E., Breiman, R. F., Arvin, A., Baylor, N., Breiman, R., Clements-Mann, M. L., Couch, R., Douglas, G., Galambos, L., Gellin, B., Gershon, A., Glass, R., Gordon, L., Glode, M., Greenberg, H., Hardegree, C., Heilman, C., Hilleman, M., Jordan, W., LEVINE, M. M., MARCUSE, E., Paradiso, P., Parkman, P., Plotkin, S., Quinnan, G., Rabinovich, R., Read, L., Russell, P., Sewell, J., Shepherd, H. R., Siber, G., Soland, D., Ward, J., WHITE, J., Wright, P. 1999; 104 (4): 942-950

    View details for Web of Science ID 000082907300014

  • The epidemiology of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in California from 1985 to 1995 Annual Meeting on the General Clinical Research Center Gutierrez, K. M., Halpern, M. S., Maldonado, Y., Arvin, A. M. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 1999: 199–202

    Abstract

    Comprehensive hospital discharge data completed by the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development was used to determine whether the proportion of infants

    View details for Web of Science ID 000081132100027

    View details for PubMedID 10353880

  • Serum level of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA, infant mortality, and vertical transmission of HIV in Zimbabwe Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants Katzenstein, D. A., Mbizvo, M., Zijenah, L., Gittens, T., Munjoma, M., Hill, D., Madzime, S., Maldonado, Y. UNIV CHICAGO PRESS. 1999: 1382–87

    Abstract

    Maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA load, vertical transmission of subtype C HIV, and infant mortality were examined in 251 HIV-seropositive women and their infants in Zimbabwe. Demographic characteristics, health and medical histories, serum HIV RNA loads, and CD4+ lymphocyte counts for mothers were examined by logistic regression analysis to determine significant risk factors and their odds ratios for transmission and infant mortality. Tenfold (1 log10) incremental increases in maternal HIV RNA were associated with a 1.9-fold increase (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.9) in transmission and a 2.1-fold increase (95% CI, 1.3-3.5) in infant mortality (P<.01). Maternal CD4 cell counts and demographic and medical characteristics were not significant predictors of transmission. However, maternal CD4 cell counts below the median (400/mm3) were significantly associated with infant mortality (P=. 035, Fisher's exact test). The maternal level of serum HIV is an important determinant of vertical transmission and infant mortality in subtype C infection in Zimbabwe.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000080561100010

    View details for PubMedID 10228058

  • IL-12, IFN-gamma, and T cell proliferation to measles in immunized infants JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Gans, H. A., Maldonado, Y., Yasukawa, L. L., Beeler, J., Audet, S., Rinki, M. M., DeHovitz, R., Arvin, A. M. 1999; 162 (9): 5569-5575

    Abstract

    Measles infection in infants is associated with severe complications, and secondary infections are attributed to generalized immunosuppression. Measles binding to its monocyte receptor down-regulates IL-12 which is expected to diminish Th1-like cytokine responses, including IFN-gamma. Whether young infants can be immunized effectively against measles is an important public health issue. We evaluated Ag-specific IL-12, IFN-gamma, and T cell responses of infants at 6 (n = 60), 9 (n = 46), or 12 mo (n = 56) of age and 29 vaccinated adults. IL-12 and IFN-gamma release by PBMC stimulated with measles Ag increased significantly after measles immunization in infants. IL-12 and IFN-gamma concentrations were equivalent in younger and older infants, but IL-12 concentrations were significantly lower in infants than in adults (p = 0.04). IL-12 production by monocytes was down-regulated by measles; the addition of recombinant human IL-12 enhanced IFN-gamma production by PBMC stimulated with measles Ag, but infant T cells released significantly less IFN-gamma than adult T cells under this condition. Of particular interest, the presence of passive Abs to measles had no effect on the specific T cell proliferation or IFN-gamma production after measles stimulation. Cellular immunity to measles infection and vaccination may be limited in infants compared with adults as a result of less effective IFN-gamma and IL-12 production in response to measles Ags. These effects were not exaggerated in younger infants compared with effects in infants who were immunized at 12 mo. In summary, infant T cells were primed with measles Ag despite the presence of passive Abs, but their adaptive immune responses were limited compared with those of adults.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000079892600073

    View details for PubMedID 10228039

  • A novel fecal extraction method to identify sabin vaccine viruses among infants receiving OPV after previous IPV administration Old, M. O., Garcia, J., Kwock, D., Martinez, C., Maldonado, Y. A. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 1999: 170A–170A

    View details for Web of Science ID 000079476700996

  • Immune responses of 6, 9 and 12 month old infants immunized with measles or mumps vaccine and the effects of passive antibodies on these responses Gans, H. A., Lew-Yasukawa, L., Beeler, J., DeHovitz, R., Maldonado, Y., Arvin, A. M. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 1999: 161A–161A

    View details for Web of Science ID 000079476700940

  • Patterns of health seeking behavior during episodes of childhood diarrhea: a study of Tzotzil-speaking Mayans in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE Granich, R., Cantwell, M. F., Long, K., Maldonado, Y., Parsonnet, J. 1999; 48 (4): 489-495

    Abstract

    In Chiapas, Mexico, diarrheal disease causes the majority of all deaths in children under the age of five. Treatment of childhood diarrhea may be influenced by local beliefs and cultural practices. Few studies have attempted to quantitatively evaluate health seeking behavior (HSB) for diarrheal diseases in indigenous communities, while controlling for potential confounding factors such as parental education or socioeconomic status. A rapid ethnographic survey was conducted in Nabenchauc, Chiapas, to determine hypothetical HSB patterns for each of four major types of childhood diarrhea. Additionally, we examined the actual HSB for the last episode of childhood diarrheal illness within the household. One hundred households participated in the survey; 94 households with children < 5 years old reported a mean of 1.9 diarrheal episodes during the preceding month. Households reported using a mean of 1.3 types of in-home remedies. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was used in <2% of the 368 HSB patterns elicited for the four types of diarrhea. HSB patterns utilized an eclectic combination of traditional, allopathic, local and distant health care options. A mean of 2.5 outside-the-home health care options were reported for each diarrheal type; the local grocery store was reported in 245 (67%) of the hypothetical HSB patterns and as a first option in 199 (54%). Maternal and/or paternal education had little impact on hypothetical HSB. Households with lower SES were more likely to report using local grocery stores as a first option and were less likely to use options outside the village. The rapid ethnographic survey approach allows for assessment of changes in the approach to health care option utilization in cultures incorporating new health care paradigms. Public health interventions targeting local stores may lead to increased use of ORT, thereby potentially reducing early morbidity and mortality due to childhood diarrhea.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000077986300005

    View details for PubMedID 10075174

  • Deficiency of the humoral immune response to measles vaccine in infants immunized at age 6 months JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Gans, H. A., Arvin, A. M., Galinus, J., Logan, L., DeHovitz, R., Maldonado, Y. 1998; 280 (6): 527-532

    Abstract

    Measles causes serious morbidity in infants, with the highest risk among those who are 6 to 12 months of age. In the United States, measles vaccine has been given at age 12 to 15 months to minimize interference by passive antibodies and to achieve the high seroprevalence required for herd immunity. Infants of mothers with vaccine-induced immunity may lose passively acquired antibodies before 12 months, leaving them susceptible to measles infection.To assess the immunogenicity of measles vaccine in infants younger than 12 months.Cohort study conducted before and after measles immunization.Pediatric clinic in Palo Alto, Calif.Infants 6 (n = 27), 9 (n = 26), and 12 (n = 34) months of age were enrolled; 72 provided both initial and follow-up samples.Evaluation of immunogenicity before and 12 weeks after measles vaccination, including measles neutralizing antibody titers, measles-specific T-cell proliferation, and cytokine profiles.Measles neutralizing antibodies were present before vaccination in 52% (12/23), 35% (7/20), and 0% (0/22) of 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants, respectively. In the absence of detectable passive antibodies, geometric mean titers after vaccination were significantly lower in 6-month-old infants compared with 9-month-old infants (27 vs 578, P = .01) and 12-month-old infants (27 vs 972, P=.001). The seroconversion rate, defined as a 4-fold rise in antibody titer, in these 6-month-old infants was only 67%, and only 36% of these infants achieved seroprotective neutralizing antibody titers of 120 or higher after vaccination compared with 100% of 9- and 12-month-old infants lacking detectable passive antibody prior to vaccination. T-cell proliferation and cytokine responses to measles did not differ with age.Humoral immunity was deficient in 6-month-old infants given measles vaccine, even in the absence of detectable passively acquired neutralizing antibodies. Comparison of their responses with those of 9- and 12-month-old infants indicates that a developmental maturation of the immune response to measles may occur during the first year of life, which affects the immunogenicity of measles vaccine.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000075244900028

    View details for PubMedID 9707142

  • Population-based prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic astrovirus infection in rural Mayan infants 26th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Maldonado, Y., Cantwell, M., Old, M., Hill, D., Sanchez, M. D., Logan, L., Millan-Velasco, F., Valdespino, J. L., Sepulveda, J., Matsui, S. UNIV CHICAGO PRESS. 1998: 334–39

    Abstract

    Symptomatic and asymptomatic astrovirus infection was prospectively determined in a 3-year birth cohort of Mayan infants. Stool samples from 271 infants and 268 older siblings were tested for astrovirus, adenovirus 40/41, rotavirus and Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter species. Concurrent diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or anorexia were noted. Astrovirus was detected in 164 infants (61%) and 20 siblings (7%). Rotavirus (4%) and adenovirus 40/41 (13%) were isolated less frequently. Of all diarrheal episodes reported at a visit, 26% (78/305) were associated with astrovirus; 17% (78/452) of astrovirus infections were associated with diarrhea and 9% with other symptoms. Only diarrhea was associated with astrovirus infection (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.92; P = .01). Of infants with astrovirus, 70% shed at multiple visits over a period of 2-17 weeks (median, 5). The point prevalence of astrovirus infection was significantly higher among infants than siblings (relative risk, 6.18; 95% CI, 3.93-9.72; P < .0001, chi2). Astrovirus was identified throughout the year, peaked in March and May, and decreased in September. In this population, astrovirus was the most common enteric pathogen isolated; symptomatic infection was prevalent among infants.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000075153000007

    View details for PubMedID 9697712

  • Mortality in the first 2 years among infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Harare, Zimbabwe 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Zijenah, L., Mbizvo, M. T., Kasule, J., Nathoo, K., Munjoma, M., Mahomed, K., Maldonado, Y., Madzime, S., Katzenstein, D. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 1998: 109–13

    Abstract

    Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mortality was studied among infants of infected women in Zimbabwe. Of 367 infants born to HIV-infected women, 72 (19.6%) died compared with 20 (5.4%) of 372 infants of uninfected women (P < .01). Infection by HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction among infants who survived >7 days and died within 2 years could be assessed in 87% (58/67) of infants of infected women and 83% (5/6) of infants of uninfected women; transmission occurred in 40 of 58 infants. Among 27 infected infants tested at birth, 19 (70%), 5 (19%), and 3 (11%) were apparently infected via in utero, intrapartum or early postpartum, and late postpartum transmission, respectively. The majority of HIV-infected infants who died in the first 2 years of life were likely to have acquired in utero infection.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000074357900014

    View details for PubMedID 9652429

  • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis and early clinical manifestations of severe perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection XIth International Conference on AIDS Maldonado, Y. A., Araneta, R. G., Hersh, A. L. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 1998: 398–402

    Abstract

    Some children with perinatal HIV infection develop early progression to severe symptoms (Category C) within the first 4 years of life. Prophylactic therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) may affect progression by decreasing the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP).HIV progression to Category C in the first 3 years of life was retrospectively analyzed in a population-based cohort of children with perinatal HIV infection followed for > or = 3 years from birth. Time to development of Category C and clinical patterns of new Category C diagnoses were examined in relation to patterns of PCP prophylaxis before diagnosis.Fifty-eight of 147 children developed 67 initial category C diseases by 3 years of age: PCP (n=24), encephalopathy (n=22), other opportunistic infections (n=19) and wasting (n=2). Before diagnosis therapy included TMP/ SMX and zidovudine (ZDV) (n=11), TMP/SMX alone (n=7), ZDV alone (n=1) and neither (n= 39). The probability of developing a Category C diagnosis after 2 years was significantly lower among children who received TMP/SMX compared with those who did not (29%, TMP/SMX vs. 45%, no TMP/SMX; 30%, TMP and ZDV vs. 45%, no therapy; P < 0.01). The frequency of PCP was significantly lower and that of HIV encephalopathy was significantly higher among children receiving TMP/SMX +/- ZDV before Category C diagnosis than among children receiving neither.In this study PCP prophylaxis was associated with longer time to Category C diagnoses in the first 3 years of life. This association was related to a decreased incidence of PCP and an increased incidence of encephalopathy as the first Category C diagnosis among children who received TMP/SMX.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000073634500009

    View details for PubMedID 9613653

  • Neutrophil CD11b expression as a diagnostic marker for early-onset neonatal infection JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS Weirich, E., Rabin, R. L., Maldonado, Y., Benitz, W., Modler, S., Herzenberg, L. A., Herzenberg, L. A. 1998; 132 (3): 445-451

    Abstract

    To determine whether neutrophil surface expression of CD11b predicts early-onset infection or suspected infection in at-risk infants.CD11b expression on peripheral blood neutrophils was determined by flow cytometry of whole blood samples. Blood (0.1 ml) was obtained from a convenience sample of at-risk infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, stained with antibodies detecting CD11b and CD15, chilled, and analyzed within 8 hours. Blood for culture, blood counts, and C-reactive protein (CRP) determination was obtained simultaneously. Subjects were grouped on the basis of culture results and clinical signs, and investigators were blinded to CD11b level.Of 106 subjects, seven had positive bacterial or viral cultures ("confirmed infection"), 17 had clinical signs of infection but negative cultures ("suspected infection"), and 82 had negative cultures and no clinical signs ("no infection"). Neutrophil CD11b was elevated in all infants with confirmed infection, 94% with suspected infection, and none with no infection. The negative and positive predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity were 100%, 99%, 96%, and 100%, respectively, for diagnosis of neonatal infection at initial evaluation. CD11b levels correlated with peak CRP (r2 = 0.76, p < 0.0001); however, CD11b was elevated at the time of admission in all five infants with proven bacterial infection, whereas CRP was normal until the second day in the neonatal intensive care unit in three of these five. Both infants with positive viral cultures had elevated CD11b, but the CRP levels remained within normal limits. The negative predictive value of neutrophil CD11b for identifying suspected or confirmed infection was 99%.This assay for neutrophil CD11b is a promising test for exclusion of early-onset neonatal infection. If validated prospectively, this assay may reduce hospital and antibiotic use in the population of neonates at risk for early-onset infection.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000072877800018

    View details for PubMedID 9544899

  • Development of chemiluminescent probe hybridization, RT-PCR and nucleic acid cycle sequencing assays of Sabin type 3 isolates to identify base pair 472 Sabin type 3 mutants associated with vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS Old, M. O., LOGAN, L. H., Maldonado, Y. A. 1997; 68 (2): 109-118

    Abstract

    Sabin type 3 polio vaccine virus is the most common cause of poliovaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis cases have been associated with Sabin type 3 revertants containing a single U to C substitution at bp 472 of Sabin type 3. A rapid method of identification of Sabin type 3 bp 472 mutants is described. An enterovirus group-specific probe for use in a chemiluminescent dot blot hybridization assay was developed to identify enterovirus positive viral lysates. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay producing a 319 bp PCR product containing the Sabin type 3 bp 472 mutation site was then employed to identify Sabin type 3 isolates. Chemiluminescent nucleic acid cycle sequencing of the purified 319 bp PCR product was then employed to identify nucleic acid sequences at bp 472. The enterovirus group probe hybridization procedure and isolation of the Sabin type 3 PCR product were highly sensitive and specific; nucleic acid cycle sequencing corresponded to the known sequence of stock Sabin type 3 isolates. These methods will be used to identify the Sabin type 3 reversion rate from sequential stool samples of infants obtained after the first and second doses of oral poliovirus vaccine.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997YB42500001

    View details for PubMedID 9389400

  • Host and viral factors affecting the decreased immunogenicity of Sabin type 3 vaccine after administration of trivalent oral polio vaccine to rural Mayan children 26th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Maldonado, Y. A., PENACRUZ, V., Sanchez, M. D., Logan, L., Blandon, S., Cantwell, M. F., Matsui, S. M., MILLANVELASCO, F., Valdespino, J. L., Sepulveda, J. UNIV CHICAGO PRESS. 1997: 545–53

    Abstract

    Factors affecting immunogenicity of the first 2 doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) among unimmunized Mayan infants were prospectively evaluated. The relative impact of multiple variables, including mass or routine vaccination, concurrent enteric bacterial (salmonella, shigella, and campylobacter) and viral (adenovirus 40/41, astrovirus, nonpolio enteroviruses, and rotavirus) infections, interference among Sabin vaccine viruses, and preexisting poliovirus antibodies were studied. Sera were available from 181 infants after 2 OPV doses. Seroresponses were 86% to Sabin type 1, 97% to Sabin type 2, and 61% to Sabin type 3 vaccines. Mass versus routine vaccination and preexisting poliovirus antibodies did not affect immunogenicity. By multiple logistic regression analysis, fecal shedding of homologous Sabin strains was associated with increased seroresponses to all Sabin types, especially to Sabin type 3. Decreased OPV immunogenicity was primarily attributable to interference of Sabin type 3 by Sabin type 2. OPV formulations with higher doses of Sabin type 3 could improve immunogenicity among infants in developing countries.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997WK41100006

    View details for PubMedID 9041324

  • Clinical and laboratory characteristics of a large cohort of symptomatic, human immunodeficiency virus-infected infants and children PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL Englund, J. A., Baker, C. J., Raskino, C., McKinney, R. E., Lifschitz, M. H., Petrie, B., Fowler, M. G., Connor, J. D., Mendez, H., ODonnell, K., Wara, D. W., Shliozberg, J., Shearer, W. T., STECHENBERG, B., BORKOWSKY, W., Bonaforte, R. J., Cooper, E. R., Wiznia, A., Toltzis, P., Israele, V., VANDYKE, R. B., YOGEV, R., Starr, S., Oleske, F., Frenkel, L., MCINTOSH, K., Montgomery, M., Petru, A., Squires, J. E., Wade, N., Moore, E. C., Rakusan, T. A., Baker, R. C., Brady, M. T., Pildes, R. S., Cervia, J. S., Wilfert, C., Nesheim, S., Bellanti, J. A., Keller, M., Abrams, E. J., Dossett, J. H., Rana, S. R., TISHLER, D. M., Nicholas, S. W., Lambert, J. S., Wong, V., Gupta, A., Deveikis, A., Kovacs, A., Johnson, G., Bamji, M., Sacks, H. S., Pahwa, S., GarciaRias, D., Flynn, C., Philipp, C. S., Jimenez, E., Bonagura, V. R., Shenap, J. L., Grieco, M. H., LISCHNER, H., MINNEFOR, A. B., Maldonado, Y., Nachman, S. A., Fikrig, S., Weiner, L. B., Levin, M., Gershon, A. A., Bryson, Y., Spector, S., Diaz, C., Reichman, R. R., Robinson, J., Luzuriaga, K., Crain, M. J., Lim, W., Rich, K., Vink, P. E., Doyle, M. G., Scott, G. B., Munoz, J., Andiman, W. A., BEHRMAN, R., Hetherington, S., McLaren, C., Millison, K., Moye, J., Nozyce, M., Pearson, D. A., Purdue, L., Schoenfeld, D., Scott, G., Spector, S. A. 1996; 15 (11): 1025-1036

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996VT45000010

  • Comparison of T-cell responses to measles antigen in infants immunized at 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Gans, H., Galinus, J., DeHovitz, R., Arvin, A., Maldonado, Y. OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. 1996: 269–69

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996VN24600315

  • Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus disease in perinatally infected children: An analysis from the pediatric spectrum of disease project PEDIATRICS Barnhart, H. X., Caldwell, M. B., Thomas, P., Mascola, L., Ortiz, I., Hsu, H. W., Schulte, J., Parrott, R., Maldonado, Y., Byers, R., STECHENBERG, B., MCINTOSH, K., Pelton, S., Meissner, C., Tobin, S., Pasternack, M., Sullivan, J., Brunell, P., Berkowitz, C., Ewing, N., Kovacs, A., Church, J., Taylor, S., Deveikis, A., Bryson, Y., Petru, A., Prober, C., Wara, D., Rubinstein, A., Lambert, G., Stein, R., Champion, S., Mendez, H., Litman, N., Futterman, D., Cervia, J., Rakusan, T., Reid, Y., Fomafod, A., Kline, M., Squires, J., Doran, T., GarciaTrias, D., Julia, J. V., Mendez, I., Diaz, C. 1996; 97 (5): 710-716

    Abstract

    To describe the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease through clinical stages from birth to death among a large number of perinatally infected children.The Pediatric Spectrum of Disease (PSD) project, coordinated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has conducted active surveillance for HIV disease since 1988 in seven geographic regions. PSD data are collected from medical and social service records every 6 months through practitioners at each participating hospital clinic. We analyzed data from perinatally HIV-infected children born between 1982 and 1993. The natural history of HIV disease was divided into five progressive stages using the clinical categories in the CDC 1994 pediatric HIV classification system: stage N, no signs or symptoms; stage A, mild signs or symptoms; stage B, moderate signs or symptoms; stage C, severe signs or symptoms; and stage D, death. A five-stage Markov model was fitted to the PSD data. To compare the estimates from the PSD project with the published estimates, we also fitted an alternative Markov model using acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS; 1987 case definition) in place of stage C and also calculated standard Kaplan-Meier estimates.A total of 2148 perinatally HIV-infected children were included in the analysis. The estimated mean times spent in each stage were: N, 10 months; A, 4 months; B, 65 months; and C, 34 months. We estimated that a child born with HIV infection has a 50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40%-60%) chance of severe signs or symptoms developing by 5 years of age and a 75% (95% CI, 68%-82%) chance of surviving to 5 years of age. For a child in stage B, there is a 60% (95% CI, 49%-71%) chance of severe signs or symptoms developing within the next 5 years and a 65% (95% CI, 56%-73%) chance of surviving 5 more years. The estimated mean time from birth to stage C was 6.6 (95% CI, 5.7-7.5) years, and the estimated mean survival time from birth was 9.4 (95% CI, 8.1-10.7) years. From the alternative Markov model, the estimated mean time from birth to AIDS was 4.8 (95% CI, 4.5-5.2) years.Markov modeling using the revised pediatric classification system allowed us to describe the natural history of HIV disease in children before diagnosis of AIDS. On average, children progress to moderate symptoms in the second year of life and then remain moderately symptomatic for more than half of their expected lives, underscoring their need for clinical care before the onset of AIDS. The results from the Markov model are useful in family counseling, health care planning, and clinical trial designs.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996UH75800018

    View details for PubMedID 8628612

  • Disease patterns and survival after acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL Morris, C. R., ArabaOwoyele, L., Spector, S. A., Maldonado, Y. A. 1996; 15 (4): 321-328

    Abstract

    The clinical manifestations of HIV infection in children involve a broad spectrum of conditions ranging from mild symptoms to AIDS. Knowledge of the disease and survival patterns of these children are needed to plan for future needs and develop baseline information to evaluate newer prophylactic or therapeutic management options.To identify AIDS-defining conditions and estimate post-AIDS diagnosis survival among HIV-infected children.Disease patterns and survival after the diagnosis of AIDS-defining conditions were studied in 126 children who were identified through a multisite university-based active surveillance system in California from January, 1989, through August, 1993. Hospital medical records were periodically reviewed and data were abstracted onto standardized forms designed for pediatric HIV surveillance. We determined the length of survival between AIDS diagnosis and death and evaluated the impact of disease patterns on survival using Kaplan-Meier's product-limit method and Cox proportional hazards regression.The median age at diagnosis was 13 months for children with perinatally acquired infection and 101.5 months for children infected through other routes of transmission. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia were the most common AIDS-defining conditions among perinatal cases, whereas the disease patterns observed among nonperinatal cases were more varied. The median postdiagnosis survival for the cohort was 26 months.Survival time did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity, sex or route of transmission. Respiratory candidiasis and wasting syndrome had significant negative impact on survival but P. carinii pneumonia was not associated with shorter survival. Zidovudine or other antiviral therapies was associated with increased survival.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996UE89200007

    View details for PubMedID 8866801

  • EARLY LOSS OF PASSIVE MEASLES ANTIBODY IN INFANTS OF MOTHERS WITH VACCINE-INDUCED IMMUNITY PEDIATRICS Maldonado, Y. A., Lawrence, E. C., DeHovitz, R., Hartzell, H., Albrecht, P. 1995; 96 (3): 447-450

    Abstract

    Maternally derived passive measles antibody may interfere with vaccine-induced immunity in infants less than 12 months of age. However, early loss of passive measles antibody may occur in infants of women who received measles vaccine because measles vaccine induces lower antibody titers than does natural infection.Persistence of passive neutralizing measles antibody was studied longitudinally in a group of normal infants as a function of maternal measles titer at birth and maternal date of birth. Maternal serum and cord blood specimens were tested from 162 women and their newborns, from 51 of these infants at 9 months of age and from 63 at 12 months of age.Seventy-one percent of sera from 9-month-old infants (36 of 51, 95% confidence interval 68% to 84%) and 95% of samples from 12-month-old infants (60 of 63, 95% confidence interval 89% to 101%) had no detectable neutralizing measles antibody. Measles geometric mean titers were significantly higher at delivery in mothers whose infants were seropositive at 9 and 12 months compared with mothers whose infants were seronegative at 9 and 12 months. All infants with detectable measles antibody at 9 or 12 months had mothers born before 1963, before the vaccine era, and both material and cord blood measles geometric mean titers decreased significantly with decreasing maternal age.Persistence of passive measles antibody is uncommon by 12 months of age; earlier antibody loss is related to lower maternal age and maternal measles titer.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1995RT95400007

    View details for PubMedID 7651776

  • ALTERED REPRESENTATION OF NAIVE AND MEMORY CD8 T-CELL SUBSETS IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION Rabin, R. L., Roederer, M., Maldonado, Y., Petru, A., Herzenberg, L. A., Herzenberg, L. A. 1995; 95 (5): 2054-2060

    Abstract

    CD8 T cells are divided into naive and memory subsets according to both function and phenotype. In HIV-negative children, the naive subset is present at high frequencies, whereas memory cells are virtually absent. Previous studies have shown that the overall number of CD8 T cells does not decrease in HIV-infected children. In studies here, we use multiparameter flow cytometry to distinguish naive from memory CD8 T cells based on expression of CD11a, CD45RA, and CD62L. With this methodology, we show that within the CD8 T cell population, the naive subset decreases markedly (HIV+ vs. HIV-, 190 vs. 370 cells/microliter; P < or = 0.003), and that there is a reciprocal increase in memory cells, such that the total CD8 T cell counts remained unchanged (800 vs. 860 cells/microliter; P < or = 0.76). In addition, we show that for HIV-infected children, the naive CD8 T cell and total CD4 T cell counts correlate (chi 2 P < or = 0.001). This correlated loss suggests that the loss of naive CD8 T cells in HIV infection may contribute to the defects in cell-mediated immunity which become progressively worse as the HIV disease progresses and CD4 counts decrease.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1995QW20500014

    View details for PubMedID 7738172

  • Factors associated with early clinical recognition of children with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection. Northern California Pediatric HIV Consortium. journal of infectious diseases Maldonado, Y. A., Wang, N. E., Caldwell, B. 1995; 171 (3): 689-692

    Abstract

    Surveillance of children born to women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at five pediatric regional centers assessed times and patterns of clinical recognition in these children. Regional HIV seroprevalences among childbearing women were used to assess the proportion of identified children born to HIV-infected women. In total, 415 children with perinatal HIV exposure were identified. Early age at first HIV evaluation was significantly associated with maternal intravenous drug use (3.2 vs. 7.2 months for other or unknown maternal risk, P = .01), birth county with population > 500,000 (3.5 vs. 8.2 months for population < or = 500,000, P = .003), and hospital with routine HIV screening of pregnant women (0.1 vs. 8.8 months for no screening, P = .006). Race did not correlate with age at first evaluation. Using maternal HIV seroprevalence rates for 1988-1991, 34%-50% of the expected number of infants born to HIV-infected women were in clinical care. Perception of increased maternal risk for HIV infection was associated with early clinical recognition of infants of HIV-infected women.

    View details for PubMedID 7876619

  • SEROPREVALENCE OF HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS-INFECTIONS AMONG POSTPARTUM WOMEN FROM A RURAL-COMMUNITY IN SOUTHERN MEXICO Gadea, J. R., Bernal, M., Yasukawa, L. L., Tran, C., Halperin, D., Prober, C. G., Maldonado, Y. A. SLACK INC. 1994: A85–A85

    View details for Web of Science ID A1994MR21400457

  • BIOLOGIC, FOSTER, AND ADOPTIVE PARENTS - CAREGIVERS OF CHILDREN EXPOSED PERINATALLY TO HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS IN THE UNITED-STATES PEDIATRICS Caldwell, M. B., Mascola, L., Smith, W., Thomas, P., Hsu, H. W., Maldonado, Y., Parrott, R., Byers, R., Oxtoby, M. 1992; 90 (4): 603-607

    Abstract

    Children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers often do not live with a biologic parent because of drug use, illness, or death of the mother. Public health officials need to know the number and proportion of children who will require care by someone other than a biologic parent (alternative care giver). The Pediatric Spectrum of Disease project, conducted in six different geographic regions in the United States, assesses issues specific to HIV in children. Among the information being collected in this study are data regarding the primary care giver. Of 1683 children born to HIV-infected mothers and enrolled through 1990, 55% (937) were living with a biologic parent, 10% (169) with another relative, 28% (455) were in foster care, 3% (55) had been adopted, and 4% (67) lived in group settings or with other care givers. In all locations and for all racial/ethnic groups, children of mothers who used intravenous drugs were more likely to be living with an alternative care giver than were children of mothers who had not used intravenous drugs (odds ratio 4.15). However, there were striking variations by study location (odds ratio range 1.4 to 7.2). The data suggest that maternal drug use may be the most important factor determining whether a child lives with a biologic parent and that there are also regional differences in alternative care placement.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1992JT86300018

    View details for PubMedID 1408516

  • ROTAVIRUS BAILLIERES CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY Maldonado, Y. A., Yolken, R. H. 1990; 4 (3): 609-625

    Abstract

    Since their discovery in the 1970s, the human rotaviruses have been recognized as the most important cause of acute infectious gastroenteritis among infants and children worldwide. Rotavirus has been found to infect almost all mammalian and avian species tested, and is primarily a disease of the young. In humans, rotavirus is the most frequent gastrointestinal pathogen in infants and children less than 2 years of age. In developing countries, the attack rate peaks at 6 months of age, whereas in developed areas of the world the virus is most commonly found among children 6-12 months of age. Rotavirus displays a marked seasonality in temperate climates, with the number of cases peaking in the colder winter months. In tropical climates, this seasonality is not as apparent, and infection may occur year round. Symptoms of rotavirus infection are non-specific and include vomiting and diarrhoea, occasionally accompanied by a low grade fever. Dehydration is more common with rotavirus infection than with most bacterial pathogens, and is the most common cause of death related to rotavirus infection. Treatment is non-specific and includes the use of oral rehydration therapy, especially in developing countries where malnutrition is common. Strategies for the prevention of rotavirus infection are dependent on advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of the rotavirus. The genetic structure of the virus has been extensively studied, and a number of the structural proteins have been identified. The neutralization antigens, located on VP4 and VP7, may be important in conferring immunity to rotavirus in vivo. Two animal-derived and several reassortant rotavirus vaccines are currently being evaluated in field studies, and a number of other candidate vaccines are being tested in vitro and in animal studies.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1990EN54900003

    View details for PubMedID 1962726

  • EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POTENTIAL METHODS FOR PREVENTION OF NEONATAL INTESTINAL VIRAL-INFECTIONS REVIEWS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Yolken, R. H., Maldonado, Y., Kinney, J., VONDERFECHT, S. 1990; 12: S421-S427

    Abstract

    Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract remain a major problem during the neonatal period. In addition to causing acute diarrhea, rotaviruses and other enteric viruses may be involved in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis and other neonatal enteric diseases. There are several potential methods for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal viral infections. Antiviral immunoglobulins might be used to inhibit intestinal viral replication. Since only small concentrations of serum immunoglobulins are present at mucosal surfaces, oral administration of immunoglobulins might be utilized to maximize antiviral efficacy. Alternatively, inhibitors of specific glycoproteins of virus-cell binding might be used to prevent the productive infection of intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, since many enteric viruses require proteolytic enzymes for protein cleavage, protease inhibitors may prove effective for inhibition of intestinal viral replication. At this time, these methods have proven useful for the inhibition of rotavirus infection in experimental animals. The successful application of these and other methods for the prevention of enteric infections in humans might substantially reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with enteric diseases in high-risk neonates.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1990DG33700006

    View details for PubMedID 2194268

  • EPITOPE-SPECIFIC IMMUNE-RESPONSES TO ROTAVIRUS VACCINATION GASTROENTEROLOGY Shaw, R. D., Fong, K. J., Losonsky, G. A., LEVINE, M. M., Maldonado, Y., Yolken, R., Flores, J., KAPIKIAN, A. Z., Vo, P. T., Greenberg, H. B. 1987; 93 (5): 941-950

    Abstract

    Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a leading cause of infant mortality in developing countries and an important cause of morbidity in children under 2 yr of age in the United States. Vaccine programs have evaluated animal rotavirus strains that are attenuated in humans but antigenically similar to some human strains. Whether a single vaccine strain can elicit protective immunity in humans to rotaviruses of the same or different serotypes is an important question in determining vaccine efficacy. We used characterized serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies directed at VP7 in a competitive solid-phase immunoassay to measure epitope-specific immune responses to serotypes 1, 2, and 3 in sera of children who received a candidate serotype-3 rotavirus vaccine. Antibodies to serotype 3 were detected in 72% of sera samples, and to serotype 1 and 2 in only 11% each. Also, a VP3-specific monoclonal antibody which neutralizes three serotypically distinct strains of rotavirus was used to detect the presence of similar antibodies in 56% of the test sera. This finding suggests a mechanism of heterotypic immunity.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1987K557000004

    View details for PubMedID 2443417

  • SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF BOVINE ROTAVIRUS VACCINE RIT-4237 IN 3-MONTH-OLD INFANTS JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS Maldonado, Y., HESTVIK, L., Wilson, M., Townsend, T., OHARE, J., Wee, S., Yolken, R. 1986; 109 (6): 931-935

    Abstract

    To assess the safety and immunogenicity of bovine rotavirus vaccine, we administered attenuated strain RIT 4237 to 54 inner-city infants randomized to one of three groups in a double-blind fashion to receive a dose at 3 and 5 months of age of either placebo, vaccine virus at 10(7) TCID50/ml, or vaccine virus at 10(8) TCID50/ml. Vaccination began in early fall 1984, and continued through spring 1985. Forty-nine infants received one dose of vaccine or placebo; 43 received both doses of vaccine or placebo. At 2 and 3 months after vaccination, homologous geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers were significantly higher in children who received either dose of vaccine compared with placebo recipients. Cumulative seroconversion to bovine rotavirus after either dose of vaccine virus was 87% at 6 months of age. Seroconversion was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in both vaccine groups compared with the placebo group. No ill effects were associated with vaccine administration. RIT 4237 vaccine appears to be safe and immunogenic when administered to young infants living in the United States.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1986F117800003

    View details for PubMedID 3537248