Bio

Clinical Focus

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Endocrinology/Diabetes, Pediatric

Academic Appointments

Administrative Appointments

  • Fellowship Program Director, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (2011 - Present)

Professional Education

  • Residency:The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (2002) PA
  • Research Fellow, Joslin Diabetes Center, Beta Cell (2005)
  • Fellowship:Massachusetts General Hospital (2005) MA
  • Internship:The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (2000) PA
  • Medical Education:Jefferson Medical College (1999) PA
  • Board Certification: Pediatric Endocrinology, American Board of Pediatrics (2007)

Contact

    • Tel: (650) 723-5791
  • Medicine Specialties Clinic 730 Welch Rd 2nd Floor Palo Alto, CA94304
    • Tel: (650) 736-7642
    Fax: (650) 725-8375
  • Specialty Center South Bay 14777 Los Gatos Blvd Ste 200 Los Gatos, CA95032
    • Tel: (408) 356-0911

Research & Scholarship

Clinical Trials

  • Continuous Glucose Monitor Use in School Not Recruiting

    The purpose of this study is to find the impact of continuous blood glucose sensors use in the classroom/school environment. We will be asking the subject,subject's parent and subject's teachers to complete a short survey/questionnaire. The survey will take approximately 10-15 minutes.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Tandy Aye, (650) 723 - 5791.

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  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Its Impact on the Brain Recruiting

    About the Study: This research study is being conducted to see if diabetic ketoacidosis has any impact on learning, behavior and development in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. If there is an impact, is it transient or persistent? Sixty to 80 children between the ages of 4 to 17 years with Type 1 diabetes mellitus will have neuropsychological testing and a non-sedated MRI scan of the head performed. The investigators will compare this to a control group of 30-40 children between the ages of 4 to 17 years without Type 1 diabetes mellitus. The children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus will not have any changes made to their current diabetes regimen. The children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus should continue to check blood glucose values as required by your doctor and bring their meter(s) for downloading to each visit. The children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus should also tell your doctor about the frequency of severe low and high blood glucose values.

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  • The Effects of High and Low Blood Glucose Values on the Brain in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Not Recruiting

    Simplified Brochure Neuropsychological Testing/Assessment is like games for the child. They are asked to complete the sequence, identify pictures, explain what is happening, etc. There is no personality testing involved. Part of the standard IQ testing is done but no IQ score is obtained. Age appropriate testing is done for each child. The MRI is an enclosed machine. We have the child sit in a simulator after the neuropsychological testing to see what it will be like, including the sounds, etc. You will be given a video about MRI testing to view as well. The staff that does this has been doing this for years in a wide variety of children, young, developmental delayed, etc. The staff does this WITHOUT sedation. Some children cannot sit still through the entire series. We need to get six, 10 minute scans. Children are allowed movement such as the need to wiggle their toes and move in between each scan. The Neuropsychological Testing can be scheduled in the late afternoons if it is more convenient for your family. This visit may take 3-4 hours. The MRI scanning can be scheduled after 5pm and may take up to 2 hours depending on the child's cooperation. You maybe asked to repeat the Neuropsychological Testing and MRI scanning 24 months later.

    Stanford is currently not accepting patients for this trial. For more information, please contact Tandy Aye, (650) 723 - 5791.

    View full details

Teaching

2013-14 Courses

Graduate and Fellowship Programs

  • Pediatric Endocrinology (Fellowship Programs)

Publications

Journal Articles

  • Cognitive functioning in young children with type 1 diabetes. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society Cato, M. A., Mauras, N., Ambrosino, J., Bondurant, A., Conrad, A. L., Kollman, C., Cheng, P., Beck, R. W., Ruedy, K. J., Aye, T., Reiss, A. L., White, N. H., Hershey, T. 2014; 20 (2): 238-247

    Abstract

    The aim of this study was to assess cognitive functioning in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and examine whether glycemic history influences cognitive function. Neuropsychological evaluation of 216 children (healthy controls, n = 72; T1D, n = 144) ages 4-10 years across five DirecNet sites. Cognitive domains included IQ, Executive Functions, Learning and Memory, and Processing Speed. Behavioral, mood, parental IQ data, and T1D glycemic history since diagnosis were collected. The cohorts did not differ in age, gender or parent IQ. Median T1D duration was 2.5 years and average onset age was 4 years. After covarying age, gender, and parental IQ, the IQ and the Executive Functions domain scores trended lower (both p = .02, not statistically significant adjusting for multiple comparisons) with T1D relative to controls. Children with T1D were rated by parents as having more depressive and somatic symptoms (p < .001). Learning and memory (p = .46) and processing speed (p = .25) were similar. Trends in the data supported that the degree of hyperglycemia was associated with Executive Functions, and to a lesser extent, Child IQ and Learning and Memory. Differences in cognition are subtle in young children with T1D within 2 years of onset. Longitudinal evaluations will help determine whether these findings change or become more pronounced with time. (JINS, 2014, 20, 238-247).

    View details for DOI 10.1017/S1355617713001434

    View details for PubMedID 24512675

  • Real-time continuous glucose monitoring systems in the classroom/school environment. Diabetes technology & therapeutics Benassi, K., Drobny, J., Aye, T. 2013; 15 (5): 409-412

    Abstract

    Abstract Background: Children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) spend 4-7?h/day in school with very little supervision of their diabetes management. Therefore, families have become more dependent on technology, such as use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM), to provide increased supervision of their diabetes management. We sought to assess the impact of RT-CGM use in the classroom/school environment. Subjects and Methods: Children with T1D using RT-CGM, their parents, and teachers completed a questionnaire about RT-CGM in the classroom/school environment. Results: The RT-CGM was tolerated well in the classroom/school environment. Seventy percent of parents, 75% of students, and 51% of teachers found RT-CGM useful in the classroom/school environment. The students found the device to be more disruptive than did their parents and teachers. However, all three groups agreed that RT-CGM increased their comfort with diabetes management at school. Conclusions: Our study suggests that RT-CGM is useful and not disruptive in the classroom/school environment. The development of education materials for teachers could further increase its acceptance in the classroom/school environment.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/dia.2012.0314

    View details for PubMedID 23530577

  • White Matter Structural Differences in Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study DIABETES CARE Aye, T., Barnea-Goraly, N., Ambler, C., Hoang, S., Schleifer, K., Park, Y., Drobny, J., Wilson, D. M., Reiss, A. L., Buckingham, B. A. 2012; 35 (11): 2167-2173

    Abstract

    To detect clinical correlates of cognitive abilities and white matter (WM) microstructural changes using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in young children with type 1 diabetes.Children, ages 3 to <10 years, with type 1 diabetes (n = 22) and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (n = 14) completed neurocognitive testing and DTI scans.Compared with healthy controls, children with type 1 diabetes had lower axial diffusivity (AD) values (P = 0.046) in the temporal and parietal lobe regions. There were no significant differences between groups in fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity (RD). Within the diabetes group, there was a significant, positive correlation between time-weighted HbA(1c) and RD (P = 0.028). A higher, time-weighted HbA(1c) value was significantly correlated with lower overall intellectual functioning measured by the full-scale intelligence quotient (P = 0.03).Children with type 1 diabetes had significantly different WM structure (as measured by AD) when compared with controls. In addition, WM structural differences (as measured by RD) were significantly correlated with their HbA(1c) values. Additional studies are needed to determine if WM microstructural differences in young children with type 1 diabetes predict future neurocognitive outcome.

    View details for DOI 10.2337/dc12-0017

    View details for Web of Science ID 000311424100015

    View details for PubMedID 22966090

  • Analysis of the NovoTwist pen needle in comparison with conventional screw-thread needles. Journal of diabetes science and technology Aye, T. 2011; 5 (6): 1488-1489

    Abstract

    Administration of insulin via a pen device may be advantageous over a vial and syringe system. Hofman and colleagues introduce a new insulin pen needle, the NovoTwist, to simplify injections to a small group of children and adolescents. Their overall preferences and evaluation of the handling of the needle are reported in the study. This new needle has the potential to ease administration of insulin via a pen device that may increase both the use of a pen device and adherence to insulin therapy.

    View details for PubMedID 22226270

  • The Feasibility of Detecting Neuropsychologic and Neuroanatomic Effects of Type 1 Diabetes in Young Children DIABETES CARE Aye, T., Reiss, A. L., Kesler, S., Hoang, S., Drobny, J., Park, Y., Schleifer, K., Baumgartner, H., Wilson, D. M., Buckingham, B. A. 2011; 34 (7): 1458-1462

    Abstract

    To determine if frequent exposures to hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia during early childhood lead to neurocognitive deficits and changes in brain anatomy.In this feasibility, cross-sectional study, young children, aged 3 to 10 years, with type 1 diabetes and age- and sex-matched healthy control (HC) subjects completed neuropsychologic (NP) testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain.NP testing and MRI scanning was successfully completed in 98% of the type 1 diabetic and 93% of the HC children. A significant negative relationship between HbA1c and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) verbal comprehension was observed. WISC index scores were significantly reduced in type 1 diabetic subjects who had experienced seizures. White matter volume did not show the expected increase with age in children with type 1 diabetes compared with HC children (diagnosis by age interaction, P=0.005). A similar trend was detected for hippocampal volume. Children with type 1 diabetes who had experienced seizures showed significantly reduced gray matter and white matter volumes relative to children with type 1 diabetes who had not experienced seizures.It is feasible to perform MRI and NP testing in young children with type 1 diabetes. Further, early signs of neuroanatomic variation may be present in this population. Larger cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of neurocognitive function and neuroanatomy are needed to define the effect of type 1 diabetes on the developing brain.

    View details for DOI 10.2337/dc10-2164

    View details for Web of Science ID 000293261200003

    View details for PubMedID 21562318

  • Toward Closing the Loop: An Update on Insulin Pumps and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Aye, T., Block, J., Buckingham, B. 2010; 39 (3): 609-?

    Abstract

    This article reviews current pump and continuous glucose monitoring therapy and what will be required to integrate these systems into closed-loop control. Issues with sensor accuracy, lag time, and calibration are discussed as well as issues with insulin pharmacodynamics, which result in a delayed onset of insulin action in a closed-loop system. A stepwise approach to closed-loop therapy is anticipated, where the first systems will suspend insulin delivery based on actual or predicted hypoglycemia. Subsequent systems may control to range, limiting the time spent in hyperglycemia by mitigating the effects of a missed food bolus or underestimate of consumed carbohydrates, while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.005

    View details for Web of Science ID 000282146100011

    View details for PubMedID 20723823

  • Metformin Extended Release Treatment of Adolescent Obesity A 48-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial With 48-Week Follow-up ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE Wilson, D. M., Abrams, S. H., Aye, T., Lee, P. D., Lenders, C., Lustig, R. H., Osganian, S. V., Feldman, H. A. 2010; 164 (2): 116-123

    Abstract

    Metformin has been proffered as a therapy for adolescent obesity, although long-term controlled studies have not been reported.To test the hypothesis that 48 weeks of daily metformin hydrochloride extended release (XR) therapy will reduce body mass index (BMI) in obese adolescents, as compared with placebo.Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.The 6 centers of the Glaser Pediatric Research Network from October 2003 to August 2007.Obese (BMI > or = 95th percentile) adolescents (aged 13-18 years) were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 39) or placebo groups. Intervention Following a 1-month run-in period, subjects following a lifestyle intervention program were randomized 1:1 to 48 weeks' treatment with metformin hydrochloride XR, 2000 mg once daily, or an identical placebo. Subjects were monitored for an additional 48 weeks. Main Outcome Measure Change in BMI, adjusted for site, sex, race, ethnicity, and age and metformin vs placebo.After 48 weeks, mean (SE) adjusted BMI increased 0.2 (0.5) in the placebo group and decreased 0.9 (0.5) in the metformin XR group (P = .03). This difference persisted for 12 to 24 weeks after cessation of treatment. No significant effects of metformin on body composition, abdominal fat, or insulin indices were observed.Metformin XR caused a small but statistically significant decrease in BMI when added to a lifestyle intervention program.clinicaltrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00209482 and NCT00120146.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000274139500001

    View details for PubMedID 20124139

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