Bio

Bio

Louis P. Halamek, M.D., is a Professor in the Medical Center Professoriate in the Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics (by courtesy) at Stanford University. He is also a Senior Fellow in the Center for Aviation Safety Research and Adjunct Faculty in the Department of Aviation in the Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology at St. Louis University. He is a graduate of the Creighton University School of Medicine and completed residency and chief residency in Pediatrics at the University of Nebraska Medical Center followed by fellowship in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine at Stanford University. He is certified by the American Board of Pediatrics in both Pediatric Medicine and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine and is a Fellow in the American Academy of Pediatrics. He has a clinical appointment at Lucile Packard Children?s Hospital at Stanford where he works in the level IV neonatal intensive care unit.

Through his activities with the annual Safety Across High Consequences Industries Conference sponsored by St. Louis University and ongoing collaboration with colleagues at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, Dr. Halamek has learned the benefits of a cross-industries approach to risk assessment, safety and effectiveness. His current work centers on the development of hospital operations centers linked with sophisticated simulation capabilities, optimization of human performance during high risk activities such as resuscitation, analysis of human and system error, and human factors and ergonomics in healthcare. In 2002 Dr. Halamek founded the Center for Advanced Pediatric and Perinatal Education (CAPE, http://www.cape.lpch.org), the world's first such center dedicated to fetal, neonatal, pediatric and obstetric simulation, located at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital on the campus of Stanford University. He is currently a Special Consultant in Simulation- and Virtual Reality-based Learning to the U.S. Neonatal Resuscitation Program.

Clinical Focus

  • Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine
  • Neonatology
  • Neonatal Intensive Care
  • Neonatal Resuscitation
  • Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
  • High Frequency Ventilation
  • Prenatal Consultation
  • Human Factors Analysis
  • Human Performance Optimization
  • Patient Safety
  • Risk Management
  • Risk Assessment
  • Patient Simulation
  • Debriefing - Technical

Academic Appointments

Administrative Appointments

  • Adjunct Faculty, Department of Aviation, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, St. Louis University (2010 - Present)
  • Senior Fellow, Center for Aviation Safety Research (CASR), Department of Aviation, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, St. Louis University (2010 - Present)
  • Executive Committee, Safety Across High Consequences Industries (SAHI), Department of Aviation Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, St. Louis University (2005 - Present)
  • National Steering Committee, Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (2001 - Present)
  • Director, Fellowship Training Program in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University (1993 - 2013)
  • Associate Program Director, Neonatal and Developmental Biology Program, Stanford University (1993 - Present)
  • Associate Chief, Education, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University (2000 - Present)
  • Director, Center for Advanced Pediatric and Perinatal Education (CAPE), Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford (2002 - Present)

Professional Education

  • Fellowship:Stanford University School of Medicine Registrar (1993) CA
  • Residency:University of Nebraska Medical Center (1990) NE
  • Residency:University of Nebraska Medical Center (1989) NE
  • Board Certification: Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, American Board of Pediatrics (1993)
  • Internship:University of Nebraska Medical Center (1987) NE
  • Medical Education:Creighton University (1986) NE

Contact

  • Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 725 Welch Rd Palo Alto, CA 94304
    • Tel: (650) 497-8800
    Fax: (650) 725-8351

Links

Research & Scholarship

Current Research and Scholarly Interests

My current research interests are focused on development of hospital operations centers coupled with sophisticated simulation capabilities, re-creation of clinical near misses and adverse events, optimization of human and system performance during resuscitation, enhancing pattern recognition and situational awareness at the bedside, evaluation and optimization of debriefing, and patient simulator design.

In 2002 I founded the Center for Advanced Pediatric and Perinatal Education (CAPE, http://www.cape.lpch.org), dedicated to fetal, neonatal, pediatric and obstetric simulation. CAPE's achievements include but are not limited to the following:
1) CAPE has established itself as an international leader in healthcare simulation. Trainees and visitors from 45 states in the U.S. and more than 45 foreign countries have come to CAPE. The work being done within its walls has been formally presented and/or conducted on five of the world’s seven continents.
2) CAPE’s Simulation Instructor Training Program is viewed as a national standard in pediatrics and obstetrics.
3) Clinically relevant research conducted at CAPE using simulation as a methodology continues to influence the practice of pediatrics and obstetrics on local, regional and national levels. Examples include areas such as code cart design, resuscitation techniques and high-risk communication strategies.
4) CAPE has a longstanding partnership with the American Academy of Pediatrics and its NeoSim program serves as the basis for the new simulation-based Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), the national standard of care for newborns in the U.S. With the AAP, CAPE has also co-developed a number of novel training resources including a) the 2011 NRP Instructor DVD: An Interactive Tool for Facilitation of Simulation-based Learning, b) the 2011 NRP Instructor Manual, and c) a Key Behavioral Skills Wall Chart for display in delivery rooms across the U.S.
5) CAPE has worked with industry to develop and field test new technologies for use in simulation-based learning including an interface to control bedside monitor data streams (Patient Monitor Driver™, Advanced Medical Simulation, Inc.), a fetal monitor simulator (FetalSim™, Advanced Medical Simulation, Inc.) and a number of neonatal, infant, pediatric and obstetric patient simulators (Laerdal Medical, Inc.). It has also actively collaborated in the development and implementation of a novel high definition audiovisual system tailored to meet the needs of simulation centers (Apple, Inc. and VMI, Inc.)
6) CAPE is the originator of the Packard Circle of Safety, the process that defines how simulation is integrated into the daily activities of Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital to improve patient safety.
7) CAPE has worked closely with the Center for Nursing Excellence at Packard to facilitate the dissemination of simulation throughout the hospital. The model of unit-based simulation task forces developed at CAPE is a national example for building a successful large-scale simulation program.
8) Training programs developed at CAPE are attended by every nurse at Packard Children’s Hospital; every student in the Stanford University School of Medicine; every resident General Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Anesthesia, and Emergency Medicine; and every fellow in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Pediatric Surgery.
9) CAPE is the academic home to faculty and postdoctoral fellows in the Stanford departments of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emergency Medicine, and Anesthesia. It also serves as a host laboratory for projects in the BioDesign and BioSimulation programs at Stanford.
10) CAPE has been a responsible steward of its founding gift and the endowment provided by an anonymous donor in our community and has successfully developed a diversified model of financial support while maintaining a solvent budget.

Teaching

2017-18 Courses

Publications

All Publications

  • Simulation-Based Patient-Specific Multidisciplinary Team Training in Preparation for the Resuscitation and Stabilization of Conjoined Twins AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PERINATOLOGY Yamada, N. K., Fuerch, J. H., Halamek, L. P. 2017; 34 (6): 621-626

    View details for DOI 10.1055/s-0036-1593808

    View details for Web of Science ID 000400074500016

  • Training Pediatric Fellows in Palliative Care: A Pilot Comparison of Simulation Training and Didactic Education. Journal of palliative medicine Brock, K. E., Cohen, H. J., Sourkes, B. M., Good, J. J., Halamek, L. P. 2017

    Abstract

    Pediatric fellows receive little palliative care (PC) education and have few opportunities to practice communication skills.In this pilot study, we assessed (1) the relative effectiveness of simulation-based versus didactic education, (2) communication skill retention, and (3) effect on PC consultation rates.Thirty-five pediatric fellows in cardiology, critical care, hematology/oncology, and neonatology at two institutions enrolled: 17 in the intervention (simulation-based) group (single institution) and 18 in the control (didactic education) group (second institution). Intervention group participants participated in a two-day program over three months (three simulations and videotaped PC panel). Control group participants received written education designed to be similar in content and time.(1) Self-assessment questionnaires were completed at baseline, post-intervention and three months; mean between-group differences for each outcome measure were assessed. (2) External reviewers rated simulation-group encounters on nine communication domains. Within-group changes over time were assessed. (3) The simulation-based site's PC consultations were compared in the six months pre- and post-intervention.Compared to the control group, participants in the intervention group improved in self-efficacy (p?=?0.003) and perceived adequacy of medical education (p?

    View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2016.0556

    View details for PubMedID 28436742

  • Effects of delivery room quality improvement on premature infant outcomes JOURNAL OF PERINATOLOGY Lapcharoensap, W., Bennett, M. V., Powers, R. J., Finer, N. N., Halamek, L. P., Gould, J. B., Sharek, P. J., Lee, H. C. 2017; 37 (4): 349-354

    Abstract

    Delivery room management interventions have been successfully implemented via collaborative quality improvement (QI) projects. However, it is unknown whether these successes translate to reductions in neonatal morbidity and mortality.This was a prospective pre-post intervention study of three nonrandomized hospital groups within the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative. A collaborative QI model (Collaborative QI) was compared with a single-site QI model (NICU QI) and a non-participant population when implementing evidence-based delivery room practices. The intervention period was between June 2011 and May 2012. Infants born with gestational age between 22 weeks 0 days and 29 weeks 6 days and birth weight ?1500?g were included. Outcomes were mortality and select morbidities (bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)). Outcomes were compared between the baseline (January 2010 to May 2011) and post-intervention period (June 2012 to May 2013) within each comparison group.Ninety-five hospitals were included with 4222 infants in the baseline period and 4186 infants in the post-intervention period. The Collaborative QI group had significantly reduced odds of developing BPD post-intervention (odds ratio (OR) 0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 0.99) or composite BPD-death (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.00). In both the Collaborative QI and non-participants there were also reductions in IVH, severe IVH, composite severe IVH-death, severe ROP and composite severe ROP-death.Hospitals dedicated to improving delivery room practices can impact neonatal outcomes.Journal of Perinatology advance online publication, 22 December 2016; doi:10.1038/jp.2016.237.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/jp.2016.237

    View details for Web of Science ID 000399264800007

  • Opportunities to Foster Efficient Communication in Labor and Delivery Using Simulation. AJP reports Daniels, K., Hamilton, C., Crowe, S., Lipman, S. S., Halamek, L. P., Lee, H. C. 2017; 7 (1): e44-e48

    Abstract

    Introduction?Communication errors are an important contributing factor in adverse outcomes in labor and delivery (L&D) units. The objective of this study was to identify common lapses in verbal communication using simulated obstetrical scenarios and propose alternative formats for communication. Methods?Health care professionals in L&D participated in three simulated clinical scenarios. Scenarios were recorded and reviewed to identify questions repeated within and across scenarios. Questions that were repeated more than once due to ineffective communication were identified. The frequency with which the questions were asked across simulations was identified. Results?Questions were commonly repeated both within and across 27 simulated scenarios. The median number of questions asked was 27 per simulated scenario. Commonly repeated questions focused on three general topics: (1) historical data/information (i.e., estimated gestational age), (2) maternal clinical status (i.e., estimated blood loss), and (3) personnel (i.e., "Has anesthesiologist been called?"). Conclusion?Inefficient verbal communication exists in the process of transferring information during obstetric emergencies. These findings can inform improved training and development of information displays to improve teamwork and communication. A visual display that can report static historical information and specific dynamic clinical data may facilitate optimal human performance.

    View details for DOI 10.1055/s-0037-1599123

    View details for PubMedID 28255522

  • Effects of delivery room quality improvement on premature infant outcomes. Journal of perinatology Lapcharoensap, W., Bennett, M. V., Powers, R. J., Finer, N. N., Halamek, L. P., Gould, J. B., Sharek, P. J., Lee, H. C. 2016

    Abstract

    Delivery room management interventions have been successfully implemented via collaborative quality improvement (QI) projects. However, it is unknown whether these successes translate to reductions in neonatal morbidity and mortality.This was a prospective pre-post intervention study of three nonrandomized hospital groups within the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative. A collaborative QI model (Collaborative QI) was compared with a single-site QI model (NICU QI) and a non-participant population when implementing evidence-based delivery room practices. The intervention period was between June 2011 and May 2012. Infants born with gestational age between 22 weeks 0 days and 29 weeks 6 days and birth weight ?1500?g were included. Outcomes were mortality and select morbidities (bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)). Outcomes were compared between the baseline (January 2010 to May 2011) and post-intervention period (June 2012 to May 2013) within each comparison group.Ninety-five hospitals were included with 4222 infants in the baseline period and 4186 infants in the post-intervention period. The Collaborative QI group had significantly reduced odds of developing BPD post-intervention (odds ratio (OR) 0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 0.99) or composite BPD-death (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.00). In both the Collaborative QI and non-participants there were also reductions in IVH, severe IVH, composite severe IVH-death, severe ROP and composite severe ROP-death.Hospitals dedicated to improving delivery room practices can impact neonatal outcomes.Journal of Perinatology advance online publication, 22 December 2016; doi:10.1038/jp.2016.237.

    View details for DOI 10.1038/jp.2016.237

    View details for PubMedID 28005062

  • Simulation-Based Patient-Specific Multidisciplinary Team Training in Preparation for the Resuscitation and Stabilization of Conjoined Twins. American journal of perinatology Yamada, N. K., Fuerch, J. H., Halamek, L. P. 2016: -?

    Abstract

    The resuscitation of conjoined twins is a rare and complex clinical challenge. We detail how patient-specific, in situ simulation can be used to prepare a large, multidisciplinary team of health care professionals (HCPs) to deliver safe, efficient, and effective care to such patients. In this case, in situ simulation allowed an 18-person team to address the clinical and ergonomic challenges anticipated for this neonatal resuscitation. The HCPs trained together as an intact team in the actual delivery room environment to probe for human and system weaknesses prior to this unique delivery, and optimized communication, teamwork, and other behavioral skills as they prepared for the simultaneous resuscitation of two patients who were physically joined to one another.

    View details for PubMedID 27832667

  • Simulation and debriefing in neonatology 2016: Mission incomplete SEMINARS IN PERINATOLOGY Halamek, L. P. 2016; 40 (7): 489-493

    Abstract

    Simulation can be an effective tool to facilitate the acquisition and maintenance of the cognitive, technical and behavioral skills necessary to carry out our mission in neonatology: the delivery of safe, effective and efficient care to our patients. Prominent examples of successful implementation of simulation within neonatology include the Neonatal Resuscitation Program, the International Pediatric Simulation Society, and the International Network for Simulation-Based Pediatric Innovation, Research and Education. Despite these successes much remains to be accomplished. Expanding simulation beyond technical skill acquisition, using simulated environments to conduct research into human and system performance, incorporating simulation into high-stakes skill assessments, embracing the expertise of the more extensive modeling and simulation community and, in general, applying simulation to healthcare with the same degree of gravitas with which it is deployed in other high-risk industries are all tasks that must be completed in order to achieve our mission.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.semperi.2016.08.010

    View details for Web of Science ID 000390079400010

    View details for PubMedID 27810117

  • Implementing Delivery Room Checklists and Communication Standards in a Multi-Neonatal ICU Quality Improvement Collaborative. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety / Joint Commission Resources Bennett, S. C., Finer, N., Halamek, L. P., Mickas, N., Bennett, M. V., Nisbet, C. C., Sharek, P. J. 2016; 42 (8): 369-376

    Abstract

    The 2015 American Academy of Pediatrics Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) and International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) resuscitation guidelines state, "It is still suggested that briefing and debriefing techniques be used whenever possible for neonatal resuscitation." Effective communication and reliable delivery of evidence-based best practices are critical aspects of the 2015 NRP guidelines. To promote optimal communication and best practice-focused checklists use during active neonatal resuscitation, the Readiness Bundle (RB) was integrated within the larger change package deployed in the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative's (CPQCC) 12-month Delivery Room Management Quality Improvement Collaborative.The RB consisted of (1) a checklist for high-risk neonatal resuscitations and (2) briefings and debriefings to improve teamwork and communication in the delivery room (DR). Implementation of the RB was encouraged, compliance with the RB was tracked monthly up through 6 months after the completion of the collaborative, and satisfaction with the RB was evaluated.Twenty-four neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) participated in the CPQCCDR collaborative. Before the initiation of the collaborative, the elements of the RB were complied with in 0 of 740 reported deliveries (0%). During the 12-month collaborative, compliance with the RB improved to a median of 71%, which was surpassed in the 6-month period after the collaborative ended (80%). One-hundred percent of responding NICUs would recommend the RB to other NICUs working on improving DR management.The RB was rapidly adopted, with compliance sustained for 6 months after completion of the collaborative. Inclusion of the RB in the next generation of the NRP guidelines is encouraged.

    View details for PubMedID 27456419

  • Impact of Standardized Communication Techniques on Errors during Simulated Neonatal Resuscitation. American journal of perinatology Yamada, N. K., Fuerch, J. H., Halamek, L. P. 2016; 33 (4): 385-392

    Abstract

    Aim?Current patterns of communication in high-risk clinical situations, such as resuscitation, are imprecise and prone to error. We hypothesized that the use of standardized communication techniques would decrease the errors committed by resuscitation teams during neonatal resuscitation. Methods?In a prospective, single-blinded, matched pairs design with block randomization, 13 subjects performed as a lead resuscitator in two simulated complex neonatal resuscitations. Two nurses assisted each subject during the simulated resuscitation scenarios. In one scenario, the nurses used nonstandard communication; in the other, they used standardized communication techniques. The performance of the subjects was scored to determine errors committed (defined relative to the Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm), time to initiation of positive pressure ventilation (PPV), and time to initiation of chest compressions (CC). Results?In scenarios in which subjects were exposed to standardized communication techniques, there was a trend toward decreased error rate, time to initiation of PPV, and time to initiation of CC. While not statistically significant, there was a 1.7-second improvement in time to initiation of PPV and a 7.9-second improvement in time to initiation of CC. Conclusions?Should these improvements in human performance be replicated in the care of real newborn infants, they could improve patient outcomes and enhance patient safety.

    View details for DOI 10.1055/s-0035-1565997

    View details for PubMedID 26485251

  • Analysis and classification of errors made by teams during neonatal resuscitation RESUSCITATION Yamada, N. K., Yaeger, K. A., Halamek, L. P. 2015; 96: 109-113

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.048

    View details for Web of Science ID 000366584500026

  • Reliability and Validity of the Pediatric Palliative Care Questionnaire for Measuring Self-Efficacy, Knowledge, and Adequacy of Prior Medical Education among Pediatric Fellows JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE Brock, K. E., Cohen, H. J., Popat, R. A., Halamek, L. P. 2015; 18 (10): 842-848

    View details for DOI 10.1089/jpm.2015.0110

    View details for Web of Science ID 000362268900010

    View details for PubMedID 26185912

  • Impact of a novel decision support tool on adherence to Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm RESUSCITATION Fuerch, J. H., Yamada, N. K., Coelho, P. R., Lee, H. C., Halamek, L. P. 2015; 88: 52-56

    Abstract

    Studies have shown that healthcare professionals (HCPs) display a 16-55% error rate in adherence to the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) algorithm. The aim of this study was to evaluate adherence to the Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm by subjects working from memory as compared to subjects using a decision support tool that provides auditory and visual prompts to guide implementation of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm during simulated neonatal resuscitation.Healthcare professionals (physicians, nurse practitioners, obstetrical/neonatal nurses) with a current NRP card were randomized to the control or intervention group and performed three simulated neonatal resuscitations. The scenarios were evaluated for the initiation and cessation of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) and chest compressions (CC), as well as the frequency of FiO2 adjustment. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare a score measuring the adherence of the control and intervention groups to the Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm.Sixty-five healthcare professionals were recruited and randomized to the control or intervention group. Positive pressure ventilation was performed correctly 55-80% of the time in the control group vs. 94-95% in the intervention group across all three scenarios (p<0.0001). Chest compressions were performed correctly 71-81% of the time in the control group vs. 82-93% in the intervention group in the two scenarios in which they were indicated (p<0.0001). FiO2 was addressed three times more frequently in the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.001).Healthcare professionals using a decision support tool exhibit significantly fewer deviations from the Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm compared to those working from memory alone during simulated neonatal resuscitation.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.12.016

    View details for Web of Science ID 000352508400023

    View details for PubMedID 25555358

  • Communication during resuscitation: Time for a change? RESUSCITATION Yamada, N. K., Halamek, L. P. 2014; 85 (12): E191-E192

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.08.034

    View details for Web of Science ID 000346603700006

    View details for PubMedID 25277341

  • Implementation Methods for Delivery Room Management: A Quality Improvement Comparison Study PEDIATRICS Lee, H. C., Powers, R. J., Bennett, M. V., Finer, N. N., Halamek, L. P., Nisbet, C., Crockett, M., Chance, K., Blackney, D., von Koehler, C., Kurtin, P., Sharek, P. J. 2014; 134 (5): E1378-E1386

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-0863

    View details for Web of Science ID 000344385900014

  • Implementation methods for delivery room management: a quality improvement comparison study. Pediatrics Lee, H. C., Powers, R. J., Bennett, M. V., Finer, N. N., Halamek, L. P., Nisbet, C., Crockett, M., Chance, K., Blackney, D., von Köhler, C., Kurtin, P., Sharek, P. J. 2014; 134 (5): e1378-86

    Abstract

    There is little evidence to compare the effectiveness of large collaborative quality improvement versus individual local projects.This was a prospective pre-post intervention study of neonatal resuscitation practice, comparing 3 groups of nonrandomized hospitals in the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative: (1) collaborative, hospitals working together through face-to-face meetings, webcasts, electronic mailing list, and data sharing; (2) individual, hospitals working independently; and (3) nonparticipant hospitals. The collaborative and individual arms participated in improvement activities, focusing on reducing hypothermia and invasive ventilatory support.There were 20 collaborative, 31 individual, and 44 nonparticipant hospitals caring for 12?528 eligible infants. Each group had reduced hypothermia from baseline to postintervention. The collaborative group had the most significant decrease in hypothermia, from 39% to 21%, compared with individual hospital efforts of 38% to 33%, and nonparticipants of 42% to 34%. After risk adjustment, the collaborative group had twice the magnitude of decrease in rates of newborns with hypothermia compared with the other groups. Collaborative improvement also led to greater decreases in delivery room intubation (53% to 40%) and surfactant administration (37% to 20%).Collaborative efforts resulted in larger improvements in delivery room outcomes and processes than individual efforts or nonparticipation. These findings have implications for planning quality improvement projects for implementation of evidence-based practices.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-0863

    View details for PubMedID 25332503

  • Using simulation to study difficult clinical issues: prenatal counseling at the threshold of viability across american and dutch cultures. Simulation in healthcare Geurtzen, R., Hogeveen, M., Rajani, A. K., Chitkara, R., Antonius, T., Van Heijst, A., Draaisma, J., Halamek, L. P. 2014; 9 (3): 167-173

    Abstract

    Prenatal counseling at the threshold of viability is a challenging yet critically important activity, and care guidelines differ across cultures. Studying how this task is performed in the actual clinical environment is extremely difficult. In this pilot study, we used simulation as a methodology with 2 aims as follows: first, to explore the use of simulation incorporating a standardized pregnant patient as an investigative methodology and, second, to determine similarities and differences in content and style of prenatal counseling between American and Dutch neonatologists.We compared counseling practice between 11 American and 11 Dutch neonatologists, using a simulation-based investigative methodology. All subjects performed prenatal counseling with a simulated pregnant patient carrying a fetus at the limits of viability. The following elements of scenario design were standardized across all scenarios: layout of the physical environment, details of the maternal and fetal histories, questions and responses of the standardized pregnant patient, and the time allowed for consultation.American subjects typically presented several treatment options without bias, whereas Dutch subjects were more likely to explicitly advise a specific course of treatment (emphasis on partial life support). American subjects offered comfort care more frequently than the Dutch subjects and also discussed options for maximal life support more often than their Dutch colleagues.Simulation is a useful research methodology for studying activities difficult to assess in the actual clinical environment such as prenatal counseling at the limits of viability. Dutch subjects were more directive in their approach than their American counterparts, offering fewer options for care and advocating for less invasive interventions. American subjects were more likely to offer a wider range of therapeutic options without providing a recommendation for any specific option.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000011

    View details for PubMedID 24401918

  • The Neonatal Resuscitation Program: Current Recommendations and a Look at the Future INDIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS Kumar, P., Yamada, N. K., Fuerch, J. H., Halamek, L. P. 2014; 81 (5): 473-480

    Abstract

    The Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) consists of an algorithm and curriculum to train healthcare professionals to facilitate newborn infants' transition to extrauterine life and to provide a standardized approach to the care of infants who require more invasive support and resuscitation. This review discusses the most recent update of the NRP algorithm and recommended guidelines for the care of newly born infants. Current challenges in training and assessment as well as the importance of ergonomics in the optimization of human performance are discussed. Finally, it is recommended that in order to ensure high-performing resuscitation teams, members should be selected and retained based on objective performance criteria and frequent participation in realistic simulated clinical scenarios.

    View details for DOI 10.1007/s12098-013-1332-0

    View details for Web of Science ID 000335739000011

    View details for PubMedID 24652267

  • The society for obstetric anesthesia and perinatology consensus statement on the management of cardiac arrest in pregnancy. Anesthesia and analgesia Lipman, S., Cohen, S., Einav, S., Jeejeebhoy, F., Mhyre, J. M., Morrison, L. J., Katz, V., Tsen, L. C., Daniels, K., Halamek, L. P., Suresh, M. S., Arafeh, J., Gauthier, D., Carvalho, J. C., Druzin, M., Carvalho, B. 2014; 118 (5): 1003-1016

    Abstract

    This consensus statement was commissioned in 2012 by the Board of Directors of the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology to improve maternal resuscitation by providing health care providers critical information (including point-of-care checklists) and operational strategies relevant to maternal cardiac arrest. The recommendations in this statement were designed to address the challenges of an actual event by emphasizing health care provider education, behavioral/communication strategies, latent systems errors, and periodic testing of performance. This statement also expands on, interprets, and discusses controversial aspects of material covered in the American Heart Association 2010 guidelines.

    View details for DOI 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000171

    View details for PubMedID 24781570

  • Variability of characteristics and outcomes following cardiopulmonary resuscitation events in diverse ICU settings in a single, tertiary care children's hospital*. Pediatric critical care medicine Gupta, P., Yan, K., Chow, V., Dao, D. T., Gossett, J. M., Leong, K., Franzon, D., Halamek, L. P., Reddy, S., Berg, R. A., Roth, S. J., Nadkarni, V. M. 2014; 15 (3): e128-41

    Abstract

    The primary objective of this study was to compare and contrast the characteristics and survival outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for "monitored" events in pediatric patients treated with chest compressions more than or equal to 1 minute in varied ICU settings.Retrospective observational study.Three different specialized ICUs in a single, tertiary care, academic children's hospital.We collected demographic information, preexisting conditions, preevent characteristics, event characteristics, and outcome data. The primary outcome measure was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcome measures included return of spontaneous circulation, 24-hour survival, and survival with good neurologic outcome.None.Four hundred eleven patients treated with chest compressions for more than or equal to 1 minute were included in the analysis: 170 patients were located in the cardiovascular ICU, 157 patients in the neonatal ICU, and 84 patients in the PICU. Arrest durations were longer in the cardiovascular ICU than other ICUs. Use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation was more prevalent in the cardiovascular ICU (cardiovascular ICU, 17%; neonatal ICU, 3%; PICU, 4%). Return of spontaneous circulation, 24-hour survival, survival to hospital discharge, and good neurologic outcome were highest among neonatal ICU patients (survival to discharge, 53%) followed by cardiovascular ICU patients (survival to discharge, 46%) and PICU patients (survival to discharge, 36%). In a multivariable model controlling for patient and event characteristics, using cardiovascular ICU as reference, adjusted odds of survival in PICU were 0.33 (95% CI, 0.14-0.76; p = 0.009) and odds of survival in neonatal ICU were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.31-2.11; p = 0.65).Comparative analysis of pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation in three different ICU settings demonstrated a significant variation in baseline, preevent, and event characteristics. Although outcomes vary significantly among the three different ICUs, it was difficult to ascertain if this difference was due to variation in the disease process or variation in the location of the patient.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000067

    View details for PubMedID 24413318

  • Variability of Characteristics and Outcomes Following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Events in Diverse ICU Settings in a Single, Tertiary Care Children's Hospital*. Pediatric critical care medicine Gupta, P., Yan, K., Chow, V., Dao, D. T., Gossett, J. M., Leong, K., Franzon, D., Halamek, L. P., Reddy, S., Berg, R. A., Roth, S. J., Nadkarni, V. M. 2014; 15 (3): e128-41

    View details for DOI 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000067

    View details for PubMedID 24413318

  • Simulation as a methodology for assessing the performance of healthcare professionals working in the delivery room. Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine Halamek, L. P. 2013; 18 (6): 369-372

    Abstract

    Formal evaluation of healthcare professionals has been accomplished primarily through assessment of the ability to recall content knowledge despite the fact that cognitive, technical and behavioral skills are all important aspects of human performance in this domain. In addition human performance is also influenced by elements that are extrinsic to the human being including the systems and subsystems with which they must interact. Rigorous assessment of human and system performance in the actual healthcare environment is extremely challenging for a number of reasons. Simulation provides a methodology by which this performance can be objectively assessed, thereby facilitating the delivery of effective, safe and efficient patient care.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.siny.2013.08.010

    View details for PubMedID 24051303

  • Editorial: Bringing latent safety threats out into the open. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety / Joint Commission Resources Halamek, L. P. 2013; 39 (6): 267-?

    View details for PubMedID 23789164

  • Anterolateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia with omphalocele: A case report and literature review AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART A Scahill, M. D., Maak, P., Kunder, C., Halamek, L. P. 2013; 161A (3): 585-588

    Abstract

    The combination of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and omphalocele is quite rare but can be seen in several syndromes. We report on a female newborn with this combination that had not been diagnosed prenatally. The patient suffered respiratory failure that persisted despite intensive care support, suggesting severe secondary pulmonary hypoplasia. Autopsy revealed the combination of an anterolateral CDH and omphalocele in the absence of other anomalies. We believe this to be the first such case to be reported in the literature.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/ajmg.a.35703

    View details for Web of Science ID 000315341700025

  • The accuracy of human senses in the detection of neonatal heart rate during standardized simulated resuscitation: implications for delivery of care, training and technology design. Resuscitation Chitkara, R., Rajani, A. K., Oehlert, J. W., Lee, H. C., Epi, M. S., Halamek, L. P. 2013; 84 (3): 369-372

    Abstract

    Auscultation and palpation are recommended methods of determining heart rate (HR) during neonatal resuscitation. We hypothesized that: (a) detection of HR by auscultation or palpation will vary by more than ± 15BPM from actual HR; and (b) the inability to accurately determine HR will be associated with errors in management of the neonate during simulated resuscitation.Using a prospective, randomized, controlled study design, 64 subjects participated in three simulated neonatal resuscitation scenarios. Subjects were randomized to technique used to determine HR (auscultation or palpation) and scenario order. Subjects verbalized their numeric assessment of HR at the onset of the scenario and after any intervention. Accuracy of HR determination and errors in resuscitation were recorded. Errors were classified as errors of omission (lack of appropriate interventions) or errors of commission (inappropriate interventions). Cochran's Q and chi square test were used to compare HR detection by method and across scenarios.Errors in HR determination occurred in 26-48% of initial assessments and 26-52% of subsequent assessments overall. There were neither statistically significant differences in accuracy between the two techniques of HR assessment (auscultation vs palpation) nor across the three scenarios. Of the 90 errors in resuscitation, 43 (48%) occurred in association with errors in HR determination.Determination of heart rate via auscultation and palpation by experienced healthcare professionals in a neonatal patient simulator with standardized cues is not reliable. Inaccuracy in HR determination is associated with errors of omission and commission. More reliable methods for HR assessment during neonatal resuscitation are required.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.07.035

    View details for PubMedID 22925993

  • Comparing the utility of a novel neonatal resuscitation cart with a generic code cart using simulation: a randomised, controlled, crossover trial BMJ QUALITY & SAFETY Chitkara, R., Rajani, A. K., Lee, H. C., Hansen, S. F., Halamek, L. P. 2013; 22 (2): 124-129

    Abstract

    To compare a novel neonatal resuscitation cart (NRC) to a generic code cart (GCC).A prospective, randomised, controlled, crossover trial was performed to compare the utility of the NRC with the GCC during simulated deliveries of extremely low birthweight infants and infants with gastroschisis. Fifteen subjects participated. Mean times and accuracy of equipment and supply retrieval were compared for each scenario using the Wilcoxon test.Mean acquisition times for the NRC were always faster (by 58% to 74%) regardless of scenario (p<0.01). Accuracy of equipment selection did not differ. Ease of use was judged using a Likert scale (1=easiest to use; 5=most difficult), with mean score for NRC 1.1 and GCC 3.7 (p<0.0001). All subjects rated the NRC as easier to use.The NRC was superior to the GCC in acquisition speed, supply selection and ease of use.

    View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001336

    View details for Web of Science ID 000314211900005

    View details for PubMedID 23112286

  • Simulation-based learning combined with debriefing: trainers satisfaction with a new approach to training the trainers to teach neonatal resuscitation. BMC research notes Amin, H. J., Aziz, K., Halamek, L. P., Beran, T. N. 2013; 6: 251

    Abstract

    Prompt initiation of appropriate neonatal resuscitation skills is critical for the neonate experiencing difficulty transitioning to extra-uterine life. The use of simulation training is considered to be an indispensable tool to address these challenges. Research has yet to examine the effectiveness of simulation and debriefing for preparation of trainers to train others on the use of simulation and debriefing for neonatal resuscitation. This study determines the degree to which experienced NRP instructors or instructor trainers perceived simulation in combination with debriefing to be effective in preparing them to teach simulation to other health care professionals.Participants' perceptions of knowledge, skills, and confidence gained following a neonatal resuscitation workshop (lectures; scenario development and enactment; video recording and playback; and debriefing) were determined using a pre-post test questionnaire design. Questionnaire scores were subjected to factor and reliability analyses as well as pre- and post-test comparisons.A total of 17 participants completed 2 questionnaires. Principal component extraction of 18 items on the pre-test questionnaire resulted in 5 factors: teamwork, ability to run a simulation, skills for simulation, recognizing cues for simulation and ability to debrief. Both questionnaire scores showed good reliability (?: 0.83 - 0.97) and factorial validity. Pre- and post-test comparisons showed significant improvements in participants' perceptions of their ability to: conduct (as an instructor) a simulation (p?

    View details for DOI 10.1186/1756-0500-6-251

    View details for PubMedID 23827017

  • The Delivery Room of the Future The Fetal and Neonatal Resuscitation and Transition Suite CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY Finer, N. N., Rich, W., Halamek, L. P., Leone, T. A. 2012; 39 (4): 931-939

    Abstract

    Despite advances in the understanding of fetal and neonatal physiology and the technology to monitor and treat premature and full-term neonates, little has changed in resuscitation rooms. The authors' vision for the Fetal and Neonatal Resuscitation and Transition Suite of the future is marked by improvements in the amount of physical space, monitoring technologies, portable diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, communication systems, and capabilities and training of the resuscitation team. Human factors analysis will play an important role in the design and testing of the improvements for safe, effective, and efficient resuscitation of the newborn.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.clp.2012.09.014

    View details for Web of Science ID 000312623900015

    View details for PubMedID 23164188

  • Nursing department orientation: are we missing the mark? Journal for nurses in staff development : JNSD : official journal of the National Nursing Staff Development Organization Kennedy, J. M., Nichols, A. A., Halamek, L. P., Arafeh, J. M. 2012; 28 (1): 24-26

    Abstract

    Hospitals routinely provide orientation for the new nurses they hire. The evolution of nursing practice is not reflected in the current teaching methods of nursing orientation. The authors examine the past 60 years of nursing department orientation and assert the need to move toward more effective and innovative teaching strategies.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/NND.0b013e318240a6f3

    View details for PubMedID 22261902

  • Comparison of Umbilical Venous and Intraosseous Access During Simulated Neonatal Resuscitation PEDIATRICS Rajani, A. K., Chitkara, R., Oehlert, J., Halamek, L. P. 2011; 128 (4): E954-E958

    Abstract

    Emergent umbilical venous catheter (UVC) placement for persistent bradycardia in the delivery room is a rare occurrence that requires significant skill and involves space constraints. Placement of an intraosseous needle (ION) in neonates has been well described. The ION is already used in the pediatric population and is placed at an anatomic location distant from where chest compressions are performed. In this study we compared time to placement, errors in placement, and perceived ease of use for UVCs and IONs in a simulated delivery room.Forty health care providers were recruited. Subjects were shown an instructional video of both techniques and allowed to practice placement. Subjects participated in 2 simulated neonatal resuscitations requiring intravenous epinephrine. In 1 scenario they were required to place a UVC and in the other an ION. Scenarios were recorded for later analysis of placement time and error rate. Subjects were surveyed regarding the perceived level of difficulty of each technique.The average time required for ION placement was 46 seconds faster than for UVC placement (P < .001). There was no significant difference in the number of errors between UVC and ION placement or in perceived ease of use.In a simulated delivery room setting, ION placement can be performed more quickly than UVC insertion without any difference in technical error rate or perceived ease of use. ION insertion should be considered when rapid intravenous access is required in the neonate at the time of birth, especially by health care professionals who do not routinely place UVCs.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-0657

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295406800022

    View details for PubMedID 21930542

  • The Case for OBLS: A Simulation-based Obstetric Life Support Program SEMINARS IN PERINATOLOGY Lipman, S. S., Daniels, K. I., Arafeh, J., Halamek, L. P. 2011; 35 (2): 74-79

    Abstract

    Errors by health care professionals result in significant patient morbidity and mortality, and the labor and delivery ward is one of the highest risk areas in the hospital. Parturients today are of higher acuity than anytime previously, and maternal mortality is increasing. Obstetrical staff must therefore be familiar with emergency protocols geared to the maternal-fetal dyad. However, the medical literature suggests that obstetrical providers are not optimally trained to render care during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. We describe the evolution of immersive learning and simulation in the Neonatal Resuscitation Program, and suggest the development of a multidisciplinary team, simulation-enhanced obstetric crisis training program (OBLS) may likewise benefit obstetrical health care professionals. OBLS would emphasize high quality basic life support, uterine displacement, use of an automatic external defibrillator, and delivery of the fetus within 5 minutes of maternal arrest should resuscitative efforts prove ineffective.

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.semperi.2011.01.006

    View details for Web of Science ID 000289600200006

    View details for PubMedID 21440814

  • COMPARISON OF UMBILICAL VENOUS AND INTRAOSSEOUS ACCESS DURING SIMULATED NEONATAL RESUSCITATION Western Regional Meeting of the American-Federation-for-Medical-Research Rajani, A., Chitkara, R., Halamek, L. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2011: 124?24

    View details for Web of Science ID 000285542500146

  • Using the Movie Apollo 13 as a Video Primer in Behavioral Skills for Simulation Trainees and Instructors SIMULATION IN HEALTHCARE Halamek, L. P. 2010; 5 (5): 303-310

    Abstract

    Behavioral skills such as effective communication, teamwork, and leadership are critically important to successful outcomes in patient care, especially in resuscitation situations where correct decisions must be made rapidly. However, historically, these important skills have rarely been specifically addressed in learning programs directed at healthcare professionals. Not only have most healthcare professionals had little or no formal education and training in applying behavioral skills to their patient care activities but also many of those serving as instructors and content experts for training programs have few resources available that clearly illustrate what these skills are and how they may be used in the context of real clinical situations. This represents a serious shortcoming in the education and training of healthcare professionals and stands in distinct contrast to other industries.Aerospace, similar to other high-consequence industries, has a long history of the use of simulation to improve human performance and reduce risk: astronauts and the engineers in Mission Control spend hundreds of hours in simulated flight in preparation for every mission. The value of time spent in the simulator was clearly illustrated during the flight of Apollo 13, the third mission to land men on the moon. The Apollo 13 crew had to overcome a number of life-threatening technical and medical problems, and it was their simulation-based training that allowed them to display the teamwork, ingenuity, and determination needed to return to earth safely.The movie Apollo 13 depicts in a highly realistic manner the events that occurred during the flight, including the actions of the crew in space and those in Mission Control in Houston. Three scenes from this movie are described in this article; each serves as a useful example for healthcare professionals of the importance of simulation-based learning and the application of behavioral skills to successful resolution of crises. This article is meant to serve as a guide as to how this movie and other similar media may be used for facilitated group or independent learning, providing appropriate context and clear examples of key points to be discussed.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/SIH.0b013e3181e5e329

    View details for Web of Science ID 000282961900009

  • A National Survey of Pediatric Residents and Delivery Room Training Experience JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS Lee, H. C., Chitkara, R., Halamek, L. P., Hintz, S. R. 2010; 157 (1): 158-U211

    Abstract

    To investigate current delivery room training experience in US pediatric residency programs and the relationship between volume of delivery room training and confidence in neonatal resuscitation skills.Links to a web-based survey were sent to pediatric residency programs and distributed to residents. The survey concerned delivery room attendance during training and comfort level in leading neonatal resuscitation for various scenarios. Comfort level was rated on a 1 to 9 scale. Mixed models accounted for residency programs as random effects.For PL-3s, the mean number of deliveries attended was 60 (standard deviation, 43), ranging from 13 to 143 deliveries for individual residency programs. Residents' confidence level in leading neonatal resuscitation was higher when attending more deliveries, with 90.3% of those attending>48 deliveries having average score 5 or greater vs 51.5% of those attending<21 deliveries. Higher attendance also correlated with confidence in endotracheal intubation and umbilical line placement.Wide variability existed within and among residency programs in number of deliveries attended. Volume of experience correlated with confidence in leading neonatal resuscitation and related procedural skills.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.029

    View details for Web of Science ID 000278649200037

    View details for PubMedID 20304418

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2886184

  • Simulation: The New "Triple Threat" PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Halamek, L. P. 2010; 67 (2): 130-131

    View details for Web of Science ID 000273790800003

    View details for PubMedID 20081486

  • Delivery Room Management of the Newborn PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Rajani, A. K., Chitkara, R., Halamek, L. P. 2009; 56 (3): 515-?

    Abstract

    Neonatal resuscitation is an attempt to facilitate the dynamic transition from fetal to neonatal physiology. This article outlines the current practices in delivery room management of the neonate. Developments in cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques for term and preterm infants and advances in the areas of cerebral resuscitation and thermoregulation are reviewed. Resuscitation in special circumstances (such as the presence of congenital anomalies) are also covered. The importance of communication with other members of the health care team and the family is discussed. Finally, future trends in neonatal resuscitation are explored.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.pcl.2009.03.003

    View details for Web of Science ID 000267523700006

    View details for PubMedID 19501690

  • The simulated delivery-room environment as the future modality for acquiring and maintaining skills in fetal and neonatal resuscitation SEMINARS IN FETAL & NEONATAL MEDICINE Halamek, L. P. 2008; 13 (6): 448-453

    Abstract

    The science underlying neonatal resuscitation is growing exponentially in quantity and quality. So, too, is the knowledge of effective methodologies that facilitate acquisition and maintenance of the cognitive, technical, and behavioral skills necessary to for successful resuscitation of the newborn. One of these methodologies, simulation-based training, offers many advantages over more traditional methodologies: By providing key visual, auditory, and tactile cues it creates a high level of physical, biological, and psychological fidelity to the real environment and thus is able to elicit realistic responses from trainees. Training scenarios coupled with debriefings (where discussion of what went well and what could be improved upon occur in a nonjudgmental fashion) provide rich learning experiences that rival or exceed those in the real clinical environment. Simulation-based training will likely become the standard for not only routine training but also high-stakes assessment such as licensure and board certification.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.siny.2008.04.015

    View details for Web of Science ID 000260971000013

    View details for PubMedID 18524705

  • Teamwork during resuscitation PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Weinstock, P., Halamek, L. P. 2008; 55 (4): 1011-?

    Abstract

    Effective resuscitation requires the integration of several cognitive, technical, and behavioral skills. Because resuscitation is performed by teams of health care professionals, these individuals must be able to work together in a coordinated and efficient manner, making teamwork a critical skill for care of patients in distress. Despite the importance of teamwork in health care, little consensus exists as to what it is, how it can most effectively be learned, and how it should be assessed. This article reviews current knowledge on the measurement, training, and importance of teamwork in pediatric resuscitation.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.pcl.2008.04.001

    View details for Web of Science ID 000259090300011

    View details for PubMedID 18675031

  • Simulation-based medical error disclosure training for pediatric healthcare professionals. Journal for healthcare quality : official publication of the National Association for Healthcare Quality Wayman, K. I., Yaeger, K. A., Sharek, P. J., Trotter, S., Wise, L., Flora, J. A., Halamek, L. P. 2007; 29 (4): 12-19

    Abstract

    Ethical and regulatory guidelines recommend disclosure of medical errors to patients and families. Yet few studies examine how to effectively train healthcare professionals to deliver communications about adverse events to family members of affected pediatric patients. This pilot study uses a preintervention-postintervention study design to investigate the effects of medical error disclosure training in a simulated setting for pediatric oncology nurses (N=16). The results of a paired t test showed statistically significant increases in nurses' communication self-efficacy to carry out medical disclosure (t = 6.68, p < .001). Ratings of setting "realism" and simulation effectiveness were high (21 out of 25 composite score). Findings provide preliminary support for further research on simulation-based disclosure training for healthcare professionals.

    View details for PubMedID 17849675

  • Evaluation and development of potentially better practices for perinatal and neonatal communication and collaboration PEDIATRICS Ohlinger, J., Kantak, A., Lavin, J. P., Fofah, O., Hagen, E., Suresh, G., Halamek, L. P., Schriefer, J. A. 2006; 118: S147-S152

    Abstract

    The obstetric and neonatal exploratory focus group of the Vermont Oxford Network Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Improvement Collaborative 2002 set out to improve collaboration, communication, and coordination between maternal and neonatal caregivers in 3 areas: the pregnancy at 22 to 26 weeks, measurement of maternal outcomes that are linked with neonatal outcomes, and team performance during high-risk delivery. Antepartum and intrapartum maternal attributes and interventions also were considered important measurements to identify practice variations and their relationship to neonatal outcomes for ongoing obstetric and neonatal collaboration.Potentially better practices were developed on the basis of evidence in the literature, expert opinion, and internal analysis at the participating perinatal centers. The potentially better practices include development of local guidelines at each center for the care and counseling of pregnant women who are at risk for delivering at the margin of viability; communication strategies for obstetric and neonatology providers relating to high-risk pregnancy treatment plans; team communication and performance at high-risk deliveries; design of organizational structures and processes that facilitate obstetric and neonatal collaboration; and development of perinatal data to evaluate effects of perinatal practices on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes.As a result of the project, participating centers developed local guidelines for pregnancies between 22 and 26 weeks, created a cross-center maternal database that currently is being linked to neonatal outcomes, and completed a pilot study on video simulation of neonatal-perinatal team communication.Increased understanding of practice variation in the management of care for infants who are at the margins of viability, locally developed guidelines, and a focus on improved team communication during delivery can be accomplished with a multicenter collaborative approach.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2006-0913L

    View details for Web of Science ID 000243201000012

    View details for PubMedID 17079617

  • Implementation and case-study results of potentially better practices for collaboration between obstetrics and neonatology to achieve improved perinatal outcomes PEDIATRICS Zabari, M., Suresh, G., Tomlinson, M., Lavin, J. P., Larison, K., Halamek, L., Schriefer, J. A. 2006; 118: S153-S158

    Abstract

    The objective of this study was to make improvements in communication and collaboration between neonatal and obstetric specialties. Five NICUs from the Vermont Oxford Network's Evidence-Based Quality Improvement Collaborative in Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine tested potentially better practices that overlap obstetric and NICU care.One area of practice improvement was the management of the pregnancy at the margin of viability. Another included the use of team training and video simulation to improve team performance during high-risk deliveries using aviation-based communication techniques. Another focus of the collaborative was the creation of a multicenter database to measure combined perinatal and neonatal outcomes.The principle outcomes are increased patient satisfaction with teamwork between neonatology and obstetric services and improved team response times for emergent deliveries and the increased use of team communication skills during video simulations of high-risk deliveries.Implementing these potentially better practices can result in improved communication and collaboration related to perinatal and neonatal care.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2006-0913M

    View details for Web of Science ID 000243201000013

    View details for PubMedID 17079618

  • Continuous positive airway pressure during neonatal resuscitation CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY Halamek, L. P., Morley, C. 2006; 33 (1): 83-?

    Abstract

    Despite the large body of information regarding the beneficial effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) data are insufficient at this time to support or refute its use during neonatal resuscitation. An individualized approach to infants with respiratory distress is recommended.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.clp.2005.11.010

    View details for Web of Science ID 000236684700008

    View details for PubMedID 16533635

  • Simulating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation emergencies to improve human performance. Part I: methodologic and technologic innovations. Simulation in healthcare Anderson, J. M., Boyle, K. B., Murphy, A. A., Yaeger, K. A., LeFlore, J., Halamek, L. P. 2006; 1 (4): 220-227

    Abstract

    Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a form of long-term cardiopulmonary bypass used to treat infants, children, and adults with respiratory and/or cardiac failure despite maximal medical therapy. Mechanical emergencies on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have an associated mortality of 25%. Thus, acquiring and maintaining the technical, behavioral, and critical thinking skills necessary to manage ECMO emergencies is essential to patient survival. Traditional training in ECMO management is primarily didactic in nature and usually complemented with varying degrees of hands-on training using a water-filled ECMO circuit. These traditional training methods do not provide an opportunity for trainees to recognize and interpret real-time clinical cues generated by human patients and their monitoring equipment. Adult learners are most likely to acquire such skills in an active learning environment. To provide authentic, intensive, interactive ECMO training without risk to real patients, we used methodologies pioneered by the aerospace industry and our experience developing a simulation-based training program in neonatal resuscitation to develop a similar simulation-based training program in ECMO crisis management, ECMO Sim.A survey was conducted at the 19th Annual Children's National Medical Center ECMO Symposium to determine current methods for ECMO training. Using commercially available technology, we linked a neonatal manikin with a standard neonatal ECMO circuit primed with artificial blood. Both the manikin and circuit were placed in a simulated neonatal intensive care unit environment equipped with remotely controlled monitors, real medical equipment and human colleagues. Twenty-five healthcare professionals, all of whom care for patients on ECMO and who underwent traditional ECMO training in the prior year, participated in a series of simulated ECMO emergencies. At the conclusion of the program, subjects completed a questionnaire qualitatively comparing ECMO Sim with their previous traditional ECMO training experience. The amount of time spent engaged in active and passive activities during both ECMO Sim and traditional ECMO training was quantified by review of videotape of each program.Hospitals currently use lectures, multiple-choice exams, water drills, and animal laboratory testing for their ECMO training. Modification of the circuit allowed for physiologically appropriate circuit pressures (both pre- and postoxygenator) to be achieved while circulating artificial blood continuously through the circuit and manikin. Realistic changes in vital signs on the bedside monitor and fluctuations in the mixed venous oxygen saturation monitor were also effectively achieved remotely. All subjects rated the realism of the scenarios as good or excellent and described ECMO Sim as more effective than traditional ECMO training. They reported that ECMO Sim engaged their intellect to a greater degree and better developed their technical, behavioral, and critical thinking skills. Active learning (eg, hands-on activities) comprised 78% of the total ECMO Sim program compared with 14% for traditional ECMO training (P < 0.001). Instructor-led lectures predominated in traditional ECMO training.Traditional ECMO training programs have yet to incorporate simulation-based methodology. Using current technology it is possible to realistically simulate in real-time the clinical cues (visual, auditory, and tactile) generated by a patient on ECMO. ECMO Sim as a training program provides more opportunities for active learning than traditional training programs in ECMO management and is overwhelmingly preferred by the experienced healthcare professionals serving as subjects in this study. Subjects also indicated that they felt that the acquisition of key cognitive, technical, and behavioral skills and transfer of those skills to the real medical domain was better achieved during simulation-based training.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/01.SIH.0000243550.24391.ce

    View details for PubMedID 19088593

  • Simulation-based training: opportunities for the acquisition of unique skills. The virtual mentor : VM Halamek, L. P. 2006; 8 (2): 84-87

    View details for DOI 10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.2.medu1-0602

    View details for PubMedID 23228536

  • Simulating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation emergencies to improve human performance. Part II: assessment of technical and behavioral skills. Simulation in healthcare Anderson, J. M., Murphy, A. A., Boyle, K. B., Yaeger, K. A., Halamek, L. P. 2006; 1 (4): 228-232

    Abstract

    Healthcare professionals are expected to make rapid, correct decisions in critical situations despite what may be a lack of real practical experience in a particular crisis situation. Successful resolution of a medical crisis depends upon demonstration not only of appropriate technical skills but also of key behavioral skills (eg, leadership, communication, and teamwork). We have developed a hands-on, high fidelity, simulation-based training program (ECMO Sim) to provide healthcare professionals with the opportunity to learn and practice the technical and behavioral skills necessary to manage ECMO emergencies.Nine ECMO nurse specialists participated in two sequential randomly assigned simulated ECMO emergencies. The simulated emergencies were captured on videotape and reviewed with the subjects during facilitated debriefings that occurred immediately following each scenario. All videotapes were scored for key technical and behavioral skills by reviewers blinded to the sequence of the scenarios. The ratings of the subjects' technical and behavioral skills in each scenario were compared.Subjects performed key technical skills correctly more often in the second simulated ECMO emergency. In addition, their response times for three out of five specific technical tasks improved from the first to the second simulated emergency by an average of 27 seconds. Subjects' behavioral skills were rated more highly by masked reviewers in the second simulated ECMO emergency. The improvement in comprehensive behavioral scores from the first to the second scenario reached statistical significance in eight of nine subjects.After exposure to high-fidelity simulated ECMO emergencies, subjects demonstrated significant improvements in their technical and behavioral skills. ECMO Sim creates a learning environment that readily supports the acquisition of the technical and behavioral skills that are important in solving clinically significant, potentially life-threatening problems that can occur when patients are on ECMO.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/01.SIH.0000243551.01521.74

    View details for PubMedID 19088594

  • Comparing the utility of a standard pediatric resuscitation cart with a pediatric resuscitation cart based on the Broselow tape: A randomized, controlled, crossover trial involving simulated resuscitation scenarios PEDIATRICS Agarwal, S., Swanson, S., Murphy, A., Yaeger, K., Sharek, P., Halamek, L. P. 2005; 116 (3): E326-E333

    Abstract

    Access to resuscitation equipment is a critical component in delivering optimal care in pediatric arrest situations. Historically, children's hospitals and clinics have used a standard pediatric resuscitation cart ("standard cart") in which drawers are organized by intervention (eg, intubation module, intravenous module), requiring multiple drawers to be opened during a code. Many emergency departments, however, use a pediatric resuscitation cart based on the Broselow tape ("Broselow cart") in which each drawer is color coded and organized by patient length and weight ranges; each drawer contains all necessary equipment for resuscitation of a patient in that specific length/weight range. A literature review has revealed no studies examining the utility of either cart.To compare which resuscitation cart organization (standard versus Broselow) allows for faster access to equipment, more accurate selection of appropriately sized equipment, and better user satisfaction. Methodology. We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled, crossover trial in which 21 pediatric health care providers were assigned the role of obtaining the appropriate equipment during 2 standardized, simulated codes alternately using either a standard or Broselow cart. Time to and accuracy of the selection of appropriate medical equipment along with posttesting satisfaction were measured. All simulations were performed in the Center for Advanced Pediatric Education at Stanford University Medical Center (Stanford, CA), a training facility designed to replicate the real medical environment with the technology to allow for videotaping of scenarios.Of the 21 subjects, 62% found the Broselow cart "easy" or "very easy" to use versus 33% for the standard cart. Of the 21 subjects, 67% preferred the Broselow cart, 10% preferred the standard cart, and 23% indicated no preference. Intubation supplies and nasogastric tubes were found significantly faster when using the Broselow cart (mean time: 29.1 and 20 seconds, respectively) versus the standard cart (mean time: 38.7 and 38.2 seconds, respectively). Correct equipment was provided a statistically significant 99% of the time with the Broselow cart versus 83% of the time with the standard cart. Ten percent of the subjects had prior experience with the Broselow cart versus 62% having experience with the standard cart.Despite less prior experience with the Broselow cart, subjects in this study found it easier to use and preferred it over the standard cart. In addition, subjects located intubation equipment and nasogastric tubes significantly faster when using the Broselow cart, and correct equipment was provided significantly more often with the Broselow cart. These data suggest that sites caring for pediatric patients should consider modeling their resuscitation carts after the Broselow cart to enhance provider confidence and patient safety.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2005-0320

    View details for Web of Science ID 000231576600001

    View details for PubMedID 16061568

  • High-fidelity simulation-based training in neonatal nursing. Advances in neonatal care : official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses Yaeger, K. A., Halamek, L. P., Coyle, M., Murphy, A., Anderson, J., Boyle, K., Braccia, K., McAuley, J., Sandre, G. D., Smith, B. 2004; 4 (6): 326-331

    Abstract

    Simulation-based training is a novel approach that facilitates the use of higher order thinking skills. Simulation-based training challenges medical professionals to develop cognitive, technical, and behavioral skills through the use of mannequins, working medical equipment, and human colleagues. During scenarios, trainees must make use of their knowledge base, analyze and synthesize factors contributing to the crises, and evaluate the effects of their actions. Feedback indicates that simulation-based training programs are more pertinent to and better accepted by adult learners than traditional programs. The instructional methodologies used in simulation-based training programs are more in line with the tenets of adult learning.

    View details for PubMedID 15609254

  • Validation of simulation-based training in neonatal resuscitation: Use of heart rate variability as marker for mental workload Annual Meeting of the Pediatric-Academic-Societies Murphy, A. A., Kaegi, D. M., Gobble, R., Dubin, A., Howard, S. K., Gaba, D. M., Sowb, Y. A., Halamek, L. P. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 2004: 353A?353A

    View details for Web of Science ID 000220591102074

  • Training and competency assessment in electronic fetal monitoring: A national survey OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Murphy, A. A., Halamek, L. P., Lyell, D. J., Druzin, M. L. 2003; 101 (6): 1243-1248

    Abstract

    To investigate current patterns of training and competency assessment in electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for obstetrics and gynecology residents and maternal-fetal medicine fellows.A questionnaire was mailed to the directors of all 254 accredited US residencies in obstetrics and gynecology and 61 accredited US fellowships in maternal-fetal medicine. Questions focused on the methods used for teaching and assessing competency in EFM.Two hundred thirty-nine programs (76%) responded to the survey. Clinical experience is used by 219 programs (92%) to teach EFM, both initially and on an ongoing basis. Significantly more residencies than fellowships use written materials and lectures to teach EFM. More than half of all programs require trainees to participate in some type of EFM training at least every 6 months; 23 programs (10%) have no requirement at all. Subjective evaluation is used by 174 programs (73%) to assess competency in EFM. Written or oral examinations, skills checklists, and logbooks are used exclusively by residencies as means of competency assessment. Two thirds of all programs assess EFM skills at least every 6 months; 40 programs (17%), the majority of which are fellowships, have no formal requirement.Most US training programs use supervised clinical experience as both their primary source of teaching EFM and their principal competency assessment tool. Residencies are more likely to have formal instruction and assessment than are fellowships. Few programs are using novel strategies (eg, computers or simulators) in their curriculum.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00351-0

    View details for Web of Science ID 000183293300018

    View details for PubMedID 12798531

  • Evaluation of a novel electronic fetal monitor simulator 11th Annual Medicine Meets Virtual Reality Conference Murphy, A. A., Halamek, L. P., Lyell, D. J., Druzin, M. L. I O S PRESS. 2003: 240?244

    Abstract

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content validity and construct validity of a novel electronic fetal monitor (EFM) simulator. Fourteen residents in Gynecology and Obstetrics (OB/GYN) and 7 medical students in their OB/GYN clerkship interpreted 10 fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings and 4 clinical scenarios generated by the EFM simulator. Their responses were scored by experts in maternal-fetal medicine. Construct validity was determined by comparing subjects' scores to their level of experience. Subjects assessed content validity of the EFM simulator by rating the realism of its various elements on a 4-point Likert scale. Residents achieved statistically significant higher mean scores in the description of FHR tracings generated by the simulator than medical students and statistically significant higher mean scores in the correct interpretation of and interventions in 2 of 4 clinical scenarios. Two-thirds of the residents rated the simulator-generated FHR tracings and clinical scenarios as "real" or "very real." The EFM simulator exhibited both content and construct validity, supporting its use in an educational setting.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000189484800048

    View details for PubMedID 15455900

  • The advantages of prenatal consultation by a neonatologist. Journal of perinatology Halamek, L. P. 2001; 21 (2): 116-120

    Abstract

    The neonatologist can be a valuable source of information for the pregnant woman and her partner faced with making difficult decisions. In specific clinical situations, a focused, thorough consultation by a neonatologist provides benefits for the parents, their child, the physicians, and the health care delivery system as a whole. Members of the perinatal team should act to facilitate early neonatal consultation in order to ease the transition from the obstetric to the neonatal team after delivery.

    View details for PubMedID 11324357

  • Who's teaching neonatal resuscitation to housestaff?: Results of a national survey Annual Congress of the American-Academy-of-Pediatrics Halamek, L. P., Kaegi, D. M. AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS. 2001: 249?55

    Abstract

    This study was designed to investigate current patterns of training in neonatal resuscitation in US residency programs in general pediatrics.A questionnaire was mailed to the chief residents and directors of all US residency programs in general pediatrics to determine who provides supervision and teaching of neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room and neonatal intensive care unit. This questionnaire also inquired as to the use within these residency programs of standardized resuscitation training courses such as Pediatric Advanced Life Support and Neonatal Resuscitation Program.Residents in their third and second years of training are most often cited as responsible for supervision and teaching of neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room, whereas attending neonatologists are cited most frequently as being responsible for these tasks in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatric Advanced Life Support is required by virtually all US residency programs, followed in frequency by Neonatal Resuscitation Program and Advanced Cardiac Life Support.Because those in training collectively provide much of the supervision and teaching of neonatal resuscitation, vigilance is required so that appropriate resuscitation skills are developed and maintained. Objective performance markers may be useful in assessing competency in caring for sick newborns.neonatal resuscitation, delivery room, Neonatal Resuscitation Program, Pediatric Advanced Life Support, Advanced Cardiac Life Support.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000166714000020

    View details for PubMedID 11158454

  • Time for a new paradigm in pediatric medical education: Teaching neonatal resuscitation in a simulated delivery room environment PEDIATRICS Halamek, L. P., Kaegi, D. M., Gaba, D. M., Sowb, Y. A., Smith, B. C., Smith, B. E., Howard, S. K. 2000; 106 (4)

    Abstract

    Acquisition and maintenance of the skills necessary for successful resuscitation of the neonate are typically accomplished by a combination of completion of standardized training courses using textbooks, videotape, and manikins together with active participation in the resuscitation of human neonates in the real delivery room. We developed a simulation-based training program in neonatal resuscitation (NeoSim) to bridge the gap between textbook and real life and to assess trainee satisfaction with the elements of this program.Thirty-eight subjects (physicians and nurses) participated in 1 of 9 full-day NeoSim programs combining didactic instruction with active, hands-on participation in intensive scenarios involving life-like neonatal and maternal manikins and real medical equipment. Subjects were asked to complete an extensive evaluation of all elements of the program on its conclusion.The subjects expressed high levels of satisfaction with nearly all aspects of this novel program. Responses to open-ended questions were especially enthusiastic in describing the realistic nature of simulation-based training. The major limitation of the program was the lack of fidelity of the neonatal manikin to a human neonate.Realistic simulation-based training in neonatal resuscitation is possible using current technology, is well received by trainees, and offers benefits not inherent in traditional paradigms of medical education.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000089623100002

    View details for PubMedID 11015540

  • Secondary infection presenting as recurrent pulmonary hypertension. Journal of perinatology Hintz, S. R., Benitz, W. E., Halamek, L. P., Van Meurs, K. P., Rhine, W. D. 2000; 20 (4): 262-264

    Abstract

    Primary infection in the neonate, especially group B streptococcal infection, has long been recognized as a cause of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), sometimes requiring treatment with inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, secondary nosocomial infections in the neonatal period have not been widely reported as a cause of severe recurrent pulmonary hypertension (PHTN). We now present two cases of secondary infection in the neonate leading to significant PHTN. In both cases, the infants presented with PPHN soon after birth, requiring transfer to a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit and treatment with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and iNO. After successful resolution of the initial PPHN, including extubation to nasal cannula, both infants developed signs of severe recurrent PHTN, leading to reintubation, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and iNO therapy, and consideration of ECMO. In both cases, blood cultures taken at the time of recurrence of PHTN returned positive, one for Staphylococcus epidermidis, the other for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These unusual cases present the possibility of severe recurrent PHTN requiring iNO or ECMO in the setting of secondary infection. We speculate that these infants, although extubated after their first episodes of PHTN, were at risk for recurrence of PHTN due to continued pulmonary vascular reactivity.

    View details for PubMedID 10879342

  • Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the perinatalogist's perspective. Pediatrics in review Halamek, L. P., El-Sayed, Y. Y. 1999; 20 (10): e67-70

    View details for PubMedID 10512894

  • Effect of mental stress on heart rate variability: Validation of simulated operating and delivery room training modules Kaegi, D. M., Halamek, L. P., Van Hare, G. F., Howard, S. K., Dubin, A. M. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. 1999: 77A?77A

    View details for Web of Science ID 000079476700447

  • Assessing the fidelity of the simulated delivery room for neonatal resuscitation. Kaegi, D. M., Halamek, L. P., Howard, S. K., Smith, B. E., Gaba, D. M., Sowb, Y. A. AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS. 1998: 767?68

    View details for Web of Science ID 000075810500225

  • Heart rate variability as a marker for workload during neonatal resuscitation Kaegi, D. M., Halamek, L. P., Dubin, A., Howard, S. AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS. 1998: 766?67

    View details for Web of Science ID 000075810500223

  • Neonatal hypoglycemia, part II: Pathophysiology and therapy International Symposium on Neonatal Hypoglycemia Halamek, L. P., Stevenson, D. K. SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. 1998: 11?16

    Abstract

    Contemporary research is elucidating both the molecular mechanisms of hypoglycemia-induced neuronal injury and its corresponding clinical manifestations. Recognizing and screening those neonates at highest risk of hypoglycemia-induced injury is an important skill for all physicians responsible for the care of newborns. Appropriate therapy, consisting of either oral or intravenous glucose, should never be delayed while one is awaiting laboratory confirmation of a "low" glucose level.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000071577400002

    View details for PubMedID 9475694

  • The simulated delivery room as a laboratory for the study of human performance. Halamek, L. P., Howard, S. K., Kaegi, D. M., Smith, B. E., Smith, B. C., Gaba, D. M. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 1998: 167A?167A

    View details for Web of Science ID 000071684700895

  • Neonatal hypoglycemia .1. Background and definition International Symposium on Neonatal Hypoglycemia Halamek, L. P., Benaron, D. A., Stevenson, D. K. SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. 1997: 675?80

    Abstract

    Hypoglycemia in the neonate remains a common problem. The association of low blood glucose concentrations and abnormal development has prompted extensive research into the anticipation, evaluation, and treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia. Glucose homeostasis in the fetus and neonate is a developmentally regulated dynamic process involving a number of intricate physiologic mechanisms. In addition, the determination of glucose concentrations is dependent upon both the type of tissue analyzed and the limitations of the specific method employed. The complexity of glucose metabolism makes it difficult to precisely define "normal" and "abnormal" glucose levels in preterm and term neonates.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997YK31400001

    View details for PubMedID 9415833

  • Development of a simulated delivery room for the study of human performance during neonatal resuscitation Halamek, L. P., Howard, S. K., Smith, B. E., Smith, B. C., Gaba, D. M. AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS. 1997: 513?14

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997XU27800200

  • The value of neurophysiologic approaches in the anticipation and evaluation of neonatal hypoglycemia. Acta paediatrica Japonica; Overseas edition Halamek, L. P., Benaron, D. A., Stevenson, D. K. 1997; 39: S33-43

    Abstract

    The association of low blood glucose with central nervous system (CNS) injury was first described in 1937 by Hartmann and Jaudon. In the early 60 years since publication of these observations the effects of hypoglycemia upon the brain remain poorly understood. Technology capable of accurately determining plasma glucose concentrations has been developed. Investigators have sought to establish critical values below which glucose levels should not be allowed to fall. Despite these efforts the definitive level of glucose capable of producing brain injury in any particular patient remains unknown. Glucose homeostasis within the neonatal CNS represents a dynamic process consisting of many interrelated variables including gestational and chronologic age, genotype, relative health, blood flow, metabolic rate and availability of other suitable substrates. New technique for assessing the glucose delivery: consumption ratio and directly monitoring the cellular consequences of glucose deprivation within discrete regions of the brain will help to answer the question 'How long is too low and how long is too long?'

    View details for PubMedID 9200877

  • The value of neurophysiologic approaches in the anticipation and evaluation of neonatal hypoglycemia International Symposium on Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Satellite Symposium of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Japan-Society-for-Premature-and-Newborn-Medicine Halamek, L. P., Benaron, D. A., Stevenson, D. K. BLACKWELL SCIENCE. 1997: 33?43

    View details for Web of Science ID A1997XG14300007

  • The OOPS procedure (operation on placental support): In utero airway management of the fetus with prenatally diagnosed tracheal obstruction 27th Annual Meeting of the Canadian-Association-of-Paediatric-Surgeons Skarsgard, E. D., Chitkara, U., Krane, E. J., Riley, E. T., Halamek, L. P., Dedo, H. H. W B SAUNDERS CO. 1996: 826?28

    Abstract

    Tracheal obstruction of the newborn caused by cervical masses such as teratomas and cystic hygromas can result in a profound hypoxic insult and even death, owing to an inability to establish an adequate airway after birth. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of these congenital anomalies permits (1) anticipation of an airway problem at the time of delivery and (2) formulation of an algorithm for airway management while oxygen delivery to the baby is maintained through the placental circulation. This is the report of a fetus in whom a large anterior cervical cystic hygroma was detected by prenatal ultrasonography. A multidisciplinary management team was assembled, and an algorithm for airway management was developed. Elective cesarean delivery of the fetal head and thorax, under conditions of uterine tocolysis, permitted a controlled evaluation of the airway and endotracheal intubation while oxygen supply to the infant was maintained through the placenta. The baby remained intubated, and 2 days later underwent subtotal excision of the cervical cystic hygroma. Pharmacological maintenance of the feto-placental circulation after hysterotomy is an invaluable adjunct to airway management of the neonate with prenatally diagnosed tracheal obstruction.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1996UQ51500024

    View details for PubMedID 8783114

  • ALTERED RHOMBOMERE-SPECIFIC GENE-EXPRESSION AND HYOID BONE DIFFERENTIATION IN THE MOUSE SEGMENTATION MUTANT, KREISLER (KR) DEVELOPMENT Frohman, M. A., Martin, G. R., Cordes, S. P., Halamek, L. P., Barsh, G. S. 1993; 117 (3): 925-936

    Abstract

    Rhombomeres appear transiently in the vertebrate hindbrain shortly after neurulation and are thought to represent embryologic compartments in which the expression of different combinations of genes leads to segment-specific differentiation of the developing hindbrain, the cranial ganglia, and the branchial arches. To determine the extent to which gene expression is related to the formation of visible rhombomere boundaries, we have examined, by in situ hybridization, the expression of five rhombomere-specific genes in mouse embryos homozygous for the kreisler (kr) mutation, in which rhombomeres 4-7 are replaced by a smooth morphologically unsegmented neural tube. Using molecular probes specific for Hoxb-1 (Hox-2.9), Hoxb-3 (Hox-2.7), Hoxb-4 (Hox-2.6), Krox-20, or Fgf-3 (Int-2), we found that the kr mutation affects the expression of all the genes we examined, but, surprisingly, the altered patterns of expression are not restricted to that portion of the mutant hindbrain which is morphologically abnormal. Rostral expression boundaries of Hoxb-3 and Hoxb-4 are displaced from their normal positions at r4/5 and r6/7 to the approximate positions of r3/4 and r4/5, respectively. The expression domains of Krox-20 and Fgf-3 are also displaced in a rostral direction and the intensity of Fgf-3 hybridization is greatly reduced. The expression domain of Hoxb-1 is affected differently from the other genes in kr/kr embryos; its rostral boundary at r3/4 is intact but the caudal boundary is displaced from its normal location at r4/5 to the approximate position of r5/6. Because boundaries of gene expression for Hoxb-1 and Hoxb-4 are found in a region of the kr/kr hindbrain that lacks visible rhombomeres, establishment of regional identity, as reflected by differential gene expression, does not require overt segmentation. To investigate whether the altered patterns of gene expression we observed in the kr/kr embryonic hindbrain are associated with morphologic changes in the adult, we examined neural crest-derived tissues of the second and third branchial arches, which normally arise from rhombomeres 4 and 6, respectively. We found that the hyoid bone in kr/kr animals exhibited an accessory process on the greater horn (a third arch structure) most easily explained by ectopic development of a second arch structure (the hyoid lesser horn) in an area normally derived from the third arch.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1993KY54800010

    View details for PubMedID 8100767

  • Ultrasound in congenital hip disease. Part II--Prospective study. The Nebraska medical journal HAGGSTROM, J. A., Brown, J. C., Schroeder, B. A., BACH, S. M., HUURMAN, W. W., Esposito, P., Halamek, L. J. 1990; 75 (6): 142-143

    View details for PubMedID 2195365

  • Ultrasound in congenital hip disease. Part 1--Review of technique. The Nebraska medical journal HAGGSTROM, J. A., Brown, J. C., Schroeder, B. A., BACH, S. M., Huurman, W. M., Esposito, P., Halamek, L. J. 1990; 75 (6): 134-141

    View details for PubMedID 2195364

  • CHILDHOOD-CANCER SURVIVORS KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE Byrne, J., Lewis, S., Halamek, L., Connelly, R. R., Mulvihill, J. J. 1989; 110 (5): 400-403

    Abstract

    To determine what factors correlated with the failure of the survivors of childhood cancer to acknowledge their diagnosis.A follow-up interview with 1928 adults who survived childhood cancer to evaluate the late effects of cancer and its treatment. Cancer was diagnosed in these survivors between 1945 and 1974 before they reached age 20: subjects had to have survived for at least 5 years and to have reached age 21.Fourteen percent of the survivors of malignancies at sites other than the central nervous system said that they had not had cancer. This proportion differed according to the survivors' race, the type of tumor and its treatment, the level of their father's education, the year of diagnosis, and the center where the tumor was diagnosed. Among survivors who knew that they had cancer previously, however, most (81%) correctly identified the type of treatment they had received.Physicians should be aware that a substantial proportion of long-term survivors of childhood cancer may not reveal their past history of cancer and its treatment, and possible clues to the cause of the presenting condition may thus be missed.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1989T552700011

    View details for PubMedID 2916808

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