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Bio

Clinical Focus

  • Menlo Clinic > Orthopaedics
  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biologic Treatments

Professional Education

  • Fellowship: Stanford University Sports Physical Med and Rehab Fellowship (1995) CA
  • Internship: Beaumont Hospital Surgery Residency (1990) MI
  • Medical Education: University of Michigan School of Medicine (1989) MI
  • Residency: Beaumont Health System Dept of Orthopedic Surgery (1994) MI
  • Board Certification: American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery (1997)

Contact

  • Menlo Medical Clinic 1300 Crane St Menlo Park, CA 94025
    • Tel: (650) 498-6645
    Fax: (650) 324-2739

Publications

All Publications

  • Treatment of medial epicondylar tendinopathy in athletes. Sports medicine and arthroscopy review Mishra, A., Pirolo, J. M., Gosens, T. 2014; 22 (3): 164-168

    Abstract

    Medial epicondylar tendinopathy, also known as golfer's elbow, is less common than lateral elbow tendinopathy. Overhead throwing athletes and those participating in sports that require repeated forearm pronation and wrist flexion are most commonly affected by this disorder. This problem predominates in amateur as opposed to professional athletes and is also seen more commonly in patients over 40 years of age. This review will begin by outlining the incidence, history, and physical examination of medial epicondylar tendinopathy, including a new clinical test. Imaging modalities, nonoperative, and operative treatments will then be outlined. Finally, future directions will be explored including emerging biological therapies.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/JSA.0000000000000031

    View details for PubMedID 25077746

  • Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for chronic tennis elbow: a double-blind, prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 230 patients. American journal of sports medicine Mishra, A. K., Skrepnik, N. V., Edwards, S. G., Jones, G. L., Sampson, S., Vermillion, D. A., Ramsey, M. L., Karli, D. C., Rettig, A. C. 2014; 42 (2): 463-471

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND:Elbow tenderness and pain with resisted wrist extension are common manifestations of lateral epicondylar tendinopathy, also known as tennis elbow. Previous studies have suggested platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to be a safe and effective therapy for tennis elbow. PURPOSE:To evaluate the clinical value of tendon needling with PRP in patients with chronic tennis elbow compared with an active control group. STUDY DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS:A total of 230 patients with chronic lateral epicondylar tendinopathy were treated at 12 centers over 5 years. All patients had at least 3 months of symptoms and had failed conventional therapy. There were no differences in patients randomized to receive PRP (n = 116) or active controls (n = 114). The PRP was prepared from venous whole blood at the point of care and contained both concentrated platelets and leukocytes. After receiving a local anesthetic, all patients had their extensor tendons needled with or without PRP. Patients and investigators remained blinded to the treatment group throughout the study. RESULTS:Patient outcomes were followed for up to 24 weeks. At 12 weeks (n = 192), the PRP-treated patients reported an improvement of 55.1% in their pain scores compared with 47.4% in the active control group (P = .094). At 24 weeks (n = 119), the PRP-treated patients reported an improvement of 71.5% in their pain scores compared with 56.1% in the control group (P = .027). The percentage of patients reporting significant elbow tenderness at 12 weeks was 37.4% in the PRP group versus 48.4% in the control group (P = .036). At 24 weeks, 29.1% of the PRP-treated patients reported significant elbow tenderness versus 54.0% in the control group (P < .001). Success rates for patients with 24 weeks of follow-up were 83.9% in the PRP group compared with 68.3% in the control group (P = .012). No significant complications occurred in either group. CONCLUSION:Treatment of chronic tennis elbow with leukocyte-enriched PRP is safe and results in clinically meaningful improvements compared with an active control group.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/0363546513494359

    View details for PubMedID 23825183

  • Platelet-rich Plasma in Orthopaedic Applications: Evidence-based Recommendations for Treatment JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS Hsu, W. K., Mishra, A., Rodeo, S. R., Fu, F., Terry, M. A., Randelli, P., Canale, S. T., Kelly, F. B. 2013; 21 (12): 739-748

    Abstract

    Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapies have seen a dramatic increase in breadth and frequency of use for orthopaedic conditions in the past 5 years. Rich in many growth factors that have important implications in healing, PRP can potentially regenerate tissue via multiple mechanisms. Proposed clinical and surgical applications include spinal fusion, chondropathy, knee osteoarthritis, tendinopathy, acute and chronic soft-tissue injuries, enhancement of healing after ligament reconstruction, and muscle strains. However, for many conditions, there is limited reliable clinical evidence to guide the use of PRP. Furthermore, classification systems and identification of differences among products are needed to understand the implications of variability.

    View details for DOI 10.5435/JAAOS-21-12-739

    View details for Web of Science ID 000329011700004

    View details for PubMedID 24292930

  • Platelet-Rich Plasma and the Upper Extremity HAND CLINICS Mishra, A., Randelli, P., Barr, C., Talamonti, T., Ragone, V., Cabitza, P. 2012; 28 (4): 481-?

    Abstract

    Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a fraction of whole blood containing powerful growth factors and cytokines. Preclinical studies suggest PRP may be useful for tendon repair or regeneration. Clinical investigations have focused on the treatment of chronic lateral epicondylar tendinopathy and rotator cuff pathology. Multiple controlled studies support the use of PRP for chronic tennis elbow. Rotator cuff studies, however, have produced conflicting results based on PRP formulation, surgical technique, and size of tendon tear. This article explores the scientific rational for using PRP, its various formulations, and the emerging clinical data. Future potential applications are also explored.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.hcl.2012.08.008

    View details for PubMedID 23101598

  • Sports Medicine Applications of Platelet Rich Plasma CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Mishra, A., Harmon, K., Woodall, J., Vieira, A. 2012; 13 (7): 1185-1195

    Abstract

    Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a powerful new biologic tool in sports medicine. PRP is a fraction of autologous whole blood containing and increased number of platelets and a wide variety of cytokines such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-B1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) among many others. Worldwide interest in this biologic technology has recently risen sharply. Basic science and preclinical data support the use of PRP for a variety of sports related injuries and disorders. The published, peer reviewed, human data on PRP is limited. Although the scientific evaluation of clinical efficacy is in the early stages, elite and recreational athletes already use PRP in the treatment of sports related injuries. Many questions remain to be answered regarding the use of PRP including optimal formulation, including of leukocytes, dosage and rehabilitation protocols. In this review, a classification for platelet rich plasma is proposed and the in-vitro, preclinical and human investigations of PRP applications in sports medicine will be reviewed as well as a discussion of rehabilitation after a PRP procedure. The regulation of PRP by the World Anti-Doping Agency will also be discussed. PRP is a promising technology in sports medicine; however, it will require more vigorous study in order to better understand how to apply it most effectively.

    View details for PubMedID 21740373

  • In Search of a Consensus Terminology in the Field of Platelet Concentrates for Surgical Use: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF), Fibrin Gel Polymerization and Leukocytes CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Ehrenfest, D. M., Bielecki, T., Mishra, A., Borzini, P., Inchingolo, F., Sammartino, G., Rasmusson, L., Everts, P. A. 2012; 13 (7): 1131-1137

    Abstract

    In the field of platelet concentrates for surgical use, most products are termed Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP). Unfortunately, this term is very general and incomplete, leading to many confusions in the scientific database. In this article, a panel of experts discusses this issue and proposes an accurate and simple terminology system for platelet concentrates for surgical use. Four main categories of products can be easily defined, depending on their leukocyte content and fibrin architecture: Pure Platelet-Rich Plasma (P-PRP), such as cell separator PRP, Vivostat PRF or Anitua's PRGF; Leukocyteand Platelet-Rich Plasma (L-PRP), such as Curasan, Regen, Plateltex, SmartPReP, PCCS, Magellan, Angel or GPS PRP; Pure Plaletet-Rich Fibrin (P-PRF), such as Fibrinet; and Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF), such as Choukroun's PRF. P-PRP and L-PRP refer to the unactivated liquid form of these products, their activated versions being respectively named P-PRP gels and L-PRP gels. The purpose of this search for a terminology consensus is to plead for a more serious characterization of these products. Researchers have to be aware of the complex nature of these living biomaterials, in order to avoid misunderstandings and erroneous conclusions. Understanding the biomaterials or believing in the magic of growth factors ? From this choice depends the future of the field.

    View details for Web of Science ID 000304450300003

  • Clinical Indications and Techniques for the Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Elbow OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES IN SPORTS MEDICINE Mishra, A., Gosens, T. 2011; 19 (3): 170-176

    View details for DOI 10.1053/j.otsm.2011.03.003

    View details for Web of Science ID 000295153200007

  • RevaTen platelet-rich plasma improves cardiac function after myocardial injury. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions Mishra, A., Velotta, J., Brinton, T. J., Wang, X., Chang, S., Palmer, O., Sheikh, A., Chung, J., Yang, P. C., Robbins, R., Fischbein, M. 2011; 12 (3): 158-163

    Abstract

    Cell therapy is an exciting area of investigation for repair of injured myocardial tissue. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous fractionation of whole blood containing high concentrations of growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor and insulin-like growth factor, among many others. PRP has been shown to safely and effectively enhance healing of musculoskeletal tissue primarily by reparative cell signaling. Despite a growing body of evidence on PRP's safety and efficacy, limited studies have been performed using PRP in cardiovascular tissues. Utilizing a murine myocardial permanent ligation and ischemia/reperfusion model, this study sought to determine whether RevaTen PRP (Menlo Park, CA, USA), a proprietary formulation of PRP, improves cardiac function as measured by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).Via thoracotomy, the left anterior descending arteries (LAD) of 28 mice were occluded by suture either permanently or for 45 min to induce ischemic injury and then reperfused. Mice undergoing permanent ligation had intramyocardial injections of either RevaTen PRP (n=5) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; n=4). Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed to calculate LVEF at 7 days. Mice undergoing ischemia and reperfusion had intramyocardial injections of either PRP (n=10) or PBS (n=9) and underwent MR imaging to calculate LVEF at 21 days. Hearts were harvested for histologic examination following imaging.Compared with PBS controls, RevaTen PRP-treated animals that underwent LAD ligation had a 38% higher LVEF 7 days after injury (PRP=36.1±6.1%; PBS=26.4±3.6%, P=.027). Compared with PBS controls, PRP-treated animals who underwent ischemia-reperfusion of the LAD had a 28% higher LVEF 21 days after injury (PRP=37.6±4.8%, control=29.3±9.7%, P=.038). Histologic analysis suggested the presence of more scar tissue in the control group compared to the PRP-treated animals.MR imaging demonstrated a positive effect of RevaTen PRP on left ventricular function in both a ligation and ischemia-reperfusion murine model. Our results suggest RevaTen PRP should be investigated further as a potential point-of-care biologic treatment following myocardial injury.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.carrev.2010.08.005

    View details for PubMedID 21122486

  • Platelet-Rich Plasma ORTHOPEDICS Mishra, A. 2010; 33 (7): 486-487

    View details for DOI 10.3928/01477447-20100526-13

    View details for Web of Science ID 000279517500008

    View details for PubMedID 20608601

  • Buffered Platelet-Rich Plasma Enhances Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Chondrogenic Differentiation TISSUE ENGINEERING PART C-METHODS Mishra, A., Tummala, P., King, A., Lee, B., Kraus, M., Tse, V., Jacobs, C. R. 2009; 15 (3): 431-435

    Abstract

    The success of tissue engineering applications can potentially be dramatically improved with the addition of adjuncts that increase the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor or stem cells. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has recently emerged as a potential biologic tool to treat acute and chronic tendon disorders. The regenerative potential of PRP is based on the release of growth factors that occurs with platelet rupture. Its autologous nature gives it a significant advantage in tissue engineering applications. To test whether PRP may be useful specifically for cartilage regeneration, a cell culture experiment was devised in which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were grown in control media or media enhanced with inactivated, buffered PRP. Proliferation 7 days after PRP treatment was increased: 1.041 versus 0.199 for the control media cells ( p<0.001). The messenger RNA (mRNA) level of the osteogenic marker RUNX2 was 52.84 versus 26.88 for the control group ( p<0.005). Likewise the mRNA level of the chondrogenic markers Sox-9 and aggrecan was 29.74 versus 2.29 for the control group ( p<0.001) and 21.04 versus 1.93 ( p<0.001), respectively. These results confirm that PRP enhances MSC proliferation and suggest that PRP causes chondrogenic differentiation of MSC in vitro.

    View details for DOI 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0534

    View details for Web of Science ID 000269422700012

    View details for PubMedID 19216642

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2819709

  • Platelet-rich plasma compared with corticosteroid injection for chronic lateral elbow tendinosis. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation Mishra, A., Collado, H., Fredericson, M. 2009; 1 (4): 366-370

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.02.010

    View details for PubMedID 19627920

  • Treatment of Tendon and Muscle Using Platelet-Rich Plasma CLINICS IN SPORTS MEDICINE Mishra, A., Woodall, J., Vieira, A. 2009; 28 (1): 113-?

    Abstract

    Tendon and muscle injuries are common in elite and weekend athletes. Treatment of these injuries in both groups is rapidly evolving. Sports medicine patients are demanding better and less invasive solutions for all types of musculoskeletal disorders. In this context, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a potential solution. PRP is a fraction of whole blood containing concentrated growth factors and proteins. These cytokines direct tissue healing through autocrine and paracrine effects. The number of basic science, animal, and human investigations of PRP for tendon and muscle injuries worldwide has risen sharply in recent years. These studies are helping clinicians better understand the mechanisms of PRP and are guiding novel treatment protocols. In this paper, the value of PRP as a treatment for acute or chronic tendon and muscle disorders is explored.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.csm.2008.08.007

    View details for PubMedID 19064169

  • Selecting and starting an orthopaedic surgery practice. Instructional course lectures Mishra, A., Urquhart, A. G., Anders, G. T. 2008; 57: 729-736

    Abstract

    Every new surgeon is faced with the same question as their residency or fellowship draws to a close: What is next? Few residents or fellows are as well prepared to answer that question as they could be. Most programs do not teach residents how to choose a practice type and location. After formal orthopaedic training, new surgeons must make decisions about their careers that can be nearly as complex and difficult as the decisions they make in the operating room. Career choices have both significant and long-term effects on the physician's financial situation, career satisfaction, and personal life. The physician should be aware of key non academic issues that arise when completing a residency program or just beginning the practice of orthopaedic surgery.

    View details for PubMedID 18399620

  • Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE Mishra, A., Pavelko, T. 2006; 34 (11): 1774-1778

    Abstract

    Elbow epicondylar tendinosis is a common problem that usually resolves with nonoperative treatments. When these measures fail, however, patients are interested in an alternative to surgical intervention.Treatment of chronic severe elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma will reduce pain and increase function in patients considering surgery for their problem.Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.One hundred forty patients with elbow epicondylar pain were evaluated in this study. All these patients were initially given a standardized physical therapy protocol and a variety of other nonoperative treatments. Twenty of these patients had significant persistent pain for a mean of 15 months (mean, 82 of 100; range, 60-100 of 100 on a visual analog pain scale), despite these interventions. All patients were considering surgery. This cohort of patients who had failed nonoperative treatment was then given either a single percutaneous injection of platelet-rich plasma (active group, n = 15) or bupivacaine (control group, n = 5).Eight weeks after the treatment, the platelet-rich plasma patients noted 60% improvement in their visual analog pain scores versus 16% improvement in control patients (P =.001). Sixty percent (3 of 5) of the control subjects withdrew or sought other treatments after the 8-week period, preventing further direct analysis. Therefore, only the patients treated with platelet-rich plasma were available for continued evaluation. At 6 months, the patients treated with platelet-rich plasma noted 81% improvement in their visual analog pain scores (P =.0001). At final follow-up (mean, 25.6 months; range, 12-38 months), the platelet-rich plasma patients reported 93% reduction in pain compared with before the treatment (P <.0001).Treatment of patients with chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma reduced pain significantly in this pilot investigation. Further evaluation of this novel treatment is warranted. Finally, platelet-rich plasma should be considered before surgical intervention.

    View details for DOI 10.1177/0363546506288850

    View details for PubMedID 16735582

  • Compartment syndrome arising from use of an electronic cooling pad AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE Khajavi, K., Pavelko, T., Mishra, A. K. 2004; 32 (6): 1538-1541

    View details for DOI 10.1177/0363546503262191

    View details for PubMedID 15310584

  • Patellar tendon graft harvesting using horizontal incisions for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ARTHROSCOPY Mishra, A. K., Fanton, G. S., Dillingham, M. F., Carver, T. J. 1995; 11 (6): 749-752

    Abstract

    Autograft endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction traditionally has been performed via standard arthroscopy portals and a single longitudinal anterior incision. This vertical incision is used for harvesting the central third of the patellar tendon with patellar and tibial bone blocks. From 1992 to 1995, more than 400 cases have been done with a new technique of graft procurement. This new method employs two transverse incisions that are more cosmetic and are less likely to become a source of pain or flexion limitation.

    View details for Web of Science ID A1995TK29000020

    View details for PubMedID 8679042

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