Bio

Bio

Dr. Char's K01 from NHGRI examines the ethical challenges of implementing whole genome sequencing in the care of critically ill children, particularly those with congenital cardiac disease. His long-term goal is to continue to identify and address ethical concerns associated with the implementation of next generation technologies to bedside clinical care, like whole genome sequencing and its attendant technologies like machine learning.

Clinical Focus

  • Anesthesia

Academic Appointments

Professional Education

  • Fellowship: Stanford University Anesthesiology Residency (2011) CA
  • Fellowship: UCSF Anesthesiology Fellowships (2010) CA
  • Residency: UCSF Anesthesiology Residency (2009) CA
  • Medical Education: University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine (2005) CA
  • Board Certification: American Board of Anesthesiology, Pediatric Anesthesia (2013)
  • Internship: Stanford Hospital and Clinics - Dept of Surgery (2006) CA
  • Board Certification: American Board of Anesthesiology, Anesthesia (2010)

Contact

  • Anesthesia Department 300 Pasteur Dr Rm H3580 MC 5640 Stanford, CA 94305
    • Tel: (650) 723-5728
    Fax: (650) 725-8544
  • General Surgery 300 Pasteur Dr Rm H3591A MC 5641 Stanford, CA 94305
    • Tel: (650) 724-4958
    Fax: (650) 736-1663

Research & Scholarship

Current Research and Scholarly Interests

Dr. Char's research is focused on identifying and addressing ethical concerns associated with the implementation of next generation technologies like whole genome sequencing and its attendant technologies like machine learning to bedside clinical care.

Teaching

2020-21 Courses

Publications

All Publications

  • A Framework to Evaluate Ethical Considerations with ML-HCA Applications-Valuable, Even Necessary, but Never Comprehensive. The American journal of bioethics : AJOB Char, D., Abramoff, M., Feudtner, C. 2020; 20 (11): W6?W10

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2020.1827695

    View details for PubMedID 33103985

  • Identifying Ethical Considerations for Machine Learning Healthcare Applications. The American journal of bioethics : AJOB Char, D. S., Abramoff, M. D., Feudtner, C. 2020; 20 (11): 7?17

    Abstract

    Along with potential benefits to healthcare delivery, machine learning healthcare applications (ML-HCAs) raise a number of ethical concerns. Ethical evaluations of ML-HCAs will need to structure the overall problem of evaluating these technologies, especially for a diverse group of stakeholders. This paper outlines a systematic approach to identifying ML-HCA ethical concerns, starting with a conceptual model of the pipeline of the conception, development, implementation of ML-HCAs, and the parallel pipeline of evaluation and oversight tasks at each stage. Over this model, we layer key questions that raise value-based issues, along with ethical considerations identified in large part by a literature review, but also identifying some ethical considerations that have yet to receive attention. This pipeline model framework will be useful for systematic ethical appraisals of ML-HCA from development through implementation, and for interdisciplinary collaboration of diverse stakeholders that will be required to understand and subsequently manage the ethical implications of ML-HCAs.

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2020.1819469

    View details for PubMedID 33103967

  • Parents Demand and Teenager Refuses Epidural Anesthesia. Pediatrics Berkowitz, I., Burgart, A., Truog, R. D., Mancuso, T. J., Char, D., Lantos, J. D. 2020

    Abstract

    A 15-year-old girl is scheduled to undergo an upper lobectomy to debulk metastatic Ewing sarcoma. The anesthesiologist recommended placement of a thoracic epidural catheter to provide postoperative analgesia. The patient did not want a needle to be placed near her spine. She was terrified that the procedure would be painful and that it might paralyze her. Although the anesthesiologist reassured her that sedation and local anesthesia would make the procedure comfortable, she remained vehemently opposed to the epidural procedure. The parents spoke privately to the anesthesiologist and asked for placement of the epidural after she was asleep. They firmly believed that this would provide optimal postoperative analgesia and thus would be in her best interest. Experts discuss the pros and cons of siding with the patient or parents.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2019-3295

    View details for PubMedID 32398328

  • Considerations for Triaging Elective Cases in Children with Cardiac Disease in a Time of Crisis. Circulation Gal, D. B., Char, D. S. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047087

    View details for PubMedID 32282242

  • Pectoral Nerve Blocks Decrease Postoperative Pain and Opioid Use After Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Placement in Children. Heart rhythm Yang, J. K., Char, D. S., Motonaga, K. S., Navaratnam, M., Dubin, A. M., Trela, A., Hanisch, D. G., McFadyen, G., Chubb, H., Goodyer, W., Ceresnak, S. R. 2020

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Pectoral nerve blocks (PECS) can reduce intra-procedural anesthetic requirements and postoperative pain. Little is known on the utility of PECS in reducing pain and narcotic use after pacemaker (PM) or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placement in children.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether PECS can decrease postoperative pain and opioid use after PM or ICD placement in children.METHODS: A single center, retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing transvenous PM or ICD placement between 2015-2020 was performed. Patients with recent cardiothoracic surgery or neurologic/developmental deficits were excluded. Demographics, procedural variables, postoperative pain, and postoperative opioid usage were compared between patients who underwent PECS and those who underwent conventional local anesthetic (CONTROL).RESULTS: A total of 74 patients underwent PM or ICD placement with 20 patients (27%) undergoing PECS. There were no differences between PECS and CONTROL with regard to age, weight, gender, type of device placed, presence of congenital heart disease, type of anesthesia, procedural time or complication rates. Patients who underwent PECS had lower pain scores at 1, 2, 6, 18, and 24-hours compared to CONTROL. PECS patients had a lower mean cumulative pain score [PECS 1.5 (95%-CI 0.8-2.2) vs CONTROL 3.1 (95%-CI 2.7-3.5); P<0.001] and lower total opioid use [PECS 6.0 MME/m2 (95%-CI 3.4-8.6) vs CONTROL 15.0 MME/m2 (95%-CI 11.8-18.2); P=0.001] over the 24-hours post-implant.CONCLUSIONS: Pectoralis nerve blocks reduce postoperative pain scores and lower total opioid usage after ICD or PM placement. PECS should be considered at the time of transvenous device placement in children.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.009

    View details for PubMedID 32201270

  • How Anesthesiologists Experience and Negotiate Ethical Challenges from Drug Shortages. AJOB empirical bioethics Sinow, C., Burgart, A., Char, D. S. 2020: 1?8

    Abstract

    In the face of ongoing drug shortages, anesthesiologists have been described as having to become "Iron Chefs, challenged to create safe patient outcomes with missing ingredients. Unfortunately, developing responsive ethical guidance for how anesthesiologists should best handle ethical concerns with ongoing and mutable drug shortages is limited by the dearth of studies examining how bedside clinicians actually experience drug shortages and what ethical challenges they encounter. In order to better understand what ethical concerns individual anesthesiologists experience around drug shortages and how they negotiate them, we undertook this qualitative interview study. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with anesthesiologists at three field sites: an academic tertiary care adult hospital that performs approximately 46,000 anesthetics annually comprising cases ranging across all surgical disciplines; the affiliated veteran's affairs hospital that performs 12,000 anesthetics annually; and, the affiliated children's hospital that performs 20,500 anesthetics annually. Results: 29 anesthesiologists were interviewed (17 adult and 12 pediatric anesthesiologists), representing a spectrum of practice areas in clinical anesthesia: general, pediatric, regional, pain, critical care, obstetrics, liver transplant, and palliative medicine. Three themes emerged: (1) uncertainty about responsibility for clinical decisions made in consequence to a shortage; (2) creativity, and its limits, in choosing anesthetic plans; and, (3) disclosure of concerns about shortages (to patients and colleagues). Conclusions: Our data suggests anesthesiologists have unmet needs for ethical guidance on how to approach drug shortages. First is managing responsibility for decisions stemming from a drug shortage. Second, interviewees struggled with disclosure of their concerns, both to patients and to surgical colleagues. A formal shared decision making approach may present the best solution, since the act of structuring a shared decision making conversation or creating a decision making tool will have to incorporate the views of all stakeholders around shortages and their potential clinical consequences.

    View details for DOI 10.1080/23294515.2020.1839596

    View details for PubMedID 33124970

  • Lessons learnt about Autonomous AI: Finding a safe, efficacious and ethical path through the development process. American journal of ophthalmology Abramoff, M. D., Tobey, D., Char, D. S. 2020

    Abstract

    Artificial Intelligence (AI) describes systems capable of making decisions of high cognitive complexity; Autonomous AI systems in healthcare are AI systems that make clinical decisions without human oversight. Ensuring that autonomous AI provides these benefits requires evaluation of the Autonomous AI's effect on patient outcome, design, validation, data usage and accountability, from a bioethics and accountability perspective.Case study with literature review and bioethical analysis.Online library search for articles with AI and ethics as subject. Definition of terminology. Review of bioethical principles, and derivation of evaluation rules for Autonomous AI. Case study with an FDA de novo authorized Autonomous AI system.Preliminary evaluation rules derived from bioethical principles include patient outcome, validation, reference standard, design, data usage, and accountability for medical liability. Application of the rules explains successful FDA de novo authorization.Physicians need to become competent in understanding the limitations and risks as well as the potential benefits of autonomous AI, and understand its design, safety, efficacy and equity, validation, liability, and how its data was obtained. The Autonomous AI evaluation rules introduced here can support this process.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.02.022

    View details for PubMedID 32171769

  • Machine Learning Implementation in Clinical Anesthesia: Opportunities and Challenges. Anesthesia and analgesia Char, D. S., Burgart, A. 2020

    View details for DOI 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004656

    View details for PubMedID 31922996

  • The opioid crisis should lead pediatric anesthesiologists to a broader vision of opioid stewardship. Paediatric anaesthesia Burgart, A. M., Char, D. 2019; 29 (11): 1078?80

    View details for DOI 10.1111/pan.13730

    View details for PubMedID 31677337

  • Use of genetic risks in pediatric organ transplantation listing decisions: A national survey PEDIATRIC TRANSPLANTATION Graf, M., Char, D., Hanson-Kahn, A., Magnus, D. 2019; 23 (4)

    View details for DOI 10.1111/petr.13402

    View details for Web of Science ID 000470844700003

  • Use of genetic risks in pediatric organ transplantation listing decisions: A national survey. Pediatric transplantation Graf, M., Char, D., Hanson-Kahn, A., Magnus, D. 2019: e13402

    Abstract

    There is a limited supply of organs for all those who need them for survival. Thus, careful decisions must be made about who is listed for transplant. Studies show that manifesting genetic disease can impact listing eligibility. What has not yet been studied is the impact genetic risks for future disease have on a patient's chance to be listed. Surveys were emailed to 163 pediatric liver, heart, and kidney transplant programs across the United States to elicit views and experiences of key clinicians regarding each program's use of genetic risks (ie, predispositions, positive predictive testing) in listing decisions. Response rate was 42%. Sixty-four percent of programs have required genetic testing for specific indications prior to listing decisions. Sixteen percent have required it without specific indications, suggesting that genetic testing may be used to screen candidates. Six percent have chosen not to list patients with secondary findings or family histories of genetic conditions. In hypothetical scenarios, programs consider cancer predispositions and adult-onset neurological conditions to be relative contraindications to listing (61%, 17%, and 8% depending on scenario), and some consider them absolute contraindications (5% and 3% depending on scenario). Only 3% of programs have formal policies for these scenarios, but all consult genetic specialists at least "sometimes" for results interpretation. Our study reveals that pediatric transplant programs are using future onset genetic risks in listing decisions. As genetic testing is increasingly adopted into pediatric medicine, further study is needed to prevent possible inappropriate use of genetic information from impacting listing eligibility.

    View details for PubMedID 31012250

  • The Decision to Withdraw in Children With Ventricular Assist Devices AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS Char, D., Hollander, S. A. 2019; 19 (3): 61?62

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2018.1563655

    View details for Web of Science ID 000461885300022

  • The Decision to Withdraw in Children With Ventricular Assist Devices. The American journal of bioethics : AJOB Char, D., Hollander, S. A. 2019; 19 (3): 61?62

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2018.1563655

    View details for PubMedID 31543046

  • Translating genomic testing results for pediatric critical care: Opportunities for genetic counselors. Journal of genetic counseling Deuitch, N., Soo-Jin Lee, S., Char, D. 2019

    Abstract

    Genomic sequencing (GS), such as whole genome and exome sequencing, is rapidly being integrated into pediatric critical care settings. Results are being used to make high impact decisions including declarations of futility, withdrawal of care, and rationing of scarce resources. In this qualitative study, we conducted interviews with clinicians involved in the care of critically ill children with congenital heart disease (CHD) to investigate their views on implementation of GS into clinical practice. Interviews were transcribed and inductively analyzed for major themes using grounded theory and thematic analysis. Three major themes emerged surrounding the use of genomic information in the high-stakes, time pressured decision making that characterizes clinical care of critically ill children with CHD: (a) that clinicians felt they did not have sufficient training to accurately assess genetic results despite pressure to incorporate results into clinical decisions; (b), that they desire knowledge support from genetic specialists, such as genetic counselors, who both understand the critical care context and are available within the time constraints of critical care clinical pressures; and (c), that clinicians feel a pressing need for increased genetics education to be able to safely and appropriately incorporate GS results into clinical decisions Our data suggest that genetics specialists may need a stronger presence in the pediatric critical care setting.

    View details for DOI 10.1002/jgc4.1182

    View details for PubMedID 31701594

  • Surveillance and Digital Health. The American journal of bioethics : AJOB Martinez-Martin, N., Char, D. 2018; 18 (9): 67?68

    View details for PubMedID 30235099

  • Implementing Machine Learning in Health Care - Addressing Ethical Challenges NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Char, D. S., Shah, N. H., Magnus, D. 2018; 378 (11): 981?83

    View details for PubMedID 29539284

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5962261

  • Anticipating uncertainty and irrevocable decisions: provider perspectives on implementing whole-genome sequencing in critically ill children with heart disease. Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics Char, D. S., Lee, S. S., Magnus, D., Cho, M. 2018

    Abstract

    PurposeTo investigate the potential impacts of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the pediatric critical-care context, we examined how clinicians caring for critically ill children with congenital heart disease (CHD) anticipate and perceive the impact of WGS on their decision-making process and treatment recommendations.MethodsWe conducted semistructured in-person and telephone interviews of clinicians involved in the care of critically ill children with CHD at a high-volume pediatric heart center. We qualitatively analyzed the transcribed interviews.ResultsIn total, 34 clinicians were interviewed. Three themes emerged: (i) uncertainty about the accuracy of WGS testing and adequacy of testing validation; (ii) the use of WGS to facilitate life-limiting decisions such as futility, rationing, and selective prenatal termination; and (iii) moral distress over using WGS with a lack of decision support.ConclusionDespite uncertainty about WGS testing, the interviewed clinicians were using, and anticipated expanding the use of, WGS results to justify declarations of futility, withdrawal of care, and rationing in critically ill children with CHD. This situation is causing moral distress in providers who have to make high-stakes decisions involving WGS results, with only partial understanding of them. Decision support for clinicians, and discussion with families of the risks of using WGS for rationing or withdrawal, is needed.Genet Med advance online publication, 1 March 2018; doi:10.1038/gim.2018.25.

    View details for PubMedID 29493583

  • Genomic Contraindications for Heart Transplantation. Pediatrics Char, D. S., Lázaro-Muñoz, G., Barnes, A., Magnus, D., Deem, M. J., Lantos, J. D. 2017

    Abstract

    Genome sequencing raises new ethical challenges. Decoding the genome produces new forms of diagnostic and prognostic information; however, the information is often difficult to interpret. The connection between most genetic variants and their phenotypic manifestations is not understood. This scenario is particularly true for disorders that are not associated with an autosomal genetic variant. The analytic uncertainty is compounded by moral uncertainty about how, exactly, the results of genomic testing should influence clinical decisions. In this Ethics Rounds, we present a case in which genomic findings seemed to play a role in deciding whether a patient was to be listed as a transplant candidate. We then asked experts in bioethics and cardiology to discuss the implications of such decisions.

    View details for DOI 10.1542/peds.2016-3471

    View details for PubMedID 28255068

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5369679

  • CPR and Ventricular Assist Devices: The Challenge of Prolonging Life Without Guaranteeing Health. American journal of bioethics Magnus, D., Char, D. 2017; 17 (2): 1-2

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2016.1276752

    View details for PubMedID 28112616

  • The Advance of Rescue Technologies and the Border of Viability. The American journal of bioethics : AJOB Char, D. 2017; 17 (8): 40?41

    View details for PubMedID 28768128

  • Pediatric Acute Care Decision Implications of Genetically Discoverable Mental Disorders AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS Char, D. 2017; 17 (4): 32-33

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2017.1284926

    View details for Web of Science ID 000397005600013

    View details for PubMedID 28328359

  • Can Destination Therapy be implemented in children with heart failure? A study of provider perceptions. Pediatric transplantation Char, D. S., Lee, S. S., Ikoku, A. A., Rosenthal, D., Magnus, D. 2016; 20 (6): 819-824

    Abstract

    DT is an established final therapeutic choice in adult patients with severe heart failure who do not meet criteria for cardiac transplantation. Patients are given VADs, without the prospect of care escalation to transplantation. VADs are now established therapy for children and are currently used as a bridge until transplantation can be performed or heart failure improves. For children who present in severe heart failure but do not meet transplantation criteria, the question has emerged whether DT can be offered. This qualitative study aimed to elicit the perspectives of early adopters of DT at one of the few institutions where DT has been provided for children. Responses were recorded and coded and themes extracted using grounded theory. Interviewees discussed: envisioning of the DT candidate; approach to evaluation for DT; contraindications to choosing DT; and concerns about choosing DT. Providers articulated two frameworks for conceptualizing DT: as a long bridge through resolution of problems that would initially contraindicate transplantation or, alternatively, as a true destination instead of transplantation. True destination, however, may not be the lasting concept for long-term VAD use in children given improvement in prognosis for current medical contraindications and improving VAD technology.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/petr.12747

    View details for PubMedID 27357389

  • Anesthesia Intraoperative Handoffs: Is Decision Ownership Compatible With Transitions of Care Providers? American journal of bioethics Char, D. 2016; 16 (9): 19-20

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2016.1197341

    View details for PubMedID 27471931

  • Anesthesia for Placement of a Paracorporeal Lung Assist Device and Subsequent Heart-Lung Transplantation in a Child with Suprasystemic Pulmonary Hypertension and End-Stage Respiratory Failure. A & A case reports Char, D. S., Yarlagadda, V., Maeda, K., Williams, G. 2016; 6 (10): 308-310

    Abstract

    Pediatric patients with end-stage respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension traditionally have poor outcomes when bridged with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to lung or heart-lung transplantation. Therefore, several institutions have attempted paracorporeal lung assist devices as a bridge. However, given the small number of patients, little is known about approaches to anesthetic induction in these hemodynamically unstable patients either before placement of a device or anesthetic induction once a device is in situ. In this case report, we describe our anesthetic experience managing a 13-year-old boy for both paracorporeal lung assist device placement and subsequent heart-lung transplantation.

    View details for DOI 10.1213/XAA.0000000000000300

    View details for PubMedID 27002753

  • Cognitive Dysfunction in Children with Heart Disease: The Role of Anesthesia and Sedation. Congenital heart disease Char, D., Ramamoorthy, C., Wise-Faberowski, L. 2016; 11 (3): 221-229

    Abstract

    As physicians and caregivers of children with congenital heart disease, we are aware of the increasing need for procedures requiring anesthesia. While these procedures may be ideal for medical and cardiac surgical management, the risks and benefits must be assessed carefully. There are well known risks of cardiovascular and respiratory complications from anesthesia and sedation and a potentially under-appreciated risk of neurocognitive dysfunction. Both animal and human studies support the detrimental effects of repeated anesthetic exposure on the developing brain. Although the studies in humans are less convincing of this risk, the Society of Pediatric Anesthesia jointly with SmartTots provided a consensus statement on the use of anesthetic and sedative drugs in infants and toddlers when speaking to families. (www.pedsanesthesia.org; http://smarttots.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ConsensusStatementV910.5.2015.pdf). An excerpt of the statement is "Concerns regarding the unknown risk of anesthetic exposure to your child's brain development must be weighed against the potential harm associated with cancelling or delaying a needed procedure. Each child's care must be evaluated individually based on age, type, and urgency of the procedure and other health factors. This review provides a summary of the current evidence regarding anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity and the developing brain and its implications for children with congenital heart disease.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/chd.12352

    View details for PubMedID 27228360

  • Accuracy of Pulse Oximeters Intended for Hypoxemic Pediatric Patients. Pediatric critical care medicine Harris, B. U., Char, D. S., Feinstein, J. A., Verma, A., Shiboski, S. C., Ramamoorthy, C. 2016; 17 (4): 315-320

    Abstract

    Prior studies have shown inaccuracies in pulse oximetry readings at saturations less than 85%; however, no large studies have evaluated new sensors marketed for these low saturations. This study's purpose was to evaluate two sensors with claims of improved accuracy in children with saturations less than 85%.Prospective observational study.Single institution; cardiac catheterization laboratory, and operating room.Fifty patients weighing 3-20 kg with baseline saturations less than 90% undergoing surgical or catheterization procedure.Data collected included demographics, diagnosis, continuous saturations from three different pulse oximeters (Masimo LNCS [Masimo, Irvine, CA], Masimo Blue [Masimo], and Nellcor Max-I [Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland]) and up to four blood samples for co-oximetry as the gold-standard arterial oxygen saturation. Analysis included scatter plots, smoothed regression estimates of mean continuous saturation levels plotted against corresponding arterial oxygen saturation values, and Bland-Altman plots. Bland-Altman analysis indicated increasing levels of bias and variability for decreasing arterial oxygen saturation levels for all three sensors, with a statistically significant increase in mean difference observed for decreasing arterial oxygen saturation level. The Masimo Blue sensor had the lowest mean difference, SD and Bland-Altman limits in patients with saturations less than or equal to 85%. At saturation range of less than or equal to 85% and greater than 75%, 14% of the samples obtained from Masimo Blue, 24% of the readings from the Nellcor, and 31% from the Masimo Standard sensors were greater than or equal to 5% points difference. All three sensors had a further increase in these differences for arterial oxygen saturation values less than 75%.The Masimo Blue sensor has improved accuracy at saturations 75-85% versus the Nellcor and Masimo Standard sensors. The accuracy of peripheral capillary oxygen saturation of the Masimo Blue sensor was within 5% points of the arterial oxygen saturation the majority of the time. Currently, at saturations less than or equal to 85%, pulse oximetry alone should not be relied on in making clinical decisions.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000660

    View details for PubMedID 26914626

  • Accuracy of Pulse Oximeters Intended for Hypoxemic Pediatric Patients PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE Harris, B. U., Char, D. S., Feinstein, J. A., Verma, A., Shiboski, S. C., Ramamoorthy, C. 2016; 17 (4): 315-320

    Abstract

    Prior studies have shown inaccuracies in pulse oximetry readings at saturations less than 85%; however, no large studies have evaluated new sensors marketed for these low saturations. This study's purpose was to evaluate two sensors with claims of improved accuracy in children with saturations less than 85%.Prospective observational study.Single institution; cardiac catheterization laboratory, and operating room.Fifty patients weighing 3-20 kg with baseline saturations less than 90% undergoing surgical or catheterization procedure.Data collected included demographics, diagnosis, continuous saturations from three different pulse oximeters (Masimo LNCS [Masimo, Irvine, CA], Masimo Blue [Masimo], and Nellcor Max-I [Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland]) and up to four blood samples for co-oximetry as the gold-standard arterial oxygen saturation. Analysis included scatter plots, smoothed regression estimates of mean continuous saturation levels plotted against corresponding arterial oxygen saturation values, and Bland-Altman plots. Bland-Altman analysis indicated increasing levels of bias and variability for decreasing arterial oxygen saturation levels for all three sensors, with a statistically significant increase in mean difference observed for decreasing arterial oxygen saturation level. The Masimo Blue sensor had the lowest mean difference, SD and Bland-Altman limits in patients with saturations less than or equal to 85%. At saturation range of less than or equal to 85% and greater than 75%, 14% of the samples obtained from Masimo Blue, 24% of the readings from the Nellcor, and 31% from the Masimo Standard sensors were greater than or equal to 5% points difference. All three sensors had a further increase in these differences for arterial oxygen saturation values less than 75%.The Masimo Blue sensor has improved accuracy at saturations 75-85% versus the Nellcor and Masimo Standard sensors. The accuracy of peripheral capillary oxygen saturation of the Masimo Blue sensor was within 5% points of the arterial oxygen saturation the majority of the time. Currently, at saturations less than or equal to 85%, pulse oximetry alone should not be relied on in making clinical decisions.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000660

    View details for Web of Science ID 000373211600006

  • Supervised Controlled Substance Use. American journal of bioethics Char, D. 2016; 16 (4): 56-58

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2016.1145290

    View details for PubMedID 26982927

  • How should whole-genome sequencing be implemented in children? A consideration of the current limitations PERSONALIZED MEDICINE Char, D. S. 2016; 13 (1): 33-42

    View details for DOI 10.2217/pme.15.44

    View details for Web of Science ID 000368163400006

  • How should whole-genome sequencing be implemented in children? A consideration of the current limitations. Personalized medicine Char, D. S. 2016; 13 (1): 33?42

    Abstract

    In children, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is envisioned as a tool to improve diagnosis of undiagnosed diseases and to improve population-based screening. Pilot applications have shown benefits: genomic information has been used as a diagnostic aid; pharmacogenomics can reduce medicine-related adverse events; advanced knowledge of the potential for later-onset disease can target tests and appropriate therapies. However, emerging technical, conceptual and ethical challenges may limit WGS from fulfilling the current vision for future applications. WGS platforms still struggle with reliability and accuracy. The role of the genome in long-term organismal function and disease is still being established. Ethical implications of WGS in both undiagnosed disease and population screening, particularly potential impacts of testing on children and their families are still unresolved.

    View details for PubMedID 29749866

  • Parental Refusal of Newborn Screening for Congenital Hearing Loss. American journal of bioethics Char, D. 2016; 16 (1): 33-35

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2015.1115145

    View details for PubMedID 26734745

  • Negotiating the dilemma of anaesthesia and sedation in NICUs. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine Char, D. S. 2015; 3 (10): 741-742

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00368-9

    View details for PubMedID 26420018

  • Ethics of Disclosure Regarding Drug Shortages That Affect Patient Care. Anesthesia and analgesia Char, D. S., Magnus, D. 2015; 121 (2): 262-263

    View details for DOI 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000842

    View details for PubMedID 26197365

  • Whole-genome sequencing in critically ill infants and emerging ethical challenges. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine Char, D. S. 2015; 3 (5): 333-335

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00151-4

    View details for PubMedID 25937000

  • Whole genome sequencing in critically ill children. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine Char, D. S., Cho, M., Magnus, D. 2015; 3 (4): 264-266

    View details for DOI 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00006-5

    View details for PubMedID 25704991

  • Preventive Genomic Sequencing and Care of the Individual Patient. American journal of bioethics Char, D. 2015; 15 (7): 32-33

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2015.1039725

    View details for PubMedID 26147263

  • Ethical concerns raised among pediatric heart failure clinicians. American journal of bioethics Char, D. S. 2015; 15 (5): 36-37

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2015.1021971

    View details for PubMedID 25970391

  • Are preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide levels associated with outcome after pulmonary artery banding and the double switch operation in patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: A pilot study JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY Char, D. S., Shiboski, S. C., Hanley, F. L., Fineman, J. R. 2014; 148 (5): 2434-2436

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.07.003

    View details for Web of Science ID 000345132600141

  • Are preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide levels associated with outcome after pulmonary artery banding and the double switch operation in patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: a pilot study. journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery Char, D. S., Shiboski, S. C., Hanley, F. L., Fineman, J. R. 2014; 148 (5): 2434-2436

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.07.003

    View details for PubMedID 25135237

  • Preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide levels are associated with outcome after total cavopulmonary connection (Fontan). journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery Radman, M., Keller, R. L., Oishi, P., Datar, S. A., Wellnitz, K., Azakie, A., Hanley, F., Char, D., Hsu, J., Amrinovin, R., Adatia, I., Fineman, J. R. 2014; 148 (1): 212-219

    Abstract

    The study objective was to determine the association between preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide levels and outcome after total cavopulmonary connection. Surgical palliation of univentricular cardiac defects requires a series of staged operations, ending in a total cavopulmonary connection. Although outcomes have improved, there remains an unpredictable risk of early total cavopulmonary connection takedown. The prediction of adverse postoperative outcomes is imprecise, despite an extensive preoperative evaluation.We prospectively enrolled 50 patients undergoing total cavopulmonary connection. We collected preoperative clinical data, preoperative plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels, and postoperative outcomes, including the incidence of an adverse outcome within 1 year of surgery (defined as death, total cavopulmonary connection takedown, or the need for cardiac transplantation).The mean age of patients was 4.7 years (standard deviation, 2.1 years). The median (interquartile range) preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide levels were higher in patients who required total cavopulmonary connection takedown and early postoperative mechanical cardiac support (n = 3; median, 55; interquartile range, 42-121) compared with those with a good outcome (n = 47; median, 11; interquartile range, 5-17) (P < .05). A preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide level of 40 pg/mL or greater was highly associated with the need for total cavopulmonary connection takedown (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 93%; P < .05), yielding a positive predictive value of 50% and a negative predictive value of 100%. Higher preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide levels also were associated with longer intensive care unit length of stay, longer hospital length of stay, and increased incidence of low cardiac output syndrome (P < .05).Preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide blood levels are uniquely associated with the need for mechanical support early after total cavopulmonary connection and total cavopulmonary connection takedown, and thus may provide important information in addition to the standard preoperative assessment.

    View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.08.009

    View details for PubMedID 24079880

    View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3968237

  • General anesthesia treatment of propriospinal myoclonus in a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. A & A case reports Char, D. S., Hutchison, H. T., Kitterman, J. A., Gregory, G. A. 2014; 3 (1): 6-8

    Abstract

    Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a rare and severely disabling genetic condition, is characterized clinically by progressive ossification of skeletal muscle and connective tissue and congenital malformations of the great toes. Recurrent episodes of heterotopic ossification (flare-ups) lead to increasing loss of mobility as joints become progressively affected. We report the case of a young woman with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva who had recurrent, debilitating myoclonus that was refractory to conventional therapies but was relieved for prolonged periods after general anesthesia was administered.

    View details for DOI 10.1213/XAA.0000000000000037

    View details for PubMedID 25612266

  • Unintended effects on morale of mandatory postincident testing. American journal of bioethics Char, D. S. 2014; 14 (12): 42-44

    View details for DOI 10.1080/15265161.2014.964879

    View details for PubMedID 25369416

  • The effects of ketamine on dexmedetomidine-induced electrophysiologic changes in children. Paediatric anaesthesia Char, D., Drover, D. R., Motonaga, K. S., Gupta, S., Miyake, C. Y., Dubin, A. M., Hammer, G. B. 2013; 23 (10): 898-905

    Abstract

    BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist used for sedation and analgesia in children. We previously showed that dexmedetomidine depresses sinus and AV nodal function resulting in adverse hemodynamic effects such as bradycardia and increased blood pressure. We hypothesized that these effects of dexmedetomidine might be antagonized by co-administration of ketamine, which has sympathomimetic properties. METHODS: Twenty-two children (ages 5-17 years) undergoing electrophysiologic (EP) study and ablation for supraventricular tachycardia were enrolled. Patients were kept sedated with continuous infusion of propofol at a fixed rate. Hemodynamic and EP parameters were measured before and after a loading dose of dexmedetomidine (1 ?g·kg(-1) ). A continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.7 ?g·kg(-1) ·h(-1) ) was initiated and a ketamine loading dose (1 mg·kg(-1) ), followed by continuous infusion (1 mg·kg(-1) ·h(-1) ), was given. A repeat set of hemodynamic and EP parameters were then measured at the time of projected peak tissue concentration for both drugs. RESULTS: A significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was seen compared with baseline after loading of dexmedetomidine. This returned to baseline after co-administration of ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine 1.8 mmHg; 95%CI, -7.8 to 4.3; P = <0.001). A decrease in heart rate was seen after dexmedetomidine followed by a return to baseline after co-administration of ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine -6.5 bpm; 95%CI, -11.2 to -1.8; P = 0.005). Sinus node recovery time was lengthened after dexmedetomidine but returned to baseline after ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine -16.2 ms; 95%CI, -63 to 30; P = 0.014). QT was prolonged after dexmedetomidine and returned to baseline after ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine -34.2 ms; 95%CI, -48.4 to -20.2; P = 0.004). AV nodal effective refractory period was also impaired after dexmedetomidine and showed weak evidence for return to baseline function after ketamine (mean difference between baseline and after ketamine -22.8 ms; 95%CI, -40.2 to -5.2; P = 0.069). CONCLUSION: The concurrent use of ketamine may mitigate the negative chronotropic effects of dexmedetomidine.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/pan.12143

    View details for PubMedID 23506472

  • Volatile anesthetic rescue therapy in children with acute asthma: innovative but costly or just costly?*. Pediatric critical care medicine Char, D. S., Ibsen, L. M., Ramamoorthy, C., Bratton, S. L. 2013; 14 (4): 343-350

    Abstract

    : To describe volatile anesthesia (VA) use for pediatric asthma, including complications and outcomes.: Retrospective cohort study.: Children's hospitals contributing to the Pediatric Health Information System between 2004-2008.: Children 2-18 years old with a primary diagnosis code for asthma supported with mechanical ventilation.: Those treated with VA were compared to those not treated with VA or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Hospital VA use was grouped as none, <5%, 5-10% and >10% among intubated children.: One thousand five hundred and fifty-eight patients received mechanical ventilation at 40 hospitals for asthma: 47 (3%) received VA treatment at 11 (28%) hospitals. Those receiving a VA were significantly less likely to receive inhaled b-agonists, ipratropium bromide, and heliox, but more likely to receive neuromuscular blocking agents than patients treated without VA. Length of mechanical ventilation, hospital stay (length of stay [LOS]) and charges were significantly greater for those treated with VA. Aspiration was more common but death and air leak did not differ. Patients at hospitals with VA use >10% were significantly less likely to receive inhaled b agonist, ipratropium bromide, methylxanthines, and heliox, but more likely to receive systemic b agonist, neuromuscular blocking agents compared to those treated at hospitals not using VA. LOS, duration of ventilation, and hospital charges were significantly greater for patients treated at centers with high VA use.: Mortality does not differ between centers that use VA or not. Patients treated at centers with high VA use had significantly increased hospital charges and increased LOS.

    View details for DOI 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182772e29

    View details for PubMedID 23439466

  • Case report: airway and concurrent hemodynamic management in a neonate with oculo-auriculo-vertebral (Goldenhar) syndrome, severe cervical scoliosis, interrupted aortic arch, multiple ventricular septal defects, and an unstable cervical spine PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA Char, D. S., Gipp, M., Boltz, M. G., Williams, G. D. 2012; 22 (9): 932-934

    Abstract

    We report the challenging case of a 1-week-old, term, 2.4 kg neonate with Goldenhar syndrome (including microcephaly, left microtia, left facial palsy, dextro-scoliosis of the cervical spine, and cervico-thoracic levoscoliosis), multiple ventricular septal defects, a type B interrupted aortic arch, a large patent ductus arteriosis, and radiographic and clinical signs concerning for an unstable cervical spine. Our anesthesia team was consulted for perioperative management of this patient during her surgical repair. This case report describes the use of the Air-Q size 1 laryngeal airway (LA) to assist fiberoptic intubation in an ASA 4 neonate with cardiac disease, an anticipated difficult airway with the addition of an unstable cervical spine, as well as the anesthetic techniques used to maintain hemodynamic stability while the airway was secured.

    View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03915.x

    View details for Web of Science ID 000306900400017

    View details for PubMedID 22834469

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