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Decoding spoken English from intracortical electrode arrays in dorsal precentral gyrus. Journal of neural engineering Wilson, G. H., Stavisky, S. D., Willett, F. R., Avansino, D. T., Kelemen, J. N., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., Druckmann, S., Shenoy, K. V. 2020; 17 (6): 066007
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential of intracortical electrode array signals for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to restore lost speech, we measured the performance of decoders trained to discriminate a comprehensive basis set of 39 English phonemes and to synthesize speech sounds via a neural pattern matching method. We decoded neural correlates of spoken-out-loud words in the 'hand knob' area of precentral gyrus, a step toward the eventual goal of decoding attempted speech from ventral speech areas in patients who are unable to speak.APPROACH: Neural and audio data were recorded while two BrainGate2 pilot clinical trial participants, each with two chronically-implanted 96-electrode arrays, spoke 420 different words that broadly sampled English phonemes. Phoneme onsets were identified from audio recordings, and their identities were then classified from neural features consisting of each electrode's binned action potential counts or high-frequency local field potential power. Speech synthesis was performed using the 'Brain-to-Speech' pattern matching method. We also examined two potential confounds specific to decoding overt speech: acoustic contamination of neural signals and systematic differences in labeling different phonemes' onset times.MAIN RESULTS: A linear decoder achieved up to 29.3% classification accuracy (chance = 6%) across 39 phonemes, while an RNN classifier achieved 33.9% accuracy. Parameter sweeps indicated that performance did not saturate when adding more electrodes or more training data, and that accuracy improved when utilizing time-varying structure in the data. Microphonic contamination and phoneme onset differences modestly increased decoding accuracy, but could be mitigated by acoustic artifact subtraction and using a neural speech onset marker, respectively. Speech synthesis achieved r = 0.523 correlation between true and reconstructed audio.SIGNIFICANCE: The ability to decode speech using intracortical electrode array signals from a nontraditional speech area suggests that placing electrode arrays in ventral speech areas is a promising direction for speech BCIs.

View details for DOI 10.1088/1741-2552/abbfef

View details for PubMedID 33236720
Hand Knob Area of Premotor Cortex Represents the Whole Body in a Compositional Way. Cell Willett, F. R., Deo, D. R., Avansino, D. T., Rezaii, P., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V. 2020
Abstract

Decades after the motor homunculus was first proposed, it is still unknown how different body parts are intermixed and interrelated in human motor cortical areas at single-neuron resolution. Using multi-unit recordings, we studied how face, head, arm, and leg movements are represented in the hand knob area of premotor cortex (precentral gyrus) in people with tetraplegia. Contrary to traditional expectations, we found strong representation of all movements and a partially "compositional" neural code that linked together all four limbs. The code consisted of (1) a limb-coding component representing the limb to be moved and (2) a movement-coding component where analogous movements from each limb (e.g., hand grasp and toe curl) were represented similarly. Compositional coding might facilitate skill transfer across limbs, and it provides a useful framework for thinking about how the motor system constructsmovement. Finally, we leveraged these results to create a whole-body intracortical brain-computer interface that spreads targets across all limbs.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.043

View details for PubMedID 32220308
Neural ensemble dynamics in dorsal motor cortex during speech in people with paralysis. eLife Stavisky, S. D., Willett, F. R., Wilson, G. H., Murphy, B. A., Rezaii, P., Avansino, D. T., Memberg, W. D., Miller, J. P., Kirsch, R. F., Hochberg, L. R., Ajiboye, A. B., Druckmann, S., Shenoy, K. V., Henderson, J. M. 2019; 8
Abstract

Speaking is a sensorimotor behavior whose neural basis is difficult to study with single neuron resolution due to the scarcity of human intracortical measurements. We used electrode arrays to record from the motor cortex 'hand knob' in two people with tetraplegia, an area not previously implicated in speech. Neurons modulated during speaking and during non-speaking movements of the tongue, lips, and jaw. This challenges whether the conventional model of a 'motor homunculus' division by major body regions extends to the single-neuron scale. Spoken words and syllables could be decoded from single trials, demonstrating the potential of intracortical recordings for brain-computer interfaces to restore speech. Two neural population dynamics features previously reported for arm movements were also present during speaking: a component that was mostly invariant across initiating different words, followed by rotatory dynamics during speaking. This suggests that common neural dynamical motifs may underlie movement of arm and speech articulators.

View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.46015

View details for PubMedID 31820736
Cortical control of a tablet computer by people with paralysis. PloS one Nuyujukian, P., Albites Sanabria, J., Saab, J., Pandarinath, C., Jarosiewicz, B., Blabe, C. H., Franco, B., Mernoff, S. T., Eskandar, E. N., Simeral, J. D., Hochberg, L. R., Shenoy, K. V., Henderson, J. M. 2018; 13 (11): e0204566
Abstract

General-purpose computers have become ubiquitous and important for everyday life, but they are difficult for people with paralysis to use. Specialized software and personalized input devices can improve access, but often provide only limited functionality. In this study, three research participants with tetraplegia who had multielectrode arrays implanted in motor cortex as part of the BrainGate2 clinical trial used an intracortical brain-computer interface (iBCI) to control an unmodified commercial tablet computer. Neural activity was decoded in real time as a point-and-click wireless Bluetooth mouse, allowing participants to use common and recreational applications (web browsing, email, chatting, playing music on a piano application, sending text messages, etc.). Two of the participants also used the iBCI to "chat" with each other in real time. This study demonstrates, for the first time, high-performance iBCI control of an unmodified, commercially available, general-purpose mobile computing device by people with tetraplegia.

View details for PubMedID 30462658
High performance communication by people with paralysis using an intracortical brain-computer interface. eLife Pandarinath, C., Nuyujukian, P., Blabe, C. H., Sorice, B. L., Saab, J., Willett, F. R., Hochberg, L. R., Shenoy, K. V., Henderson, J. M. 2017; 6
Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to restore communication for people with tetraplegia and anarthria by translating neural activity into control signals for assistive communication devices. While previous pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated promising proofs-of-concept (Serruya et al., 2002; Simeral et al., 2011; Bacher et al., 2015; Nuyujukian et al., 2015; Aflalo et al., 2015; Gilja et al., 2015; Jarosiewicz et al., 2015; Wolpaw et al., 1998; Hwang et al., 2012; Sp�ler et al., 2012; Leuthardt et al., 2004; Taylor et al., 2002; Schalk et al., 2008; Moran, 2010; Brunner et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2013; Townsend and Platsko, 2016; Vansteensel et al., 2016; Nuyujukian et al., 2016; Carmena et al., 2003; Musallam et al., 2004; Santhanam et al., 2006; Hochberg et al., 2006; Ganguly et al., 2011; O'Doherty et al., 2011; Gilja et al., 2012), the performance of human clinical BCI systems is not yet high enough to support widespread adoption by people with physical limitations of speech. Here we report a high-performance intracortical BCI (iBCI) for communication, which was tested by three clinical trial participants with paralysis. The system leveraged advances in decoder design developed in prior pre-clinical and clinical studies (Gilja et al., 2015; Kao et al., 2016; Gilja et al., 2012). For all three participants, performance exceeded previous iBCIs (Bacher et al., 2015; Jarosiewicz et al., 2015) as measured by typing rate (by a factor of 1.4-4.2) and information throughput (by a factor of 2.2-4.0). This high level of performance demonstrates the potential utility of iBCIs as powerful assistive communication devices for people with limited motor function.Clinical Trial No: NCT00912041.

View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.18554

View details for PubMedID 28220753
Clinical translation of a high-performance neural prosthesis. Nature medicine Gilja, V., Pandarinath, C., Blabe, C. H., Nuyujukian, P., Simeral, J. D., Sarma, A. A., Sorice, B. L., Perge, J. A., Jarosiewicz, B., Hochberg, L. R., Shenoy, K. V., Henderson, J. M. 2015; 21 (10): 1142-1145
Abstract

Neural prostheses have the potential to improve the quality of life of individuals with paralysis by directly mapping neural activity to limb- and computer-control signals. We translated a neural prosthetic system previously developed in animal model studies for use by two individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who had intracortical microelectrode arrays placed in motor cortex. Measured more than 1 year after implant, the neural cursor-control system showed the highest published performance achieved by a person to date, more than double that of previous pilot clinical trial participants.

View details for DOI 10.1038/nm.3953

View details for PubMedID 26413781
Assessment of brain-machine interfaces from the perspective of people with paralysis JOURNAL OF NEURAL ENGINEERING Blabe, C. H., Gilja, V., Chestek, C. A., Shenoy, K. V., Anderson, K. D., Henderson, J. M. 2015; 12 (4)
Abstract

One of the main goals of brain-machine interface (BMI) research is to restore function to people with paralysis. Currently, multiple BMI design features are being investigated, based on various input modalities (externally applied and surgically implantable sensors) and output modalities (e.g. control of computer systems, prosthetic arms, and functional electrical stimulation systems). While these technologies may eventually provide some level of benefit, they each carry associated burdens for end-users. We sought to assess the attitudes of people with paralysis toward using various technologies to achieve particular benefits, given the burdens currently associated with the use of each system.We designed and distributed a technology survey to determine the level of benefit necessary for people with tetraplegia due to spinal cord injury to consider using different technologies, given the burdens currently associated with them. The survey queried user preferences for 8 BMI technologies including electroencephalography, electrocorticography, and intracortical microelectrode arrays, as well as a commercially available eye tracking system for comparison. Participants used a 5-point scale to rate their likelihood to adopt these technologies for 13 potential control capabilities.Survey respondents were most likely to adopt BMI technology to restore some of their natural upper extremity function, including restoration of hand grasp and/or some degree of natural arm movement. High speed typing and control of a fast robot arm were also of interest to this population. Surgically implanted wireless technologies were twice as 'likely' to be adopted as their wired equivalents.Assessing end-user preferences is an essential prerequisite to the design and implementation of any assistive technology. The results of this survey suggest that people with tetraplegia would adopt an unobtrusive, autonomous BMI system for both restoration of upper extremity function and control of external devices such as communication interfaces.

View details for DOI 10.1088/1741-2560/12/4/043002

View details for Web of Science ID 000358178900002
Commentary: Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines for Deep Brain Stimulations for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Update of the 2014 Guidelines. Neurosurgery Henderson, J. M. 2021
View details for DOI 10.1093/neuros/nyab035

View details for PubMedID 33647954
The Neural Representation of Force across Grasp Types in Motor Cortex of Humans with Tetraplegia. eNeuro Rastogi, A., Willett, F. R., Abreu, J., Crowder, D. C., Murphy, B. A., Memberg, W. D., Vargas-Irwin, C. E., Miller, J. P., Sweet, J., Walter, B. L., Rezaii, P. G., Stavisky, S. D., Hochberg, L. R., Shenoy, K. V., Henderson, J. M., Kirsch, R. F., Ajiboye, A. B. 2021
Abstract

Intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) have the potential to restore hand grasping and object interaction to individuals with tetraplegia. Optimal grasping and object interaction require simultaneous production of both force and grasp outputs. However, since overlapping neural populations are modulated by both parameters, grasp type could affect how well forces are decoded from motor cortex in a closed-loop force iBCI. Therefore, this work quantified the neural representation and offline decoding performance of discrete hand grasps and force levels in two human participants with tetraplegia. Participants attempted to produce three discrete forces (light, medium, hard) using up to five hand grasp configurations. A two-way Welch ANOVA was implemented on multiunit neural features to assess their modulation to force and grasp Demixed principal component analysis (dPCA) was used to assess for population-level tuning to force and grasp and to predict these parameters from neural activity. Three major findings emerged from this work: (1) force information was neurally represented and could be decoded across multiple hand grasps (and, in one participant, across attempted elbow extension as well); (2) grasp type affected force representation within multiunit neural features and offline force classification accuracy; and (3) grasp was classified more accurately and had greater population-level representation than force. These findings suggest that force and grasp have both independent and interacting representations within cortex, and that incorporating force control into real-time iBCI systems is feasible across multiple hand grasps if the decoder also accounts for grasp type.Significance Statement Intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) have emerged as a promising technology to potentially restore hand grasping and object interaction in people with tetraplegia. This study is among the first to quantify the degree to which hand grasp affects force-related, or kinetic, neural activity and decoding performance in individuals with tetraplegia. The study results enhance our overall understanding of how the brain encodes kinetic parameters across varying kinematic behaviors, and in particular, the degree to which these parameters have independent versus interacting neural representations. Such investigations are a critical step to incorporating force control into human-operated iBCI systems, which would move the technology toward restoring more functional and naturalistic tasks.

View details for DOI 10.1523/ENEURO.0231-20.2020

View details for PubMedID 33495242
Deep posteromedial cortical rhythm in dissociation. Nature Vesuna, S., Kauvar, I. V., Richman, E., Gore, F., Oskotsky, T., Sava-Segal, C., Luo, L., Malenka, R. C., Henderson, J. M., Nuyujukian, P., Parvizi, J., Deisseroth, K. 2020
Abstract

Advanced imaging methods now allow cell-type-specific recording of neural activity across the mammalian brain, potentially enabling the exploration of how brain-wide dynamical patterns give rise to complex behavioural states1-12. Dissociation is an altered behavioural state in which the integrity of experience is disrupted, resulting in reproducible cognitive phenomena including the dissociation of stimulus detection from stimulus-related affective responses. Dissociation can occur as a result of trauma, epilepsy or dissociative drug use13,14, but despite its substantial basic and clinical importance, the underlying neurophysiology of this state is unknown. Here we establish such a dissociation-like state in mice, induced by precisely-dosed administration of ketamine or phencyclidine. Large-scale imaging of neural activity revealed that these dissociative agents elicited a 1-3-Hz rhythm in layer5 neurons of the retrosplenial cortex. Electrophysiological recording with four simultaneously deployed high-density probes revealed rhythmic coupling of the retrosplenial cortex with anatomically connected components of thalamus circuitry, but uncoupling from most other brain regions was observed-including a notable inverse correlation with frontally projecting thalamic nuclei. In testing for causal significance, we found thatrhythmic optogenetic activation of retrosplenial cortex layer5 neurons recapitulated dissociation-like behavioural effects. Local retrosplenial hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated potassium channel 1 (HCN1) pacemakers were required for systemic ketamine to induce this rhythm and to elicit dissociation-like behavioural effects. In a patient with focal epilepsy, simultaneous intracranial stereoencephalography recordings from across the brain revealed a similarly localized rhythm in the homologous deep posteromedial cortex that was temporally correlated with pre-seizure self-reported dissociation, and local brief electrical stimulation of this region elicited dissociative experiences. These results identify themolecular, cellular and physiological properties of a conserved deep posteromedial cortical rhythm that underlies states of dissociation.

View details for DOI 10.1038/s41586-020-2731-9

View details for PubMedID 32939091
Power-saving design opportunities for wireless intracortical brain-computer interfaces. Nature biomedical engineering Even-Chen, N., Muratore, D. G., Stavisky, S. D., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., Murmann, B., Shenoy, K. V. 2020
Abstract

The efficacy of wireless intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) is limited in part by the number of recording channels, which is constrained by the power budget of the implantable system. Designing wireless iBCIs that provide the high-quality recordings of today's wired neural interfaces may lead to inadvertent over-design at the expense of power consumption and scalability. Here, we report analyses of neural signals collected from experimental iBCI measurements in rhesus macaques and from a clinical-trial participant with implanted 96-channel Utah multielectrode arrays to understand the trade-offs between signal quality and decoder performance. Moreover, we propose an efficient hardware design for clinically viable iBCIs, and suggest that the circuit design parameters of current recording iBCIs can be relaxed considerably without loss of performance. The proposed design may allow for an order-of-magnitude power savings and lead to clinically viable iBCIs with a higher channel count.

View details for DOI 10.1038/s41551-020-0595-9

View details for PubMedID 32747834
Impact of skull density ratio on efficacy and safety of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound treatment of essential tremor JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY D'Souza, M., Chen, K. S., Rosenberg, J., Elias, W., Eisenberg, H. M., Gwinn, R., Taira, T., Chang, J., Lipsman, N., Krishna, V., Igase, K., Yamada, K., Kishima, H., Cosgrove, R., Rumia, J., Kaplitt, M. G., Hirabayashi, H., Nandi, D., Henderson, J. M., Pauly, K., Dayan, M., Halpern, C. H., Ghanouni, P. 2020; 132 (5): 1392?97
View details for DOI 10.3171/2019.2.JNS183517

View details for Web of Science ID 000530830500009
Speech-related dorsal motor cortex activity does not interfere with iBCI cursor control. Journal of neural engineering Stavisky, S. D., Willett, F. R., Avansino, D. T., Hochberg, L. R., Shenoy, K. V., Henderson, J. M. 2020; 17 (1): 016049
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Speech-related neural modulation was recently reported in 'arm/hand' area of human dorsal motor cortex that is used as a signal source for intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs). This raises the concern that speech-related modulation might deleteriously affect the decoding of arm movement intentions, for instance by affecting velocity command outputs. This study sought to clarify whether or not speaking would interfere with ongoing iBCI use.APPROACH: A participant in the BrainGate2 iBCI clinical trial used an iBCI to control a computer cursor; spoke short words in a stand-alone speech task; and spoke short words during ongoing iBCI use. We examined neural activity in all three behaviors and compared iBCI performance with and without concurrent speech.MAIN RESULTS: Dorsal motor cortex firing rates modulated strongly during stand-alone speech, but this activity was largely attenuated when speaking occurred during iBCI cursor control using attempted arm movements. 'Decoder-potent' projections of the attenuated speech-related neural activity were small, explaining why cursor task performance was similar between iBCI use with and without concurrent speaking.SIGNIFICANCE: These findings indicate that speaking does not directly interfere with iBCIs that decode attempted arm movements. This suggests that patients who are able to speak will be able to use motor cortical-driven computer interfaces or prostheses without needing to forgo speaking while using these devices.

View details for DOI 10.1088/1741-2552/ab5b72

View details for PubMedID 32023225
Neural Representation of Observed, Imagined, and Attempted Grasping Force in Motor Cortex of Individuals with Chronic Tetraplegia. Scientific reports Rastogi, A. n., Vargas-Irwin, C. E., Willett, F. R., Abreu, J. n., Crowder, D. C., Murphy, B. A., Memberg, W. D., Miller, J. P., Sweet, J. A., Walter, B. L., Cash, S. S., Rezaii, P. G., Franco, B. n., Saab, J. n., Stavisky, S. D., Shenoy, K. V., Henderson, J. M., Hochberg, L. R., Kirsch, R. F., Ajiboye, A. B. 2020; 10 (1): 1429
Abstract

Hybrid kinetic and kinematic intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) have the potential to restore functional grasping and object interaction capabilities in individuals with tetraplegia. This requires an understanding of how kinetic information is represented in neural activity, and how this representation is affected by non-motor parameters such as volitional state (VoS), namely, whether one observes, imagines, or attempts an action. To this end, this work investigates how motor cortical neural activity changes when three human participants with tetraplegia observe, imagine, and attempt to produce three discrete hand grasping forces with the dominant hand. We show that force representation follows the same VoS-related trends as previously shown for directional arm movements; namely, that attempted force production recruits more neural activity compared to observed or imagined force production. Additionally, VoS-modulated neural activity to a greater extent than grasping force. Neural representation of forces was lower than expected, possibly due to compromised somatosensory pathways in individuals with tetraplegia, which have been shown to influence motor cortical activity. Nevertheless, attempted forces (but not always observed or imagined forces) could be decoded significantly above chance, thereby potentially providing relevant information towards the development of a hybrid kinetic and kinematic iBCI.

View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-58097-1

View details for PubMedID 31996696
Improved Vim targeting for focused ultrasound ablation treatment of essential tremor: A probabilistic and patient-specific approach. Human brain mapping Su, J. H., Choi, E. Y., Tourdias, T. n., Saranathan, M. n., Halpern, C. H., Henderson, J. M., Pauly, K. B., Ghanouni, P. n., Rutt, B. K. 2020
Abstract

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) ablation of the ventral intermediate (Vim) thalamic nucleus is an incisionless treatment for essential tremor (ET). The standard initial targeting method uses an approximate, atlas-based stereotactic approach. We developed a new patient-specific targeting method to identify an individual's Vim and the optimal MRgFUS target region therein for suppression of tremor. In this retrospective study of 14 ET patients treated with MRgFUS, we investigated the ability of WMnMPRAGE, a highly sensitive and robust sequence for imaging gray matter-white matter contrast, to identify the Vim, FUS ablation, and a clinically efficacious region within the Vim in individual patients. We found that WMnMPRAGE can directly visualize the Vim in ET patients, segmenting this nucleus using manual or automated segmentation capabilities developed by our group. WMnMPRAGE also delineated the ablation's core and penumbra, and showed that all patients' ablation cores lay primarily within their Vim segmentations. We found no significant correlations between standard ablation features (e.g., ablation volume, Vim-ablation overlap) and 1-month post-treatment clinical outcome. We then defined a group-based probabilistic target, which was nonlinearly warped to individual brains; this target was located within the Vim for all patients. The overlaps between this target and patient ablation cores correlated significantly with 1-month clinical outcome (r = -.57, p = .03), in contrast to the standard target (r = -.23, p = .44). We conclude that WMnMPRAGE is a highly sensitive sequence for segmenting Vim and ablation boundaries in individual patients, allowing us to find a novel tremor-associated center within Vim and potentially improving MRgFUS treatment for ET.

View details for DOI 10.1002/hbm.25157

View details for PubMedID 32762005
Anatomic and Thermometric Analysis of Cranial Nerve Palsy after Laser Amygdalohippocampotomy for Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) Huang, Y., Leung, S. A., Parker, J. J., Ho, A. L., Wintermark, M., Patel, S. H., Pauly, K. B., Kakusa, B. W., Beres, S. J., Henderson, J. M., Grant, G. A., Halpern, C. H. 2019
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive therapy for treating medication-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Cranial nerve (CN) palsy has been reported as a procedural complication, but the mechanism of this complication is not understood.OBJECTIVE: To identify the cause of postoperative CN palsy after LITT.METHODS: Four medial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with CN palsy after LITT were identified for comparison with 22 consecutive patients with no palsy. We evaluated individual variation in the distance between CN III and the uncus, and CN IV and the parahippocampal gyrus using preoperative T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. Intraoperative MR thermometry was used to estimate temperature changes.RESULTS: CN III (n=2) and CN IV palsies (n=2) were reported. On preoperative imaging, the majority of identified CN III (54%) and CN IV (43%) were located within 1 to 2 mm of the uncus and parahippocampal gyrus tissue border, respectively. Affected CN III and CN IV were more likely to be found<1 mm of the tissue border (PCNIII=.03, PCNIV<.01; chi-squared test). Retrospective assessment of thermal profile during ablation showed higher temperature rise along the mesial temporal lobe tissue border in affected CNs than unaffected CNs after controlling for distance (12.9�C vs 5.8�C; P=.03; 2-sample t-test).CONCLUSION: CN palsy after LITT likely results from direct heating of the respective CN running at extreme proximity to the mesial temporal lobe. Low-temperature thresholds set at the border of the mesial temporal lobe in patients whose CNs are at close proximity may reduce this risk.

View details for DOI 10.1093/ons/opz279

View details for PubMedID 31555820
Volitional control of single-electrode high gamma local field potentials by people with paralysis JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY Milekovic, T., Bacher, D., Sarma, A. A., Simeral, J. D., Saab, J., Pandarinath, C., Yvert, B., Sorice, B. L., Blabe, C., Oakley, E. M., Tringale, K. R., Eskandar, E., Cash, S. S., Shenoy, K., Henderson, J. M., Hochberg, L. R., Donoghue, J. P. 2019; 121 (4): 1428?50
View details for DOI 10.1152/jn.00131.2018

View details for Web of Science ID 000465083500028
Robot-assisted versus manual navigated stereoelectroencephalography in adult medically-refractory epilepsy patients. Epilepsy research Kim, L. H., Feng, A. Y., Ho, A. L., Parker, J. J., Kumar, K. K., Chen, K. S., Grant, G. A., Henderson, J. M., Halpern, C. H. 2019; 159: 106253
Abstract

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) has experienced a recent growth in adoption for epileptogenic zone (EZ) localization. Advances in robotics have the potential to improve the efficiency and safety of this intracranial seizure monitoring method. We present our institutional experience employing robot-assisted SEEG and compare its operative efficiency, seizure reduction outcomes, and direct hospital costs with SEEG performed without robotic assistance using navigated stereotaxy.We retrospectively identified 50 consecutive adult SEEG cases at our institution in this IRB-approved study, of which 25 were navigated with image guidance (hereafter referred to as "navigated") (02/2014-10/2016) and 25 were robot-assisted (09/2016-12/2017). A thorough review of medical/surgical history and operative records with imaging and trajectory plans was done for each patient. Direct inpatient costs related to each technique were compared.Most common seizure etiologies for patients undergoing navigated and robot-assisted SEEG included non-lesional and benign temporal lesions. Despite having a higher mean number of leads-per-patient (10.2?�?3.5 versus 7.2?�?2.6, P?=?0.002), robot-assisted cases had a significantly shorter mean operative time than navigated cases (125.5�48.5 versus 173.4�84.3?min, P?=?0.02). Comparison of robot-assisted cases over the study interval revealed no significant difference in mean operative time (136.4�51.4?min for the first ten cases versus 109.9�75.8?min for the last ten cases, P?=?0.25) and estimated operative time-per-lead (13.4�6.0?min for the first ten cases versus 12.9�7.7?min for the last ten cases, P?=?0.86). The mean depth, radial, target, and entry point errors for robot-assisted cases were 2.12�1.89, 1.66�1.58, 3.05�2.02 mm, and 1.39?�?0.75?mm, respectively. The two techniques resulted in equivalent EZ localization rate (navigated 88 %, robot-assisted 96 %, P?=?0.30). Common types of epilepsy surgery performed consisted of implantation of responsive neurostimulation (RNS) device (56 %), resection (19.1 %), and laser ablation (23.8 %) for navigated SEEG. For robot-assisted SEEG, either RNS implantation (68.2 %) or laser ablation (22.7 %) were performed or offered. A majority of navigated and robot-assisted patients who underwent epilepsy surgery achieved either Engel Class I (navigated 36.8 %, robot-assisted 31.6 %) or II (navigated 36.8 %, robot-assisted 15.8 %) outcome with no significant difference between the groups (P?=?0.14). Direct hospital cost for robot-assisted SEEG was 10 % higher than non-robotic cases.This single-institutional study suggests that robotic assistance can enhance efficiency of SEEG without compromising safety or precision when compared to image guidance only. Adoption of this technique with uniform safety and efficacy over a short period of time is feasible with favorable epilepsy outcomes.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106253

View details for PubMedID 31855826
Impact of skull density ratio on efficacy and safety of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound treatment of essential tremor. Journal of neurosurgery D'Souza, M. n., Chen, K. S., Rosenberg, J. n., Elias, W. J., Eisenberg, H. M., Gwinn, R. n., Taira, T. n., Chang, J. W., Lipsman, N. n., Krishna, V. n., Igase, K. n., Yamada, K. n., Kishima, H. n., Cosgrove, R. n., Rumi�, J. n., Kaplitt, M. G., Hirabayashi, H. n., Nandi, D. n., Henderson, J. M., Butts Pauly, K. n., Dayan, M. n., Halpern, C. H., Ghanouni, P. n. 2019: 1?6
Abstract

OBJECTIVESkull density ratio (SDR) assesses the transparency of the skull to ultrasound. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy in essential tremor (ET) patients with a lower SDR may be less effective, and the risk for complications may be increased. To address these questions, the authors analyzed clinical outcomes of MRgFUS thalamotomy based on SDRs.METHODSIn 189 patients, 3 outcomes were correlated with SDRs. Efficacy was based on improvement in Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) scores 1 year after MRgFUS. Procedural efficiency was determined by the ease of achieving a peak voxel temperature of 54�C. Safety was based on the rate of the most severe procedure-related adverse event. SDRs were categorized at thresholds of 0.45 and 0.40, selected based on published criteria.RESULTSOf 189 patients, 53 (28%) had an SDR < 0.45 and 20 (11%) had an SDR < 0.40. There was no significant difference in improvement in CRST scores between those with an SDR ? 0.45 (58% � 24%), 0.40 ? SDR < 0.45 (i.e., SDR ? 0.40 but < 0.45) (63% � 27%), and SDR < 0.40 (49% � 28%; p = 0.0744). Target temperature was achieved more often in those with an SDR ? 0.45 (p < 0.001). Rates of adverse events were lower in the groups with an SDR < 0.45 (p = 0.013), with no severe adverse events in these groups.CONCLUSIONSMRgFUS treatment of ET can be effectively and safely performed in patients with an SDR < 0.45 and an SDR < 0.40, although the procedure is more efficient when SDR ? 0.45.

View details for PubMedID 31026836
Principled BCI Decoder Design and Parameter Selection Using a Feedback Control Model. Scientific reports Willett, F. R., Young, D. R., Murphy, B. A., Memberg, W. D., Blabe, C. H., Pandarinath, C. n., Stavisky, S. D., Rezaii, P. n., Saab, J. n., Walter, B. L., Sweet, J. A., Miller, J. P., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V., Simeral, J. D., Jarosiewicz, B. n., Hochberg, L. R., Kirsch, R. F., Bolu Ajiboye, A. n. 2019; 9 (1): 8881
Abstract

Decoders optimized offline to reconstruct intended movements from neural recordings sometimes fail to achieve optimal performance online when they are used in closed-loop as part of an intracortical brain-computer interface (iBCI). This is because typical decoder calibration routines do not model the emergent interactions between the decoder, the user, and the task parameters (e.g. target size). Here, we investigated the feasibility of simulating online performance to better guide decoder parameter selection and design. Three participants in the BrainGate2 pilot clinical trial controlled a computer cursor using a linear velocity decoder under different gain (speed scaling) and temporal smoothing parameters and acquired targets with different radii and distances. We show that a user-specific iBCI feedback control model can predict how performance changes under these different decoder and task parameters in held-out data. We also used the model to optimize a nonlinear speed scaling function for the decoder. When used online with two participants, it increased the dynamic range of decoded speeds and decreased the time taken to acquire targets (compared to an optimized standard decoder). These results suggest that it is feasible to simulate iBCI performance accurately enough to be useful for quantitative decoder optimization and design.

View details for DOI 10.1038/s41598-019-44166-7

View details for PubMedID 31222030
Cortical control of a tablet computer by people with paralysis PLOS ONE Nuyujukian, P., Sanabria, J., Saab, J., Pandarinath, C., Jarosiewicz, B., Blabe, C. H., Franco, B., Mernoff, S. T., Eskandar, E. N., Simeral, J. D., Hochberg, L. R., Shenoy, K., Henderson, J. M. 2018; 13 (11)
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0204566

View details for Web of Science ID 000451054800004
Brain-machine interface cursor position only weakly affects monkey and human motor cortical activity in the absence of arm movements. Scientific reports Stavisky, S. D., Kao, J. C., Nuyujukian, P., Pandarinath, C., Blabe, C., Ryu, S. I., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V. 2018; 8 (1): 16357
Abstract

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that decode movement intentions should ignore neural modulation sources distinct from the intended command. However, neurophysiology and control theory suggest that motor cortex reflects the motor effector's position, which could be a nuisance variable. We investigated motor cortical correlates of BMI cursor position with or without concurrent arm movement. We show in two monkeys that subtracting away estimated neural correlates of position improves online BMI performance only if the animals were allowed to move their arm. To understand why, we compared the neural variance attributable to cursor position when the same task was performed using arm reaching, versus arms-restrained BMI use. Firing rates correlated with both BMI cursor and hand positions, but hand positional effects were greater. To examine whether BMI position influences decoding in people with paralysis, we analyzed data from two intracortical BMI clinical trial participants and performed an online decoder comparison in one participant. We found only small motor cortical correlates, which did not affect performance. These results suggest that arm movement and proprioception are the major contributors to position-related motor cortical correlates. Cursor position visual feedback is therefore unlikely to affect the performance of BMI-driven prosthetic systems being developed for people with paralysis.

View details for PubMedID 30397281
Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT): Seizure outcomes for refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B Le, S., Ho, A. L., Fisher, R. S., Miller, K. J., Henderson, J. M., Grant, G. A., Meador, K. J., Halpern, C. H. 2018; 89: 37?41
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive alternative with less cognitive risks compared with traditional surgery for focal drug-resistant epilepsy.OBJECTIVE: We describe seizure outcomes and complications after LITT in our cohort with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE).MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively tracked Stanford's MTLE cases treated with LITT from October 2014 to October 2017. Primary endpoints were seizure outcomes by (1) Engel classification and (2) reduction in baseline seizure frequency. Secondary outcomes were postablation complications.RESULTS: A total of 30 patients underwent selective amygdalohippocampotomy via LITT. Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) was present in 23/30 (77%) patients. Median follow-up was 18?�?12?months (range: 6-44?months). Almost all 28/29 (97%) patients had >50% reduction, and 22/29 (76%) patients had >90% reduction in seizure frequency. Engel Class I outcome was achieved in 18/29 (62%) patients; with complete seizure freedom in 9/29 (31%) patients (Engel Class IA). Three (10%) patients have had only focal aware seizures (Engel Class 1B). Seizures only occurred with medication withdrawal in 6/29 (21%) patients (Engel Class ID). Class II was achieved by 6/29 (21%) and Class III by 5/29 (17%) patients. Complications included perioperative seizures in 10/29 (34%) and nonseizure complaints in 6/29 (21%) patients. Three (10%) patients had neurological deficits including one permanent superior quadrantanopsia, one transient trochlear, and one transient oculomotor nerve palsy.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, Engel Class I outcome was achieved in 62% of patients with MTLE, and 97% of patients achieved >50% seizure frequency reduction. Complications were largely temporary, though there was one persistent visual field deficit. Laser ablation is well-tolerated and offers marked seizure reduction for the majority of patients.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.09.040

View details for PubMedID 30384097
Inferring single-trial neural population dynamics using sequential auto-encoders NATURE METHODS Pandarinath, C., O'Shea, D. J., Collins, J., Jozefowicz, R., Stavisky, S. D., Kao, J. C., Trautmann, E. M., Kaufman, M. T., Ryu, S. I., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V., Abbott, L. F., Sussillo, D. 2018; 15 (10): 805-+
Abstract

Neuroscience is experiencing a revolution in which simultaneous recording of thousands of neurons is revealing population dynamics that are not apparent from single-neuron responses. This structure is typically extracted from data averaged across many trials, but deeper understanding requires studying phenomena detected in single trials, which is challenging due to incomplete sampling of the neural population, trial-to-trial variability, and fluctuations in action potential timing. We introduce latent factor analysis via dynamical systems, a deep learning method to infer latent dynamics from single-trial neural spiking data. When applied to a variety of macaque and human motor cortical datasets, latent factor analysis via dynamical systems accurately predicts observed behavioral variables, extracts precise firing rate estimates of neural dynamics on single trials, infers perturbations to those dynamics that correlate with behavioral choices, and combines data from non-overlapping recording sessions spanning months to improve inference of underlying dynamics.

View details for PubMedID 30224673
A Comparison of Intention Estimation Methods for Decoder Calibration in Intracortical Brain-Computer Interfaces IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Willett, F. R., Murphy, B. A., Young, D., Memberg, W. D., Blabe, C. H., Pandarinath, C., Franco, B., Saab, J., Walter, B. L., Sweet, J. A., Miller, J. P., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V., Simeral, J. D., Jarosiewicz, B., Hochberg, L. R., Kirsch, R. F., Ajiboye, A. 2018; 65 (9): 2066?78
Abstract

Recent reports indicate that making better assumptions about the user's intended movement can improve the accuracy of decoder calibration for intracortical brain-computer interfaces. Several methods now exist for estimating user intent, including an optimal feedback control model, a piecewise-linear feedback control model, ReFIT, and other heuristics. Which of these methods yields the best decoding performance?Using data from the BrainGate2 pilot clinical trial, we measured how a steady-state velocity Kalman filter decoder was affected by the choice of intention estimation method. We examined three separate components of the Kalman filter: dimensionality reduction, temporal smoothing, and output gain (speed scaling).The decoder's dimensionality reduction properties were largely unaffected by the intention estimation method. Decoded velocity vectors differed by <5% in terms of angular error and speed vs. target distance curves across methods. In contrast, the smoothing and gain properties of the decoder were greatly affected (> 50% difference in average values). Since the optimal gain and smoothing properties are task-specific (e.g. lower gains are better for smaller targets but worse for larger targets), no one method was better for all tasks.Our results show that, when gain and smoothing differences are accounted for, current intention estimation methods yield nearly equivalent decoders and that simple models of user intent, such as a position error vector (target position minus cursor position), perform comparably to more elaborate models. Our results also highlight that simple differences in gain and smoothing properties have a large effect on online performance and can confound decoder comparisons.

View details for DOI 10.1109/TBME.2017.2783358

View details for Web of Science ID 000442349500017

View details for PubMedID 29989927

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6043406
Awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a critical comparison and meta-analysis JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY Ho, A. L., Ali, R., Connolly, I. D., Henderson, J. M., Dhall, R., Stein, S. C., Halpern, C. H. 2018; 89 (7): 687?91
View details for DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314500

View details for Web of Science ID 000438044100006
Novel application of virtual reality in patient engagement for deep brain stimulation: A pilot study BRAIN STIMULATION Collins, M. K., Ding, V. Y., Ball, R. L., Dolce, D. L., Henderson, J. M., Halpern, C. H. 2018; 11 (4): 935?37
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.brs.2018.03.012

View details for Web of Science ID 000436849700035
Rapid calibration of an intracortical brain-computer interface for people with tetraplegia. Journal of neural engineering Brandman, D. M., Hosman, T. n., Saab, J. n., Burkhart, M. C., Shanahan, B. E., Ciancibello, J. G., Sarma, A. A., Milstein, D. J., Vargas-Irwin, C. E., Franco, B. n., Kelemen, J. n., Blabe, C. n., Murphy, B. A., Young, D. R., Willett, F. R., Pandarinath, C. n., Stavisky, S. D., Kirsch, R. F., Walter, B. L., Bolu Ajiboye, A. n., Cash, S. S., Eskandar, E. N., Miller, J. P., Sweet, J. A., Shenoy, K. V., Henderson, J. M., Jarosiewicz, B. n., Harrison, M. T., Simeral, J. D., Hochberg, L. R. 2018; 15 (2): 026007
Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can enable individuals with tetraplegia to communicate and control external devices. Though much progress has been made in improving the speed and robustness of neural control provided by intracortical BCIs, little research has been devoted to minimizing the amount of time spent on decoder calibration.We investigated the amount of time users needed to calibrate decoders and achieve performance saturation using two markedly different decoding algorithms: the steady-state Kalman filter, and a novel technique using Gaussian process regression (GP-DKF).Three people with tetraplegia gained rapid closed-loop neural cursor control and peak, plateaued decoder performance within 3?min of initializing calibration. We also show that a BCI-na�ve user (T5) was able to rapidly attain closed-loop neural cursor control with the GP-DKF using self-selected movement imagery on his first-ever day of closed-loop BCI use, acquiring a target 37?s after initiating calibration.These results demonstrate the potential for an intracortical BCI to be used immediately after deployment by people with paralysis, without the need for user learning or extensive system calibration.

View details for DOI 10.1088/1741-2552/aa9ee7

View details for PubMedID 29363625
Decoding Speech from Intracortical Multielectrode Arrays in Dorsal "Arm/Hand Areas" of Human Motor Cortex Stavisky, S. D., Rezaii, P., Willett, F. R., Hochberg, L. R., Shenoy, K., Henderson, J. M., IEEE IEEE. 2018: 93?97
Abstract

Neural prostheses are being developed to restore speech to people with neurological injury or disease. A key design consideration is where and how to access neural correlates of intended speech. Most prior work has examined cortical field potentials at a coarse resolution using electroencephalography (EEG) or medium resolution using electrocorticography (ECoG). The few studies of speech with single-neuron resolution recorded from ventral areas known to be part of the speech network. Here, we recorded from two 96- electrode arrays chronically implanted into the 'hand knob' area of motor cortex while a person with tetraplegia spoke. Despite being located in an area previously demonstrated to modulate during attempted arm movements, many electrodes' neuronal firing rates responded to speech production. In offline analyses, we could classify which of 9 phonemes (plus silence) was spoken with 81% single-trial accuracy using a combination of spike rate and local field potential (LFP) power. This suggests that high-fidelity speech prostheses may be possible using large-scale intracortical recordings in motor cortical areas involved in controlling speech articulators.

View details for Web of Science ID 000596231900022

View details for PubMedID 30440349
Diffusion MRI tractography for improved transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy targeting for essential tremor NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL Tian, Q., Wintermark, M., Elias, W., Ghanouni, P., Halpern, C. H., Henderson, J. M., Huss, D. S., Goubran, M., Thaler, C., Airan, R., Zeineh, M., Pauly, K., McNab, J. A. 2018; 19: 572?80
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.010

View details for Web of Science ID 000441936300059
Stable long-term BCI-enabled communication in ALS and locked-in syndrome using LFP signals. Journal of neurophysiology Milekovic, T. n., Sarma, A. A., Bacher, D. n., Simeral, J. D., Saab, J. n., Pandarinath, C. n., Sorice, B. L., Blabe, C. n., Oakley, E. M., Tringale, K. R., Eskandar, E. n., Cash, S. S., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V., Donoghue, J. P., Hochberg, L. R. 2018
Abstract

Restoring communication for people with locked-in syndrome remains a challenging clinical problem without a reliable solution. Recent studies have shown that people with paralysis can use brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on intracortical spiking activity to efficiently type messages. However, due to neuronal signal instability, most intracortical BCIs have required frequent calibration and continuous assistance of skilled engineers to maintain performance. Here, an individual with locked-in syndrome due to brainstem stroke and an individual with tetraplegia secondary to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) used a simple communication BCI based on intracortical local field potentials (LFPs) for 76 and 138 days, respectively, without recalibration and without significant loss of performance. BCI spelling rates of 3.07 and 6.88 correct characters/minute allowed the participants to type messages and write emails. Our results indicate that people with locked-in syndrome could soon use a slow but reliable LFP-based BCI for everyday communication without ongoing intervention from a technician or caregiver.

View details for PubMedID 29694279
Diffusion MRI tractography for improved transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy targeting for essential tremor. NeuroImage. Clinical Tian, Q., Wintermark, M., Jeffrey Elias, W., Ghanouni, P., Halpern, C. H., Henderson, J. M., Huss, D. S., Goubran, M., Thaler, C., Airan, R., Zeineh, M., Pauly, K. B., McNab, J. A. 2018; 19: 572?80
Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the use of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tractography for neurosurgical guidance of transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) thalamotomy for essential tremor (ET).Materials and methods: Eight patients with medication-refractory ET were treated with tcMRgFUS targeting the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) of the thalamus contralateral to their dominant hand. Diffusion and structural MRI data and clinical evaluations were acquired pre-treatment and post-treatment. To identify the optimal target location, tractography was performed on pre-treatment diffusion MRI data between the treated thalamus and the hand-knob region of the ipsilateral motor cortex, the entire ipsilateral motor cortex and the contralateral dentate nucleus. The tractography-identified locations were compared to the lesion location delineated on 1?year post-treatment T2-weighted MR image. Their overlap was correlated with the clinical outcomes measured by the percentage change of the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor scores acquired pre-treatment, as well as 1?month, 3?months, 6?months and 1?year post-treatment.Results: The probabilistic tractography was consistent from subject-to-subject and followed the expected anatomy of the thalamocortical radiation and the dentatothalamic tract. Higher overlap between the tractography-identified location and the tcMRgFUS treatment-induced lesion highly correlated with better treatment outcome (r?=?-0.929, -0.75, -0.643, p?=?0.00675, 0.0663, 0.139 for the tractography between the treated thalamus and the hand-knob region of the ipsilateral motor cortex, the entire ipsilateral motor cortex and the contralateral dentate nucleus, respectively, at 1?year post-treatment). The correlation for the tractography between the treated thalamus and the hand-knob region of the ipsilateral motor cortex is the highest for all time points (r?=?-0.719, -0.976, -0.707, -0.929, p?=?0.0519, 0.000397, 0.0595, 0.00675 at 1?month, 3?months, 6?months and 1?year post-treatment, respectively).Conclusion: Our data support the use of diffusion tractography as a complementary approach to current targeting methods for tcMRgFUS thalamotomy.

View details for PubMedID 29984165
Feasibility of Automatic Error Detect-and-Undo System in Human Intracortical Brain-Computer Interfaces. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering Even-Chen, N. n., Stavisky, S. D., Pandarinath, C. n., Nuyujukian, P. n., Blabe, C. H., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V. 2018; 65 (8): 1771?84
Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to help people with impaired movement ability by directly translating their movement intentions into command signals for assistive technologies. Despite large performance improvements over the last two decades, BCI systems still make errors that need to be corrected manually by the user. This decreases system performance and is also frustrating for the user. The deleterious effects of errors could be mitigated if the system automatically detected when the user perceives that an error was made and automatically intervened with a corrective action; thus, sparing users from having to make the correction themselves. Our previous preclinical work with monkeys demonstrated that task-outcome correlates exist in motor cortical spiking activity and can be utilized to improve BCI performance. Here, we asked if these signals also exist in the human hand area of motor cortex, and whether they can be decoded with high accuracy.We analyzed posthoc the intracortical neural activity of two BrainGate2 clinical trial participants who were neurally controlling a computer cursor to perform a grid target selection task and a keyboard-typing task.Our key findings are that: 1) there exists a putative outcome error signal reflected in both the action potentials and local field potentials of the human hand area of motor cortex, and 2) target selection outcomes can be classified with high accuracy (70-85%) of errors successfully detected with minimal (0-3%) misclassifications of success trials, based on neural activity alone.These offline results suggest that it will be possible to improve the performance of clinical intracortical BCIs by incorporating a real-time error detect-and-undo system alongside the decoding of movement intention.

View details for DOI 10.1109/TBME.2017.2776204

View details for PubMedID 29989931
A prospective trial of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor: Results at the 2-year follow-up. Annals of neurology Chang, J. W., Park, C. K., Lipsman, N. n., Schwartz, M. L., Ghanouni, P. n., Henderson, J. M., Gwinn, R. n., Witt, J. n., Tierney, T. S., Cosgrove, G. R., Shah, B. B., Abe, K. n., Taira, T. n., Lozano, A. M., Eisenberg, H. M., Fishman, P. S., Elias, W. J. 2018; 83 (1): 107?14
Abstract

Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) has recently been investigated as a new treatment modality for essential tremor (ET), but the durability of the procedure has not yet been evaluated. This study reports results at a 2- year follow-up after MRgFUS thalamotomy for ET.A total of 76 patients with moderate-to-severe ET, who had not responded to at least two trials of medical therapy, were enrolled in the original randomized study of unilateral thalamotomy and evaluated using the clinical rating scale for tremor. Sixty-seven of the patients continued in the open-label extension phase of the study with monitoring for 2 years. Nine patients were excluded by 2 years, for example, because of alternative therapy such as deep brain stimulation (n?=?3) or inadequate thermal lesioning (n?=?1). However, all patients in each follow-up period were analyzed.Mean hand tremor score at baseline (19.8?�?4.9; 76 patients) improved by 55% at 6 months (8.6?�?4.5; 75 patients). The improvement in tremor score from baseline was durable at 1 year (53%; 8.9?�?4.8; 70 patients) and at 2 years (56%; 8.8?�?5.0; 67 patients). Similarly, the disability score at baseline (16.4?�?4.5; 76 patients) improved by 64% at 6 months (5.4?�?4.7; 75 patients). This improvement was also sustained at 1 year (5.4?�?5.3; 70 patients) and at 2 years (6.5?�?5.0; 67 patients). Paresthesias and gait disturbances were the most common adverse effects at 1 year-each observed in 10 patients with an additional 5 patients experiencing neurological adverse effects. None of the adverse events worsened over the period of follow-up, and 2 of these resolved. There were no new delayed complications at 2 years.Tremor suppression after MRgFUS thalamotomy for ET is stably maintained at 2 years. Latent or delayed complications do not develop after treatment. Ann Neurol 2018;83:107-114.

View details for PubMedID 29265546
gene therapy trial for Parkinson's disease. JCI insight Niethammer, M., Tang, C. C., LeWitt, P. A., Rezai, A. R., Leehey, M. A., Ojemann, S. G., Flaherty, A. W., Eskandar, E. N., Kostyk, S. K., Sarkar, A., Siddiqui, M. S., Tatter, S. B., Schwalb, J. M., Poston, K. L., Henderson, J. M., Kurlan, R. M., Richard, I. H., Sapan, C. V., Eidelberg, D., During, M. J., Kaplitt, M. G., Feigin, A. 2017; 2 (7)
Abstract

BACKGROUND. We report the 12-month clinical and imaging data on the effects of bilateral delivery of the glutamic acid decarboxylase gene into the subthalamic nuclei (STN) of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. METHODS. 45 PD patients were enrolled in a 6-month double-blind randomized trial of bilateral AAV2-GAD delivery into the STN compared with sham surgery and were followed for 12 months in open-label fashion. Subjects were assessed with clinical outcome measures and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging. RESULTS. Improvements under the blind in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores in the AAV2-GAD group compared with the sham group continued at 12 months [time effect: F(4,138) = 11.55, P < 0.001; group effect: F(1,35) = 5.45, P < 0.03; repeated-measures ANOVA (RMANOVA)]. Daily duration of levodopa-induced dyskinesias significantly declined at 12 months in the AAV2-GAD group (P = 0.03; post-hoc Bonferroni test), while the sham group was unchanged. Analysis of all FDG PET images over 12 months revealed significant metabolic declines (P < 0.001; statistical parametric mapping RMANOVA) in the thalamus, striatum, and prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and orbitofrontal cortices in the AAV2-GAD group compared with the sham group. Across all time points, changes in regional metabolism differed for the two groups in all areas, with significant declines only in the AAV2-GAD group (P < 0.005; post-hoc Bonferroni tests). Furthermore, baseline metabolism in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) correlated with changes in motor UPDRS scores; the higher the baseline PFC metabolism, the better the clinical outcome. CONCLUSION. These findings show that clinical benefits after gene therapy with STN AAV2-GAD in PD patients persist at 12 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00643890. FUNDING. Neurologix Inc.

View details for DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.90133

View details for PubMedID 28405611
Awake versus asleep deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a critical comparison and meta-analysis. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry Ho, A. L., Ali, R., Connolly, I. D., Henderson, J. M., Dhall, R., Stein, S. C., Halpern, C. H. 2017
Abstract

No definitive comparative studies of the efficacy of 'awake' deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD) under local or general anaesthesia exist, and there remains significant debate within the field regarding differences in outcomes between these two techniques.We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis of all published DBS for PD studies (n=2563) on PubMed from January 2004 to November 2015. Inclusion criteria included patient number >15, report of precision and/or clinical outcomes data, and at least 6 months of follow-up. There were 145 studies, 16 of which were under general anaesthesia. Data were pooled using an inverse-variance weighted, random effects meta-analytic model for observational data.There was no significant difference in mean target error between local and general anaesthesia, but there was a significantly less mean number of DBS lead passes with general anaesthesia (p=0.006). There were also significant decreases in DBS complications, with fewer intracerebral haemorrhages and infections with general anaesthesia (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Section II scores off medication, UPDRS III scores off and on medication or levodopa equivalent doses between the two techniques. Awake DBS cohorts had a significantly greater decrease in treatment-related side effects as measured by the UPDRS IV off medication score (78.4% awake vs 59.7% asleep, p=0.022).Our meta-analysis demonstrates that while DBS under general anaesthesia may lead to lower complication rates overall, awake DBS may lead to less treatment-induced side effects. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in clinical motor outcomes between the two techniques. Thus, DBS under general anaesthesia can be considered at experienced centres in patients who are not candidates for traditional awake DBS or prefer the asleep alternative.

View details for DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314500

View details for PubMedID 28250028
Feedback control policies employed by people using intracortical brain-computer interfaces JOURNAL OF NEURAL ENGINEERING Willett, F. R., Pandarinath, C., Jarosiewicz, B., Murphy, B. A., Memberg, W. D., Blabe, C. H., Saab, J., Walter, B. L., Sweet, J. A., Miller, J. P., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V., Simeral, J. D., Hochberg, L. R., Kirsch, R. F., Ajiboye, A. B. 2017; 14 (1)
Abstract

When using an intracortical BCI (iBCI), users modulate their neural population activity to move an effector towards a target, stop accurately, and correct for movement errors. We call the rules that govern this modulation a 'feedback control policy'. A better understanding of these policies may inform the design of higher-performing neural decoders.We studied how three participants in the BrainGate2 pilot clinical trial used an iBCI to control a cursor in a 2D target acquisition task. Participants used a velocity decoder with exponential smoothing dynamics. Through offline analyses, we characterized the users' feedback control policies by modeling their neural activity as a function of cursor state and target position. We also tested whether users could adapt their policy to different decoder dynamics by varying the gain (speed scaling) and temporal smoothing parameters of the iBCI.We demonstrate that control policy assumptions made in previous studies do not fully describe the policies of our participants. To account for these discrepancies, we propose a new model that captures (1) how the user's neural population activity gradually declines as the cursor approaches the target from afar, then decreases more sharply as the cursor comes into contact with the target, (2) how the user makes constant feedback corrections even when the cursor is on top of the target, and (3) how the user actively accounts for the cursor's current velocity to avoid overshooting the target. Further, we show that users can adapt their control policy to decoder dynamics by attenuating neural modulation when the cursor gain is high and by damping the cursor velocity more strongly when the smoothing dynamics are high.Our control policy model may help to build better decoders, understand how neural activity varies during active iBCI control, and produce better simulations of closed-loop iBCI movements.

View details for DOI 10.1088/1741-2560/14/1/016001

View details for Web of Science ID 000390362600001

View details for PubMedID 27900953

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5239755
Subthalamic oscillations and phase amplitude coupling are greater in the more affected hemisphere in Parkinson's disease. Clinical neurophysiology Shreve, L. A., Velisar, A., Malekmohammadi, M., Koop, M. M., Trager, M., Quinn, E. J., Hill, B. C., Blumenfeld, Z., Kilbane, C., Mantovani, A., Henderson, J. M., Bront�-Stewart, H. 2017; 128 (1): 128-137
Abstract

Determine the incidence of resting state oscillations in alpha/beta, high frequency (HFO) bands, and their phase amplitude coupling (PAC) in a large cohort in Parkinson's disease (PD).Intra-operative local field potentials (LFPs) from subthalamic nucleus (STN) were recorded from 100 PD subjects, data from 74 subjects were included in the analysis.Alpha/beta oscillations were evident in >99%, HFO in 87% and PAC in 98% of cases. Alpha/beta oscillations (P<0.01) and PAC were stronger in the more affected (MA) hemisphere (P=0.03). Alpha/beta oscillations were primarily found in 13-20Hz (low beta). Beta and HFO frequencies with the greatest coupling, were positively correlated (P=0.001). Tremor attenuated alpha (P=0.002) and beta band oscillations (P<0.001).STN alpha/beta band oscillations and PAC were evident in ?98% cases and were greater in MA hemisphere. Resting tremor attenuated underlying alpha/beta band oscillations.Beta band LFP power may be used to drive adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS), augmented by a kinematic classifier in tremor dominant PD.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.095

View details for PubMedID 27889627
Signal-independent noise in intracortical brain-computer interfaces causes movement time properties inconsistent with Fitts' law. Journal of neural engineering Willett, F. R., Murphy, B. A., Memberg, W. D., Blabe, C. H., Pandarinath, C. n., Walter, B. L., Sweet, J. A., Miller, J. P., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V., Hochberg, L. R., Kirsch, R. F., Ajiboye, A. B. 2017; 14 (2): 026010
Abstract

Do movements made with an intracortical BCI (iBCI) have the same movement time properties as able-bodied movements? Able-bodied movement times typically obey Fitts' law: [Formula: see text] (where MT is movement time, D is target distance, R is target radius, and [Formula: see text] are parameters). Fitts' law expresses two properties of natural movement that would be ideal for iBCIs to restore: (1) that movement times are insensitive to the absolute scale of the task (since movement time depends only on the ratio [Formula: see text]) and (2) that movements have a large dynamic range of accuracy (since movement time is logarithmically proportional to [Formula: see text]).Two participants in the BrainGate2 pilot clinical trial made cortically controlled cursor movements with a linear velocity decoder and acquired targets by dwelling on them. We investigated whether the movement times were well described by Fitts' law.We found that movement times were better described by the equation [Formula: see text], which captures how movement time increases sharply as the target radius becomes smaller, independently of distance. In contrast to able-bodied movements, the iBCI movements we studied had a low dynamic range of accuracy (absence of logarithmic proportionality) and were sensitive to the absolute scale of the task (small targets had long movement times regardless of the [Formula: see text] ratio). We argue that this relationship emerges due to noise in the decoder output whose magnitude is largely independent of the user's motor command (signal-independent noise). Signal-independent noise creates a baseline level of variability that cannot be decreased by trying to move slowly or hold still, making targets below a certain size very hard to acquire with a standard decoder.The results give new insight into how iBCI movements currently differ from able-bodied movements and suggest that restoring a Fitts' law-like relationship to iBCI movements may require non-linear decoding strategies.

View details for DOI 10.1088/1741-2552/aa5990

View details for PubMedID 28177925
Transcranial MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound for treatment of essential tremor: A pilot study on the correlation between lesion size, lesion location, thermal dose, and clinical outcome. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI Federau, C. n., Goubran, M. n., Rosenberg, J. n., Henderson, J. n., Halpern, C. H., Santini, V. n., Wintermark, M. n., Butts Pauly, K. n., Ghanouni, P. n. 2017
Abstract

Transcranial MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) is a promising noninvasive method to treat medication-refractory essential tremor.To define the correlation between lesion size after ablation, thermal dose, and clinical outcome in tcMRgFUS treatment of essential tremor.Retrospective.Eight patients with medication-refractory essential tremor were treated using a tcMRgFUS system at 3T.T2 -weighted images were acquired immediately and at 1 year posttreatment at 3T.An atlas of the thalamic nuclei and dose maps were warped to the posttreatment images. The thermal dose, the immediate posttreatment lesion volume and 1-year final lesion volume, and the volumes confined inside the ventral division of the ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus (VLpv) were correlated to clinical outcome at 1 month and 1 year using Pearson's coefficient. The spatial region of treatment correlating with maximal clinical outcome was derived in a normalized space from average maps of clinical tremor score improvement at 1 year.Statistical significance was assessed using the Wilcoxon two-tailed rank test.The correlations between thermal dose, lesion volume posttreatment and at 1 year, and outcome at 1 year were good (r?=?0.73, 0.65, 0.73, respectively), and were slightly better than at 1 month (r?=?0.57, 0.49, 0.65). Reducing the measurement to include only the portion within the VLpv did not significantly modify the correlations (P?=?0.09). The center of the spatial region of treatment was found in the anterior commissure - posterior commissure plane, 14.3?mm lateral from the midline, and 8.3?mm rostral to the posterior commissure.In this pilot study a good correlation was found between the size of the lesion, the thermal dose, and the clinical outcome in patients treated for essential tremor with ablation of the VLpv with tcMRgFUS.1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017.

View details for PubMedID 29076274
Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a multisite, randomised, sham-controlled trial. The lancet. Psychiatry Holtzheimer, P. E., Husain, M. M., Lisanby, S. H., Taylor, S. F., Whitworth, L. A., McClintock, S. n., Slavin, K. V., Berman, J. n., McKhann, G. M., Patil, P. G., Rittberg, B. R., Abosch, A. n., Pandurangi, A. K., Holloway, K. L., Lam, R. W., Honey, C. R., Neimat, J. S., Henderson, J. M., DeBattista, C. n., Rothschild, A. J., Pilitsis, J. G., Espinoza, R. T., Petrides, G. n., Mogilner, A. Y., Matthews, K. n., Peichel, D. n., Gross, R. E., Hamani, C. n., Lozano, A. M., Mayberg, H. S. 2017; 4 (11): 839?49
Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal cingulate white matter has shown promise as an intervention for patients with chronic, unremitting depression. To test the safety and efficacy of DBS for treatment-resistant depression, a prospective, randomised, sham-controlled trial was conducted.Participants with treatment-resistant depression were implanted with a DBS system targeting bilateral subcallosal cingulate white matter and randomised to 6 months of active or sham DBS, followed by 6 months of open-label subcallosal cingulate DBS. Randomisation was computer generated with a block size of three at each site before the site started the study. The primary outcome was frequency of response (defined as a 40% or greater reduction in depression severity from baseline) averaged over months 4-6 of the double-blind phase. A futility analysis was performed when approximately half of the proposed sample received DBS implantation and completed the double-blind phase. At the conclusion of the 12-month study, a subset of patients were followed up for up to 24 months. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00617162.Before the futility analysis, 90 participants were randomly assigned to active (n=60) or sham (n=30) stimulation between April 10, 2008, and Nov 21, 2012. Both groups showed improvement, but there was no statistically significant difference in response during the double-blind, sham-controlled phase (12 [20%] patients in the stimulation group vs five [17%] patients in the control group). 28 patients experienced 40 serious adverse events; eight of these (in seven patients) were deemed to be related to the study device or surgery.This study confirmed the safety and feasibility of subcallosal cingulate DBS as a treatment for treatment-resistant depression but did not show statistically significant antidepressant efficacy in a 6-month double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Future studies are needed to investigate factors such as clinical features or electrode placement that might improve efficacy.Abbott (previously St Jude Medical).

View details for PubMedID 28988904
The neurosurgical origins of image-guided surgery CURRENT PROBLEMS IN SURGERY Barrese, J. C., Henderson, J. M. 2015; 52 (12): 476-520
View details for DOI 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2015.10.001

View details for Web of Science ID 000367210800002
Virtual typing by people with tetraplegia using a self-calibrating intracortical brain-computer interface. Science translational medicine Jarosiewicz, B., Sarma, A. A., Bacher, D., Masse, N. Y., Simeral, J. D., Sorice, B., Oakley, E. M., Blabe, C., Pandarinath, C., Gilja, V., Cash, S. S., Eskandar, E. N., Friehs, G., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V., Donoghue, J. P., Hochberg, L. R. 2015; 7 (313): 313ra179-?
Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) promise to restore independence for people with severe motor disabilities by translating decoded neural activity directly into the control of a computer. However, recorded neural signals are not stationary (that is, can change over time), degrading the quality of decoding. Requiring users to pause what they are doing whenever signals change to perform decoder recalibration routines is time-consuming and impractical for everyday use of BCIs. We demonstrate that signal nonstationarity in an intracortical BCI can be mitigated automatically in software, enabling long periods (hours to days) of self-paced point-and-click typing by people with tetraplegia, without degradation in neural control. Three key innovations were included in our approach: tracking the statistics of the neural activity during self-timed pauses in neural control, velocity bias correction during neural control, and periodically recalibrating the decoder using data acquired during typing by mapping neural activity to movement intentions that are inferred retrospectively based on the user's self-selected targets. These methods, which can be extended to a variety of neurally controlled applications, advance the potential for intracortical BCIs to help restore independent communication and assistive device control for people with paralysis.

View details for DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac7328

View details for PubMedID 26560357
Beta Oscillations in Freely Moving Parkinson's Subjects Are Attenuated During Deep Brain Stimulation MOVEMENT DISORDERS Quinn, E. J., Blumenfeld, Z., Velisar, A., Koop, M. M., Shreve, L. A., Trager, M. H., Hill, B. C., Kilbane, C., Henderson, J. M., Bronte-Stewart, H. 2015; 30 (13): 1750-1758
Abstract

Investigations into the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on subthalamic (STN) beta (13-30 Hz) oscillations have been performed in the perioperative period with the subject tethered to equipment. Using an embedded sensing neurostimulator, this study investigated whether beta power was similar in different resting postures and during forward walking in freely moving subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and whether STN DBS attenuated beta power in a voltage-dependent manner.Subthalamic local field potentials were recorded from the DBS lead, using a sensing neurostimulator (Activa(�) PC+S, Medtronic, Inc., Food and Drug Administration- Investigational Device Exemption (IDE)-, institutional review board-approved) from 15 PD subjects (30 STNs) off medication during lying, sitting, and standing, during forward walking, and during randomized periods of 140 Hz DBS at 0 V, 1 V, and 2.5/3 V. Continuous video, limb angular velocity, and forearm electromyography recordings were synchronized with neural recordings. Data were parsed to avoid any movement or electrical artifact during resting states.Beta power was similar during lying, sitting, and standing (P = 0.077, n = 28) and during forward walking compared with the averaged resting state (P = 0.466, n = 24), although akinetic rigid PD subjects tended to exhibit decreased beta power when walking. Deep brain stimulation at 3 V and at 1 V attenuated beta power compared with 0 V (P < 0.003, n = 14), and this was voltage dependent (P < 0.001).Beta power was conserved during resting and forward walking states and was attenuated in a voltage-dependent manner during 140-Hz DBS. Phenotype may be an important consideration if this is used for closed-loop DBS.

View details for DOI 10.1002/mds.26376

View details for Web of Science ID 000368327900008
Gene delivery of neurturin to putamen and substantia nigra in Parkinson disease: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY Olanow, C. W., Bartus, R. T., Baumann, T. L., Factor, S., Boulis, N., Stacy, M., Turner, D. A., Marks, W., Larson, P., Starr, P. A., Jankovic, J., Simpson, R., Watts, R., Guthrie, B., Poston, K., Henderson, J. M., Stern, M., Baltuch, G., Goetz, C. G., Herzog, C., Kordower, J. H., Alterman, R., Lozano, A. M., Lang, A. E. 2015; 78 (2): 248-257
Abstract

A 12-month double-blind sham-surgery-controlled trial assessing adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2)-neurturin injected into the putamen bilaterally failed to meet its primary endpoint, but showed positive results for the primary endpoint in the subgroup of subjects followed for 18 months and for several secondary endpoints. Analysis of postmortem tissue suggested impaired axonal transport of neurturin from putamen to substantia nigra. In the present study, we tested the safety and efficacy of AAV2-neurturin delivered to putamen and substantia nigra.We performed a 15- to 24-month, multicenter, double-blind trial in patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD) who were randomly assigned to receive bilateral AAV2-neurturin injected bilaterally into the substantia nigra (2.0 � 10(11) vector genomes) and putamen (1.0 � 10(12) vector genomes) or sham surgery. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to final visit performed at the time the last enrolled subject completed the 15-month evaluation in the motor subscore of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale in the practically defined off state.Fifty-one patients were enrolled in the trial. There was no significant difference between groups in the primary endpoint (change from baseline: AAV2-neurturin, -7.0?�?9.92; sham, -5.2?�?10.01; p?=?0.515) or in most secondary endpoints. Two subjects had cerebral hemorrhages with transient symptoms. No clinically meaningful adverse events were attributed to AAV2-neurturin.AAV2-neurturin delivery to the putamen and substantia nigra bilaterally in PD was not superior to sham surgery. The procedure was well tolerated, and there were no clinically significant adverse events related to AAV2-neurturin. Ann Neurol 2015;78:248-257.

View details for DOI 10.1002/ana.24436

View details for Web of Science ID 000358501600009
Transcranial MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound: A Review of the Technologic and Neurologic Applications AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY Ghanouni, P., Pauly, K. B., Elias, W. J., Henderson, J., Sheehan, J., Monteith, S., Wintermark, M. 2015; 205 (1): 150-159
Abstract

This article reviews the physical principles of MRI-guided focused ultra-sound and discusses current and potential applications of this exciting technology.MRI-guided focused ultrasound is a new minimally invasive method of targeted tissue thermal ablation that may be of use to treat central neuropathic pain, essential tremor, Parkinson tremor, and brain tumors. The system has also been used to temporarily disrupt the blood-brain barrier to allow targeted drug delivery to brain tumors.

View details for DOI 10.2214/AJR.14.13632

View details for PubMedID 26102394
Neural population dynamics in human motor cortex during movements in people with ALS ELIFE Pandarinath, C., Gilja, V., Blabe, C. H., Nuyujukian, P., Sarma, A. A., Sorice, B. L., Eskandar, E. N., Hochberg, L. R., Henderson, J. M., Shenoy, K. V. 2015; 4
Abstract

The prevailing view of motor cortex holds that motor cortical neural activity represents muscle or movement parameters. However, recent studies in non-human primates have shown that neural activity does not simply represent muscle or movement parameters; instead, its temporal structure is well-described by a dynamical system where activity during movement evolves lawfully from an initial pre-movement state. In this study, we analyze neuronal ensemble activity in motor cortex in two clinical trial participants diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). We find that activity in human motor cortex has similar dynamical structure to that of non-human primates, indicating that human motor cortex contains a similar underlying dynamical system for movement generation.

View details for DOI 10.7554/eLife.07436

View details for Web of Science ID 000356720100001

View details for PubMedID 26099302

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4475900
Sixty Hertz Neurostimulation Amplifies Subthalamic Neural Synchrony in Parkinson's Disease PLOS ONE Blumenfeld, Z., Velisar, A., Koop, M. M., Hill, B. C., Shreve, L. A., Quinn, E. J., Kilbane, C., Yu, H., Henderson, J. M., Bronte-Stewart, H. 2015; 10 (3)
Abstract

High frequency subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves the cardinal motor signs of Parkinson's disease (PD) and attenuates STN alpha/beta band neural synchrony in a voltage-dependent manner. While there is a growing interest in the behavioral effects of lower frequency (60 Hz) DBS, little is known about its effect on STN neural synchrony. Here we demonstrate for the first time that during intra-operative 60 Hz STN DBS, one or more bands of resting state neural synchrony were amplified in the STN in PD. We recorded intra-operative STN resting state local field potentials (LFPs) from twenty-eight STNs in seventeen PD subjects after placement of the DBS lead (model 3389, Medtronic, Inc.) before and during three randomized neurostimulation sets (130 Hz/1.35V, 130 Hz/2V, 60 Hz/2V). During 130 Hz/2V DBS, baseline (no DBS) STN alpha (8 - 12 Hz) and beta (13 - 35 Hz) band power decreased (N=14, P < 0.001 for both), whereas during 60 Hz/2V DBS, alpha band and peak frequency power increased (P = 0.012, P = 0.007, respectively). The effect of 60 Hz/2V DBS opposed that of power-equivalent (130 Hz/1.35V) DBS (alpha: P < 0.001, beta: P = 0.006). These results show that intra-operative 60 Hz STN DBS amplified whereas 130 Hz STN DBS attenuated resting state neural synchrony in PD; the effects were frequency-specific. We demonstrate that neurostimulation may be useful as a tool to selectively modulate resting state resonant bands of neural synchrony and to investigate its influence on motor and non-motor behaviors in PD and other neuropsychiatric diseases.

View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0121067

View details for PubMedID 25807463
Long-term efficacy and safety of thalamic stimulation for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Neurology Salanova, V., Witt, T., Worth, R., Henry, T. R., Gross, R. E., Nazzaro, J. M., Labar, D., Sperling, M. R., Sharan, A., Sandok, E., Handforth, A., Stern, J. M., Chung, S., Henderson, J. M., French, J., Baltuch, G., Rosenfeld, W. E., Garcia, P., Barbaro, N. M., Fountain, N. B., Elias, W. J., Goodman, R. R., Pollard, J. R., Tr�ster, A. I., Irwin, C. P., Lambrecht, K., Graves, N., Fisher, R. 2015; 84 (10): 1017-1025
Abstract

To report long-term efficacy and safety results of the SANTE trial investigating deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) for treatment of localization-related epilepsy.This long-term follow-up is a continuation of a previously reported trial of 5- vs 0-V ANT stimulation. Long-term follow-up began 13 months after device implantation with stimulation parameters adjusted at the investigators' discretion. Seizure frequency was determined using daily seizure diaries.The median percent seizure reduction from baseline at 1 year was 41%, and 69% at 5 years. The responder rate (?50% reduction in seizure frequency) at 1 year was 43%, and 68% at 5 years. In the 5 years of follow-up, 16% of subjects were seizure-free for at least 6 months. There were no reported unanticipated adverse device effects or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages. The Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale and 31-item Quality of Life in Epilepsy measure showed statistically significant improvement over baseline by 1 year and at 5 years (p < 0.001).Long-term follow-up of ANT deep brain stimulation showed sustained efficacy and safety in a treatment-resistant population.This long-term follow-up provides Class IV evidence that for patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, anterior thalamic stimulation is associated with a 69% reduction in seizure frequency and a 34% serious device-related adverse event rate at 5 years.

View details for DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001334

View details for PubMedID 25663221
Beta oscillations in freely moving Parkinson's subjects are attenuated during deep brain stimulation. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society Quinn, E. J., Blumenfeld, Z. n., Velisar, A. n., Koop, M. M., Shreve, L. A., Trager, M. H., Hill, B. C., Kilbane, C. n., Henderson, J. M., Bront�-Stewart, H. n. 2015; 30 (13): 1750?58
Abstract

Investigations into the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on subthalamic (STN) beta (13-30 Hz) oscillations have been performed in the perioperative period with the subject tethered to equipment. Using an embedded sensing neurostimulator, this study investigated whether beta power was similar in different resting postures and during forward walking in freely moving subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and whether STN DBS attenuated beta power in a voltage-dependent manner.Subthalamic local field potentials were recorded from the DBS lead, using a sensing neurostimulator (Activa(�) PC+S, Medtronic, Inc., Food and Drug Administration- Investigational Device Exemption (IDE)-, institutional review board-approved) from 15 PD subjects (30 STNs) off medication during lying, sitting, and standing, during forward walking, and during randomized periods of 140 Hz DBS at 0 V, 1 V, and 2.5/3 V. Continuous video, limb angular velocity, and forearm electromyography recordings were synchronized with neural recordings. Data were parsed to avoid any movement or electrical artifact during resting states.Beta power was similar during lying, sitting, and standing (P = 0.077, n = 28) and during forward walking compared with the averaged resting state (P = 0.466, n = 24), although akinetic rigid PD subjects tended to exhibit decreased beta power when walking. Deep brain stimulation at 3 V and at 1 V attenuated beta power compared with 0 V (P < 0.003, n = 14), and this was voltage dependent (P < 0.001).Beta power was conserved during resting and forward walking states and was attenuated in a voltage-dependent manner during 140-Hz DBS. Phenotype may be an important consideration if this is used for closed-loop DBS.

View details for PubMedID 26360123
Gene delivery of neurturin to putamen and substantia nigra in Parkinson disease: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Annals of neurology Warren Olanow, C. n., Bartus, R. T., Baumann, T. L., Factor, S. n., Boulis, N. n., Stacy, M. n., Turner, D. A., Marks, W. n., Larson, P. n., Starr, P. A., Jankovic, J. n., Simpson, R. n., Watts, R. n., Guthrie, B. n., Poston, K. n., Henderson, J. M., Stern, M. n., Baltuch, G. n., Goetz, C. G., Herzog, C. n., Kordower, J. H., Alterman, R. n., Lozano, A. M., Lang, A. E. 2015; 78 (2): 248?57
Abstract

A 12-month double-blind sham-surgery-controlled trial assessing adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2)-neurturin injected into the putamen bilaterally failed to meet its primary endpoint, but showed positive results for the primary endpoint in the subgroup of subjects followed for 18 months and for several secondary endpoints. Analysis of postmortem tissue suggested impaired axonal transport of neurturin from putamen to substantia nigra. In the present study, we tested the safety and efficacy of AAV2-neurturin delivered to putamen and substantia nigra.We performed a 15- to 24-month, multicenter, double-blind trial in patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD) who were randomly assigned to receive bilateral AAV2-neurturin injected bilaterally into the substantia nigra (2.0 � 10(11) vector genomes) and putamen (1.0 � 10(12) vector genomes) or sham surgery. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to final visit performed at the time the last enrolled subject completed the 15-month evaluation in the motor subscore of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale in the practically defined off state.Fifty-one patients were enrolled in the trial. There was no significant difference between groups in the primary endpoint (change from baseline: AAV2-neurturin, -7.0?�?9.92; sham, -5.2?�?10.01; p?=?0.515) or in most secondary endpoints. Two subjects had cerebral hemorrhages with transient symptoms. No clinically meaningful adverse events were attributed to AAV2-neurturin.AAV2-neurturin delivery to the putamen and substantia nigra bilaterally in PD was not superior to sham surgery. The procedure was well tolerated, and there were no clinically significant adverse events related to AAV2-neurturin. Ann Neurol 2015;78:248-257.

View details for PubMedID 26061140
Lack of efficacy of motor cortex stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain in 14 patients. Neuromodulation Sachs, A. J., Babu, H., Su, Y., Miller, K. J., Henderson, J. M. 2014; 17 (4): 303-311
Abstract

Motor cortex stimulation has been reported as an effective treatment for medically resistant neuropathic pain. The goal of this study is to review the efficacy of this treatment in a series of 14 patients.The records of a consecutive series of 14 patients undergoing MCS for neuropathic pain at Stanford University Hospital and Clinics between 2002 and 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome measure was a visual analogue scale, which patients completed prior to surgery and following each programming session. The motor cortex was localized using 1) MR image guidance, 2) intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials and motor response to stimulation, and 3) postoperative imaging. All patients underwent extensive stimulator programming.Five patients exhibited a transient improvement of >50%. Of these, only two patients maintained >50% improvement to their last clinic visit. One of these patients died of unrelated causes, and the other complained of variable response at home. The median time from best to final VAS was 50 days. Average postoperative follow-up was 55.5 weeks. Postoperative imaging demonstrated appropriate lead placement in 12 patients. The other two patients did not undergo postoperative imaging.In our cohort of 14 patients with neuropathic pain, motor cortex stimulation failed to produce acceptable long-term benefit. Possible reasons for this failure are discussed in the context of a small retrospective study.

View details for DOI 10.1111/ner.12181

View details for PubMedID 24773411
194 High Performance Computer Cursor Control Using Neuronal Ensemble Recordings From the Motor Cortex of a Person With ALS. Neurosurgery Henderson, J. M., Gilja, V., Pandarinath, C., Blabe, C., Hochberg, L. R., Shenoy, K. V. 2013; 60: 184-?
Abstract

Chronically implanted brain-computer interface systems have been demonstrated in several human research participants, with encouraging early results. A major aim of the current project is to provide improved speed and accuracy of computer cursor control for people with paralysis.A 50-year-old woman with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and weakness of all 4 limbs (but with some retained upper extremity function) underwent implantation of an array of 100 silicon microelectrodes into the 'hand knob' area of the precentral gyrus as part of a multi-site pilot clinical trial (Braingate2, IDE). Beginning 1 month following implantation, twice-weekly recording sessions were carried out in the participant's home. A circular cursor and several targets were displayed on a computer monitor. The participant performed a 'center-out' cursor task by moving her finger on a trackpad to acquire the targets while neural activity was recorded. This neural activity was correlated with finger movement to produce a velocity-based Kalman filter, which was in turn used to derive on-screen cursor movement from neural activity. Under neural control, the participant acquired 1 of either 4 or 8 peripheral targets, placed between 150 and 225 pixels from a central target. Each block consisted of 160 consecutive trials. Targets were acquired by touching the target with the neurally controlled cursor, with or without a required dwell time. All targets had a diameter of 100 pixels: Accuracy and acquisition time varied across 36 blocks, with more recent sessions tending toward higher performance. Best performance in the 8 target task with 250 msec dwell was 92% accuracy, with average acquisition time of 1.89 � 1.09 seconds.Our research participant was able to acquire targets using neural control with high speed and accuracy. Optimizations are being explored to increase performance further, with the eventual goal of providing cursor control approaching that achievable by able-bodied computer users.

View details for DOI 10.1227/01.neu.0000432784.58847.74

View details for PubMedID 23839461
Hand posture classification using electrocorticography signals in the gamma band over human sensorimotor brain areas JOURNAL OF NEURAL ENGINEERING Chestek, C. A., Gilja, V., Blabe, C. H., Foster, B. L., Shenoy, K. V., Parvizi, J., Henderson, J. M. 2013; 10 (2)
Abstract

Brain-machine interface systems translate recorded neural signals into command signals for assistive technology. In individuals with upper limb amputation or cervical spinal cord injury, the restoration of a useful hand grasp could significantly improve daily function. We sought to determine if electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals contain sufficient information to select among multiple hand postures for a prosthetic hand, orthotic, or functional electrical stimulation system.We recorded ECoG signals from subdural macro- and microelectrodes implanted in motor areas of three participants who were undergoing inpatient monitoring for diagnosis and treatment of intractable epilepsy. Participants performed five distinct isometric hand postures, as well as four distinct finger movements. Several control experiments were attempted in order to remove sensory information from the classification results. Online experiments were performed with two participants.Classification rates were 68%, 84% and 81% for correct identification of 5 isometric hand postures offline. Using 3 potential controls for removing sensory signals, error rates were approximately doubled on average (2.1�). A similar increase in errors (2.6�) was noted when the participant was asked to make simultaneous wrist movements along with the hand postures. In online experiments, fist versus rest was successfully classified on 97% of trials; the classification output drove a prosthetic hand. Online classification performance for a larger number of hand postures remained above chance, but substantially below offline performance. In addition, the long integration windows used would preclude the use of decoded signals for control of a BCI system.These results suggest that ECoG is a plausible source of command signals for prosthetic grasp selection. Overall, avenues remain for improvement through better electrode designs and placement, better participant training, and characterization of non-stationarities such that ECoG could be a viable signal source for grasp control for amputees or individuals with paralysis.

View details for DOI 10.1088/1741-2560/10/2/026002

View details for Web of Science ID 000316728700003

View details for PubMedID 23369953

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3670711
Deep brain stimulation surgical techniques. Handbook of clinical neurology Khan, F. R., Henderson, J. M. 2013; 116: 27-37
Abstract

Stereotactic techniques for placement of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes have undergone continuous refinement since the introduction of human stereotaxis in the 1940s. Volumetric imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, have replaced ventriculography, and increasingly sophisticated computer systems now allow highly refined targeting of subcortical structures. This chapter reviews the underlying principles of stereotactic surgery, including imaging, targeting, and registration, and describes the surgical approach to DBS placement using both framed and frameless techniques.

View details for DOI 10.1016/B978-0-444-53497-2.00003-6

View details for PubMedID 24112882
High frequency deep brain stimulation attenuates subthalamic and cortical rhythms in Parkinson's disease FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE Whitmer, D., de Solages, C., Hill, B., Yu, H., Henderson, J. M., Bronte-Stewart, H. 2012; 6
Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by excessive synchronous activity in the beta (8-35 Hz) band throughout the cortico-basal ganglia network. The optimal location of high frequency deep brain stimulation (HF DBS) within the subthalamic nucleus (STN) region and the location of maximal beta hypersynchrony are currently matters of debate. Additionally, the effect of STN HF DBS on neural synchrony in functionally connected regions of motor cortex is unknown and is of great interest. Scalp EEG studies demonstrated that stimulation of the STN can activate motor cortex antidromically, but the spatial specificity of this effect has not been examined. The present study examined the effect of STN HF DBS on neural synchrony within the cortico-basal ganglia network in patients with PD. We measured local field potentials dorsal to and within the STN of PD patients, and additionally in the motor cortex in a subset of these patients. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to guide the placement of subdural cortical surface electrodes over the DTI-identified origin of the hyperdirect pathway (HDP) between motor cortex and the STN. The results demonstrated that local beta power was attenuated during HF DBS both dorsal to and within the STN. The degree of attenuation was monotonic with increased DBS voltages in both locations, but this voltage-dependent effect was greater in the central STN than dorsal to the STN (p < 0.05). Cortical signals over the estimated origin of the HDP also demonstrated attenuation of beta hypersynchrony during DBS dorsal to or within STN, whereas signals from non-specific regions of motor cortex were not attenuated. The spatially-specific suppression of beta synchrony in the motor cortex support the hypothesis that DBS may treat Parkinsonism by reducing excessive synchrony in the functionally connected sensorimotor network.

View details for DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00155

View details for PubMedID 22675296
Does Ganglionectomy Still Have a Role in the Era of Neuromodulation? WORLD NEUROSURGERY Khan, F. R., Henderson, J. M. 2012; 77 (2): 280-282
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.09.034

View details for PubMedID 22120250
Optogenetic Neuromodulation EMERGING HORIZONS IN NEUROMODULATION: NEW FRONTIERS IN BRAIN AND SPINE STIMULATION Kalanithi, P. S., Henderson, J. M. 2012; 107: 185-205
Abstract

The recent development of optogenetics, a revolutionary research tool in neuroscience, portends an evolution of current clinical neuromodulation tools. A form of gene therapy, optogenetics makes possible highly precise spatial and temporal control of specific neuronal populations. This technique has already provided several new insights relevant to clinical neuroscience, from the physiological substrate of functional magnetic resonance imaging to the mechanism of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. The increased precision of optogenetic techniques also raises the possibility of eventual human use. Translational efforts have begun in primates, with success reported from multiple labs in rhesus macaques. These developments will remain of ongoing interest to neurologists and neurosurgeons.

View details for DOI 10.1016/B978-0-12-404706-8.00010-3

View details for PubMedID 23206683
"Connectomic surgery": diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography as a targeting modality for surgical modulation of neural networks. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience Henderson, J. M. 2012; 6: 15-?
Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is being used to treat a growing number of neurological disorders. Until recently, DBS has been thought to act mainly by suppressing local neuronal activity, essentially producing a functional lesion. Numerous studies are now demonstrating that DBS has widespread network effects mediated by white matter pathways. The new science of connectomics aims to map the connectivity between brain regions in health and disease. Targeting DBS specifically to pathways which exhibit pathological connectivity could greatly expand the possibilities for treating brain diseases. This brief review examines the current state of brain imaging for visualization of these networks and describes how DBS might be used to restore normal connectivity in pathological states.

View details for DOI 10.3389/fnint.2012.00015

View details for PubMedID 22536176
Maximal subthalamic beta hypersynchrony of the local field potential in Parkinson's disease is located in the central region of the nucleus JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY de Solages, C., Hill, B. C., Yu, H., Henderson, J. M., Bronte-Stewart, H. 2011; 82 (12): 1387-1389
Abstract

A pathological marker of Parkinson's disease is the existence of abnormal synchrony of neuronal activity within the beta frequency range (13-35 Hz) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Recent studies examining the topography of this rhythm have located beta hypersynchrony in the most dorsal part of the STN. In contrast, this study of the topography of the local field potential beta oscillations in 18 STNs with a 1 mm spatial resolution revealed that the point of maximal beta hypersynchrony was located at 53 � 24% of the trajectory span from the dorsal to the ventral borders of the STN (corresponding to a 3.0 � 1.6 mm depth for a 5.9 � 0.75 mm STN span). This suggests that maximal beta hypersynchrony is located in the central region of the nucleus and that further investigation should be done before using STN spectral profiles as an indicator for guiding placement of deep brain stimulation leads.

View details for DOI 10.1136/jnnp.2010.223107

View details for PubMedID 21205981
Incidence and Avoidance of Neurologic Complications with Paddle Type Spinal Cord Stimulation Leads NEUROMODULATION Levy, R., Henderson, J., Slavin, K., Simpson, B. A., Barolat, G., Shipley, J., North, R. 2011; 14 (5): 412-422
Abstract

? While reference is frequently made to the risk of spinal cord or nerve root injury with the surgical implantation of paddle type spinal cord stimulation (SCS) electrodes, data are lacking on the frequency, causes, and prevention of these complications.? To determine the incidence and frequency of neurologic complications, we performed 1) a comprehensive analysis of the literature to determine the incidence of complications that have caused or could lead to neurologic injury; 2) an analysis of the US Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) data base; and 3) an investigation of manufacturers' data on surgically implanted paddle electrodes. We then convened an expert panel of neurosurgeons experienced in the surgical implantation of paddle electrodes to provide recommendations to minimize the risk of neurologic injury.? The scientific literature describes the breadth of neurologic complications that can result from SCS electrode implantation but does not provide interpretable data with respect to the incidence and frequency of these complications. The MAUDE data base is not constructed to be sensitive or specific enough to provide these critical data. Primary data show a risk of neurologic injury from implantation of paddle electrodes below 0.6%.? Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative measures to further minimize this risk are described.? This investigation, the first comprehensive evaluation of the incidence and frequency of neurologic injury as a result of SCS paddle electrode implantation, suggests that neurologic injury is a rare, but serious, complication of SCS. The incidence of these complications should be decreased by the adoption of approaches that improve procedural safety and by careful patient follow-up and complication management. Physicians should be aware of these approaches and take every precaution to reduce the risk of neurologic injury. Physicians also should report any adverse event leading to injury or death and work together to improve access to these data.

View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00395.x

View details for Web of Science ID 000295522000005

View details for PubMedID 21967534
Human Subthalamic Neuron Spiking Exhibits Subtle Responses to Sedatives ANESTHESIOLOGY MacIver, M. B., Bronte-Stewart, H. M., Henderson, J. M., Jaffe, R. A., Brock-Utne, J. G. 2011; 115 (2): 254-264
Abstract

During deep brain stimulation implant surgery, microelectrode recordings are used to map the location of targeted neurons. The effects produced by propofol or remifentanil on discharge activity of subthalamic neurons were studied intraoperatively to determine whether they alter neuronal activity.Microelectrode recordings from 11 neurons, each from individual patients, were discriminated and analyzed before and after administration of either propofol or remifentanil. Subthalamic neurons in rat brain slices were recorded in patch-clamp to investigate cellular level effects.Neurons discharged at 42 � 9 spikes/s (mean � SD) and showed a common pattern of inhibition that lasted 4.3 ms. Unique discharge profiles were evident for each neuron, seen using joint-interval analysis. Propofol (intravenous bolus 0.3 mg/kg) produced sedation, with minor effects on discharge activity (less than 2.0% change in frequency). A prolongation of recurrent inhibition was evident from joint-interval analysis, and propofol's effect peaked within 2 min, with recovery evident at 10 min. Subthalamic neurons recorded in rat brain slices exhibited inhibitory synaptic currents that were prolonged by propofol (155%) but appeared to lack tonic inhibitory currents. Propofol did not alter membrane potential, membrane resistance, current-evoked discharge, or holding current during voltage clamp. Remifentanil (0.05 mg/kg) had little effect on overall subthalamic neuron discharge activity and did not prolong recurrent inhibition.These results help to characterize the circuit properties and feedback inhibition of subthalamic neurons and demonstrate that both propofol and remifentanil produce only minor alterations of subthalamic neuron discharge activity that should not interfere with deep brain stimulation implant surgery.

View details for PubMedID 21701380
Long-Term Outcomes of Spinal Cord Stimulation With Paddle Leads in the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and Failed Back Surgery Syndrome NEUROMODULATION Sears, N. C., Machado, A. G., Nagel, S. J., Deogaonkar, M., Stanton-Hicks, M., Rezai, A. R., Henderson, J. M. 2011; 14 (4): 312-318
Abstract

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is frequently used to treat chronic, intractable back, and leg pain. Implantation can be accomplished with percutaneous leads or paddle leads. Although there is an extensive literature on SCS, the long-term efficacy, particularly with paddle leads, remains poorly defined. Outcome measure choice is important when defining therapeutic efficacy for chronic pain. Numerical rating scales such as the NRS-11 remain the most common outcome measure in the literature, although they may not accurately correlate with quality of life improvements and overall satisfaction.We reviewed the medical records of patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) or complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) implanted with SCS systems using paddle leads between 1997 and 2008 at the Cleveland Clinic with a minimum six-month follow-up. Patients were contacted to fill out a questionnaire evaluating outcomes with the NRS-11 as well as overall satisfaction.A total of 35 eligible patients chose to participate. More than 50% of the patients with CRPS reported greater than 50% pain relief at a mean follow-up of 4.4 years. Approximately 30% of the FBSS patients reported a 50% or greater improvement at a mean follow-up of 3.8 years. However, 77.8% of patients with CRPS and 70.6% of patients with FBSS indicated that they would undergo SCS surgery again for the same outcome.Patients with CRPS and FBSS have a high degree of satisfaction, indexed as willingness to undergo the same procedure again for the same outcome at a mean follow-up of approximately four years. The percentage of satisfaction with the SCS system is disproportionally greater than the percentage of patients reporting 50% pain relief, particularly among patients with FBSS. This suggests that the visual analog scale may not be the optimal measure to evaluate long-term outcomes in this patient population.

View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00372.x

View details for Web of Science ID 000293562500007

View details for PubMedID 21992424
Challenges and Opportunities for Next-Generation Intracortically Based Neural Prostheses IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Gilja, V., Chestek, C. A., Diester, I., Henderson, J. M., Deisseroth, K., Shenoy, K. V. 2011; 58 (7): 1891-1899
Abstract

Neural prosthetic systems aim to help disabled patients by translating neural signals from the brain into control signals for guiding computer cursors, prosthetic arms, and other assistive devices. Intracortical electrode arrays measure action potentials and local field potentials from individual neurons, or small populations of neurons, in the motor cortices and can provide considerable information for controlling prostheses. Despite several compelling proof-of-concept laboratory animal experiments and an initial human clinical trial, at least three key challenges remain which, if left unaddressed, may hamper the translation of these systems into widespread clinical use. We review these challenges: achieving able-bodied levels of performance across tasks and across environments, achieving robustness across multiple decades, and restoring able-bodied quality proprioception and somatosensation. We also describe some emerging opportunities for meeting these challenges. If these challenges can be largely or fully met, intracortically based neural prostheses may achieve true clinical viability and help increasing numbers of disabled patients.

View details for DOI 10.1109/TBME.2011.2107553

View details for PubMedID 21257365
OPTOGENETICS: BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTS FOR NEUROSURGERY NEUROSURGERY Lin, S., Deisseroth, K., Henderson, J. M. 2011; 69 (1): 1-3
View details for DOI 10.1227/NEU.0b013e318224688e

View details for PubMedID 21792118
Spinal Cord Stimulation Versus Re-operation in Patients With Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An International Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (EVIDENCE Study) NEUROMODULATION North, R. B., Kumar, K., Wallace, M. S., Henderson, J. M., Shipley, J., Hernandez, J., Mekel-Bobrov, N., Jaax, K. N. 2011; 14 (4): 330-335
Abstract

This paper presents the protocol of the EVIDENCE study, a multicenter multinational randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) with rechargeable pulse generator versus re-operation through 36-month follow-up in patients with failed back surgery syndrome.Study subjects have neuropathic radicular leg pain exceeding or equaling any low back pain and meet specified entry criteria. One-to-one randomization is stratified by site and by one or more prior lumbosacral operations. The sample size of 132 subjects may be adjusted to between 100 and 200 subjects using a standard adaptive design statistical method with pre-defined rules. Crossover treatment is possible. Co-primary endpoints are proportion of subjects reporting ? 50% leg pain relief without crossover at 6 and at 24 months after SCS screening trial or re-operation. Insufficient pain relief constitutes failure of randomized treatment, as does crossover. Secondary endpoints include cost-effectiveness; relief of leg, back, and overall pain; change in disability and quality of life; and rate of crossover. We are collecting data on subject global impression of change, patient satisfaction with treatment, employment status, pain/paresthesia overlap, SCS programming, and adverse events.As the first multicenter randomized controlled trial of SCS versus re-operation and the first to use only rechargeable SCS pulse generators, the EVIDENCE study will provide up-to-date evidence on the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome.

View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00371.x

View details for Web of Science ID 000293562500019

View details for PubMedID 21992427
AAV2-GAD gene therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, sham-surgery controlled, randomised trial LANCET NEUROLOGY LeWitt, P. A., Rezai, A. R., Leehey, M. A., Ojemann, S. G., Flaherty, A. W., Eskandar, E. N., Kostyk, S. K., Thomas, K., Sarkar, A., Siddiqui, M. S., Tatter, S. B., Schwalb, J. M., Poston, K. L., Henderson, J. M., Kurlan, R. M., Richard, I. H., Van Meter, L., Sapan, C. V., During, M. J., Kaplitt, M. G., Feigin, A. 2011; 10 (4): 309-319
Abstract

Gene transfer of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and other methods that modulate production of GABA in the subthalamic nucleus improve basal ganglia function in parkinsonism in animal models. We aimed to assess the effect of bilateral delivery of AAV2-GAD in the subthalamic nucleus compared with sham surgery in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.Patients aged 30-75 years who had progressive levodopa-responsive Parkinson's disease and an overnight off-medication unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) motor score of 25 or more were enrolled into this double-blind, phase 2, randomised controlled trial, which took place at seven centres in the USA between Nov 17, 2008, and May 11, 2010. Infusion failure or catheter tip location beyond a predefined target zone led to exclusion of patients before unmasking for the efficacy analysis. The primary outcome measure was the 6-month change from baseline in double-blind assessment of off-medication UPDRS motor scores. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00643890.Of 66 patients assessed for eligibility, 23 were randomly assigned to sham surgery and 22 to AAV2-GAD infusions; of those, 21 and 16, respectively, were analysed. At the 6-month endpoint, UPDRS score for the AAV2-GAD group decreased by 8�1 points (SD 1�7, 23�1%; p<0�0001) and by 4�7 points in the sham group (1�5, 12�7%; p=0�003). The AAV2-GAD group showed a significantly greater improvement from baseline in UPDRS scores compared with the sham group over the 6-month course of the study (RMANOVA, p=0�04). One serious adverse event occurred within 6 months of surgery; this case of bowel obstruction occurred in the AAV2-GAD group, was not attributed to treatment or the surgical procedure, and fully resolved. Other adverse events were mild or moderate, likely related to surgery and resolved; the most common were headache (seven patients in the AAV2-GAD group vs two in the sham group) and nausea (six vs two).The efficacy and safety of bilateral infusion of AAV2-GAD in the subthalamic nucleus supports its further development for Parkinson's disease and shows the promise for gene therapy for neurological disorders.Neurologix.

View details for DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70039-4

View details for Web of Science ID 000289185000014

View details for PubMedID 21419704
Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette Syndrome: A Prospective Pilot Study in Japan COMMENTS NEUROMODULATION Henderson, J. 2011; 14 (2): 129
View details for Web of Science ID 000289150300014
Deep Brain Stimulation in "On"-State Parkinson Hyperpyrexia NEUROLOGY Klepitskaya, O., Cole, W., Henderson, J., Bronte-Stewart, H. 2011; 76 (7): S69-S71
View details for Web of Science ID 000287362300014

View details for PubMedID 21321358
Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson Disease An Expert Consensus and Review of Key Issues ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY Bronstein, J. M., Tagliati, M., Alterman, R. L., Lozano, A. M., Volkmann, J., Stefani, A., Horak, F. B., Okun, M. S., Foote, K. D., Krack, P., Pahwa, R., Henderson, J. M., Hariz, M. I., Bakay, R. A., Rezai, A., Marks, W. J., Moro, E., Vitek, J. L., Weaver, F. M., Gross, R. E., DeLong, M. R. 2011; 68 (2): 165-171
Abstract

To provide recommendations to patients, physicians, and other health care providers on several issues involving deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson disease (PD).An international consortium of experts organized, reviewed the literature, and attended the workshop. Topics were introduced at the workshop, followed by group discussion.A draft of a consensus statement was presented and further edited after plenary debate. The final statements were agreed on by all members.(1) Patients with PD without significant active cognitive or psychiatric problems who have medically intractable motor fluctuations, intractable tremor, or intolerance of medication adverse effects are good candidates for DBS. (2) Deep brain stimulation surgery is best performed by an experienced neurosurgeon with expertise in stereotactic neurosurgery who is working as part of a interprofessional team. (3) Surgical complication rates are extremely variable, with infection being the most commonly reported complication of DBS. (4) Deep brain stimulation programming is best accomplished by a highly trained clinician and can take 3 to 6 months to obtain optimal results. (5) Deep brain stimulation improves levodopa-responsive symptoms, dyskinesia, and tremor; benefits seem to be long-lasting in many motor domains. (6) Subthalamic nuclei DBS may be complicated by increased depression, apathy, impulsivity, worsened verbal fluency, and executive dysfunction in a subset of patients. (7) Both globus pallidus pars interna and subthalamic nuclei DBS have been shown to be effective in addressing the motor symptoms of PD. (8) Ablative therapy is still an effective alternative and should be considered in a select group of appropriate patients.

View details for DOI 10.1001/archneurol.2010.260

View details for Web of Science ID 000287330300003

View details for PubMedID 20937936
Probabilistic analysis of activation volumes generated during deep brain stimulation NEUROIMAGE Butson, C. R., Cooper, S. E., Henderson, J. M., Wolgamuth, B., McIntyre, C. C. 2011; 54 (3): 2096-2104
Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and shows great promise for the treatment of several other disorders. However, while the clinical analysis of DBS has received great attention, a relative paucity of quantitative techniques exists to define the optimal surgical target and most effective stimulation protocol for a given disorder. In this study we describe a methodology that represents an evolutionary addition to the concept of a probabilistic brain atlas, which we call a probabilistic stimulation atlas (PSA). We outline steps to combine quantitative clinical outcome measures with advanced computational models of DBS to identify regions where stimulation-induced activation could provide the best therapeutic improvement on a per-symptom basis. While this methodology is relevant to any form of DBS, we present example results from subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS for PD. We constructed patient-specific computer models of the volume of tissue activated (VTA) for 163 different stimulation parameter settings which were tested in six patients. We then assigned clinical outcome scores to each VTA and compiled all of the VTAs into a PSA to identify stimulation-induced activation targets that maximized therapeutic response with minimal side effects. The results suggest that selection of both electrode placement and clinical stimulation parameter settings could be tailored to the patient's primary symptoms using patient-specific models and PSAs.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.059

View details for Web of Science ID 000286302000033

View details for PubMedID 20974269

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3008334
A Socioeconomic Survey of Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) Surgery NEUROMODULATION Lad, S. P., Kalanithi, P. S., Arrigo, R. T., Patil, C. G., Nathan, J. K., Boakye, M., Henderson, J. M. 2010; 13 (4): 265-269
Abstract

We evaluated trends in inpatient spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for the 14-year period from 1993 to 2006.We utilized the Nationwide Inpatient Sample data base from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.A total of 57,486 patients underwent inpatient placement of SCS systems from 1993 to 2006. Length of stay steadily decreased from 4.0 days in 1993 to 2.1 days in 2006. Average cost increased from $15,342 in 1993 to nearly $58,088 in 2006. The National Bill for SCS surgery in 2006 alone totaled nearly $215MM. Medicare accounted for 35% of payers, while private insurance accounted for 41% of claims.Given the expense of these systems, it is important to assess not only the efficacy of novel neuromodulatory interventions, but also their cost. Future studies should be designed with these important outcome measures in mind.

View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2010.00292.x

View details for PubMedID 21992880
Clinical Motor Outcome of Bilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease Using Image-Guided Frameless Stereotaxy NEUROSURGERY Bronte-Stewart, H., Louie, S., Batya, S., Henderson, J. M. 2010; 67 (4): 1088-1093
Abstract

Image-guided neuronavigation has largely replaced stereotactic frames when precise, real-time anatomic localization is required during neurosurgical procedures. However, some procedures, including placement of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) leads for the treatment of movement disorders, are still performed using frame-based stereotaxy. Despite the demonstration of comparable accuracy between frame-based and "frameless" image-guided approaches, the clinical efficacy of frameless DBS placement has never been reported.To analyze the outcomes of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS using the frameless technique for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD).Of 31 subjects (20 men) with PD for 10 � 4 years, 28 had bilateral STN DBS and 3 had unilateral STN DBS. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scale (III) and total medication doses were assessed before surgery on and off medication and off medication/ON DBS (off/ON) after 6 to 12 months of STN DBS.There was a 58% improvement from bilateral STN DBS in the UPDRS III (40 � 16 preoperatively off, 17 � 11 off/ON) 9.6 � 1.9 months after surgery (P < .001). This compared favorably with the published outcomes using the frame-based technique. All motor subscores improved significantly (P < .01). The mean reduction in medication was 50%. No intraoperative complications occurred, but one subject with hypertension died of a delayed hemorrhage postoperatively. Two subjects developed postoperative infections that required lead removal and antibiotics.Bilateral STN DBS for PD performed by an experienced team using a frameless approach results in outcomes comparable to those reported with the use of the frame-based technique.

View details for DOI 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3181ecc887

View details for PubMedID 20881573
Ethics of invasive techniques in neurobehavioral disease Kalanithi, P., Henderson, J. WILEY-BLACKWELL. 2010: 544
View details for Web of Science ID 000293331101377
alpha-Synuclein Suppression by Targeted Small Interfering RNA in the Primate Substantia Nigra PLOS ONE McCormack, A. L., Mak, S. K., Henderson, J. M., Bumcrot, D., Farrer, M. J., Di Monte, D. A. 2010; 5 (8)
Abstract

The protein alpha-synuclein is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Its toxic potential appears to be enhanced by increased protein expression, providing a compelling rationale for therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing neuronal alpha-synuclein burden. Here, feasibility and safety of alpha-synuclein suppression were evaluated by treating monkeys with small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against alpha-synuclein. The siRNA molecule was chemically modified to prevent degradation by exo- and endonucleases and directly infused into the left substantia nigra. Results compared levels of alpha-synuclein mRNA and protein in the infused (left) vs. untreated (right) hemisphere and revealed a significant 40-50% suppression of alpha-synuclein expression. These findings could not be attributable to non-specific effects of siRNA infusion since treatment of a separate set of animals with luciferase-targeting siRNA produced no changes in alpha-synuclein. Infusion with alpha-synuclein siRNA, while lowering alpha-synuclein expression, had no overt adverse consequences. In particular, it did not cause tissue inflammation and did not change (i) the number and phenotype of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and (ii) the concentrations of striatal dopamine and its metabolites. The data represent the first evidence of successful anti-alpha-synuclein intervention in the primate substantia nigra and support further development of RNA interference-based therapeutics.

View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0012122

View details for Web of Science ID 000280849100030

View details for PubMedID 20711464

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2920329
Socioeconomic Trends in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Surgery NEUROMODULATION Lad, S. P., Kalanithi, P. S., Patil, C. G., Itthimathin, P., Batya, S., Bronte-Stewart, H., Boakye, M., Henderson, J. M. 2010; 13 (3): 182-186
Abstract

Objective:? We evaluated trends in deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the 14-year period from 1993 to 2006. Materials and Methods:? We utilized the Nationwide Inpatient Sample data base from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Results:? A total of 34,792 patients underwent DBS surgery from 1993 to 2006. There were 756 DBS cases performed in 1993 compared with 4200 DBS procedures performed in 2006. Significant increases in nationwide DBS volume coincided with regulatory approval for new indications-Parkinson's disease and dystonia, respectively. Cost of DBS surgery increased from $38,840 in 1993 to $69,329 in 2006. The majority of cases were done in metropolitan areas (97%) at large academic centers (91%) at a national bill of $291 MM. Conclusions:? Future studies will need to include the socioeconomic impact of the technology on disease status, patient access, and costs as it expands to novel indications.

View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2010.00278.x

View details for PubMedID 21992830
Intra-Operative Deep Brain Stimulation of the Periaqueductal Grey Matter Modulates Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Humans COMMENTS NEUROMODULATION Foreman, R. D., Henderson, J. M. 2010; 13 (3): 181
View details for Web of Science ID 000279764700010
Long-Term, Post-Deep Brain Stimulation Management of a Series of 36 Patients Affected With Refractory Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome COMMENTS NEUROMODULATION Henderson, J. M. 2010; 13 (3): 194
View details for Web of Science ID 000279764700014
Long-Term Measurement of Therapeutic Electrode Impedance in Deep Brain Stimulation COMMENTS NEUROMODULATION Gildenberg, P. L., Henderson, J. M. 2010; 13 (3): 200
View details for Web of Science ID 000279764700016
Patient Perspectives on the Efficacy and Ergonomics of Rechargeable Spinal Cord Stimulators COMMENT NEUROMODULATION Henderson, J. M. 2010; 13 (3): 223
View details for Web of Science ID 000279764700022
Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy EPILEPSIA Fisher, R., Salanova, V., Witt, T., Worth, R., Henry, T., Gross, R., Oommen, K., Osorio, I., Nazzaro, J., Labar, D., Kaplitt, M., Sperling, M., Sandok, E., Neal, J., Handforth, A., Stern, J., DeSalles, A., Chung, S., Shetter, A., Bergen, D., Bakay, R., Henderson, J., French, J., Baltuch, G., Rosenfeld, W., Youkilis, A., Marks, W., Garcia, P., Barbaro, N., Fountain, N., Bazil, C., Goodman, R., McKhann, G., Krishnamurthy, K. B., Papavassiliou, S., Epstein, C., Pollard, J., Tonder, L., Grebin, J., Coffey, R., Graves, N. 2010; 51 (5): 899-908
Abstract

We report a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial of bilateral stimulation of the anterior nuclei of the thalamus for localization-related epilepsy.Participants were adults with medically refractory partial seizures, including secondarily generalized seizures. Half received stimulation and half no stimulation during a 3-month blinded phase; then all received unblinded stimulation.One hundred ten participants were randomized. Baseline monthly median seizure frequency was 19.5. In the last month of the blinded phase the stimulated group had a 29% greater reduction in seizures compared with the control group, as estimated by a generalized estimating equations (GEE) model (p = 0.002). Unadjusted median declines at the end of the blinded phase were 14.5% in the control group and 40.4% in the stimulated group. Complex partial and "most severe" seizures were significantly reduced by stimulation. By 2 years, there was a 56% median percent reduction in seizure frequency; 54% of patients had a seizure reduction of at least 50%, and 14 patients were seizure-free for at least 6 months. Five deaths occurred and none were from implantation or stimulation. No participant had symptomatic hemorrhage or brain infection. Two participants had acute, transient stimulation-associated seizures. Cognition and mood showed no group differences, but participants in the stimulated group were more likely to report depression or memory problems as adverse events.Bilateral stimulation of the anterior nuclei of the thalamus reduces seizures. Benefit persisted for 2 years of study. Complication rates were modest. Deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamus is useful for some people with medically refractory partial and secondarily generalized seizures.

View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02536.x

View details for PubMedID 20331461
Intracranial Neurostimulation for Pain Control: A Review PAIN PHYSICIAN Levy, R., Deer, T. R., Henderson, J. 2010; 13 (2): 157-165
Abstract

Intracranial neurostimulation for pain relief is most frequently delivered by stimulating the motor cortex, the sensory thalamus, or the periaqueductal and periventricular gray matter. The stimulation of these sites through MCS (motor cortex stimulation) and DBS (deep brain stimulation) has proven effective for treating a number of neuropathic and nociceptive pain states that are not responsive or amenable to other therapies or types of neurostimulation. Prospective randomized clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of these intracranial therapies have not been published. Intracranial neurostimulation is somewhat different than other forms of neurostimulation in that its current primary application is for the treatment of medically intractable movement disorders. However, the increasing use of intracranial neurostimulation for the treatment of chronic pain, especially for pain not responsive to other neuromodulation techniques, reflects the efficacy and relative safety of these intracranial procedures. First employed in 1954, intracranial neurostimulation represents one of the earliest uses of neurostimulation to treat chronic pain that is refractory to medical therapy. Currently, 2 kinds of intracranial neurostimulation are commonly used to control pain: motor cortex stimulation and deep brain stimulation. MCS has shown particular promise in the treatment of trigeminal neuropathic pain and central pain syndromes such as thalamic pain syndrome. DBS may be employed for a number of nociceptive and neuropathic pain states, including cluster headaches, chronic low back pain, failed back surgery syndrome, peripheral neuropathic pain, facial deafferentation pain, and pain that is secondary to brachial plexus avulsion. The unique lack of stimulation-induced perceptual experience with MCS makes MCS uniquely suited for blinded studies of its effectiveness. This article will review the scientific rationale, indications, surgical techniques, and outcomes of intracranial neuromodulation procedures for the treatment of chronic pain.

View details for Web of Science ID 000276581600006

View details for PubMedID 20309382
Recurrent Seizures Related to Motor Cortex Stimulator Programming NEUROMODULATION Henderson, J. M., Heit, G., Fisher, R. S. 2010; 13 (1): 37-42
Abstract

Objective.?Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is increasingly being utilized for the treatment of intractable pain. While the risks of MCS are relatively low, focal or generalized seizures may be produced during programming of MCS systems. Occasionally, patients may experience seizures hours after programming. In order to understand this phenomenon better, we undertook a retrospective analysis of five patients in whom seizures limited the efficacy of MCS. Methods.?A retrospective chart review was performed in five patients who underwent MCS between 2002 and 2006 and who had persistent seizures that limited programming. Results.?The initial seizure during programming in these patients occurred at amplitudes of between 4.8 and 6.6?V. Four patients experienced generalized tonic-clonic seizures and one patient experienced focal seizures. Subsequent seizures occurred at amplitudes of between 4.4 and 5.5?V, with a tendency for seizure thresholds to progressively decrease. All five patients experienced at least one seizure occurring many minutes to hours after programming, with no side-effects initially observed once the final settings had been programmed. Four out of five patients were programmed with frequencies documented at between 70 and 90?Hz; documentation on frequency was unavailable for the remaining patient. One patient never achieved adequate pain relief and had the MCS system explanted. Conclusions.?Despite the overall safety of MCS for the treatment of chronic pain, seizures during and after programming are a serious risk that should be anticipated. In this group of patients, seizures were associated only with stimulus rates between 70 and 90?Hz. No patient developed chronic epilepsy from the stimulation.

View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2009.00256.x

View details for Web of Science ID 000273318200016

View details for PubMedID 21992763
Impact of Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation on Young-Onset Parkinson's Disease Comments NEUROMODULATION Henderson, J. M. 2010; 13 (1): 16
View details for Web of Science ID 000273318200006
Lead Wire Fracture Associated With Normal Therapeutic Impedance Measurements in a Patient With a Kinetra Neurostimulator Comment NEUROMODULATION Henderson, J. M. 2010; 13 (1): 67
View details for Web of Science ID 000273318200028
Bilateral symmetry and coherence of subthalamic nuclei beta band activity in Parkinson's disease EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY de Solages, C., Hill, B. C., Koop, M. M., Henderson, J. M., Bronte-Stewart, H. 2010; 221 (1): 260-266
Abstract

Abnormal synchronization of neuronal activity in the basal ganglia has been associated with the dysfunction of sensorimotor circuits in Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, oscillations at frequencies within the beta range (13-35 Hz) are specifically modulated by dopaminergic medication and are correlated with the clinical state of the subjects. While these oscillations have been shown to be coherent ipsilaterally within the basal ganglia and between the basal ganglia nuclei and the ipsilateral motor cortex in PD, the bilateral extent of their coherence has never been characterized. Here we demonstrate for the first time that the beta band oscillations recorded in the local field potential of the subthalamic nuclei (STN), while appearing different across subjects, are occurring at the same frequencies bilaterally (p<0.001) and are coherent between the two STNs of individual PD subjects (11/12 cases, p<0.05). These findings suggest the existence of a bilateral network controlling the beta band activity in the basal ganglia in PD.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.012

View details for PubMedID 19944098
NANS Training Requirements for Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices: Selection, Implantation, and Follow-up NEUROMODULATION Henderson, J. M., Levy, R. M., Bedder, M. D., Staats, P. S., Slavin, K. V., Poree, L. R., North, R. B. 2009; 12 (3): 171-174
View details for Web of Science ID 000267540300001
OPTOGENETIC NEUROMODULATION NEUROSURGERY Henderson, J. M., Federici, T., Boulis, N. 2009; 64 (5): 796-804
Abstract

Modulation of the nervous system by electrical or chemical means (neuromodulation) is becoming increasingly sophisticated, with application to a growing number of neurological diseases. However, both chemical and electrical neuromodulation are limited in their specificity. Electrical stimulation, for example, indiscriminately activates different neuronal populations within the electrical field, leading to side effects that can limit efficacy. The delivery of genes that encode proteins capable of conveying light sensitivity to neurons has provided a tool that may overcome some of the limitations of traditional neuromodulation techniques. Activation or inhibition of specific neuronal populations with different wavelengths of light opens up possibilities for modulating neural circuits with previously unimagined levels of precision. We briefly review this new technology, illustrating its advantages and potential applications.

View details for DOI 10.1227/01.NEU.0000339171.87593.6A

View details for PubMedID 19404144
Optical Deconstruction of Parkinsonian Neural Circuitry SCIENCE Gradinaru, V., Mogri, M., Thompson, K. R., Henderson, J. M., Deisseroth, K. 2009; 324 (5925): 354-359
Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a therapeutic option for intractable neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease and major depression. Because of the heterogeneity of brain tissues where electrodes are placed, it has been challenging to elucidate the relevant target cell types or underlying mechanisms of DBS. We used optogenetics and solid-state optics to systematically drive or inhibit an array of distinct circuit elements in freely moving parkinsonian rodents and found that therapeutic effects within the subthalamic nucleus can be accounted for by direct selective stimulation of afferent axons projecting to this region. In addition to providing insight into DBS mechanisms, these results demonstrate an optical approach for dissection of disease circuitry and define the technological toolbox needed for systematic deconstruction of disease circuits by selectively controlling individual components.

View details for DOI 10.1126/science.1167093

View details for PubMedID 19299587
The STN beta-band profile in Parkinson's disease is stationary and shows prolonged attenuation after deep brain stimulation EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY Bronte-Stewart, H., Barberini, C., Koop, M. M., Hill, B. C., Henderson, J. M., Wingeier, B. 2009; 215 (1): 20-28
Abstract

Producing accurate movements may rely on the functional independence of sensorimotor circuits within basal ganglia nuclei. In parkinsonism there is abnormal synchrony of electrical activity within these circuits that results in a loss of independence across motor channels. Local field potential (LFP) recordings reflect the summation of local electrical fields and an increase in LFP power reflects increased synchrony in local neuronal networks. We recorded LFPs from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead in the operating room in 22 cases from 16 subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) who were off medication. There was elevated LFP power at beta frequencies (13-35 Hz) at rest. The LFP spectral profile was consistent across several periods of rest that were separated by movement and/or DBS, and appeared to be a relatively stationary phenomenon. The spectral profile and frequencies of the beta-band peak(s) varied among subjects but were similar between the right and left STNs within certain individuals. These results suggest that the LFP spectrum at rest may characterize a "signature" rhythm for an individual with PD. Beta-band power was attenuated after intra-operative STN DBS (p<0.05). The attenuation lasted for 10 s after short periods (30 s) and for up to 50 s after longer periods (5 min) of DBS. The finding that longer periods of DBS attenuated beta power for a longer time suggests that there may be long-acting functional changes to networks in the STN in PD after chronic DBS.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.008

View details for PubMedID 18929561
NANS Training Requirements for Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices: Selection, Implantation, and Follow-up. Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society Henderson, J. M., Levy, R. M., Bedder, M. D., Staats, P. S., Slavin, K. V., Poree, L. R., North, R. B. 2009; 12 (3): 171?74
View details for PubMedID 22151357
Advanced Neurotechnologies for Chronic Neural Interfaces: New Horizons and Clinical Opportunities JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE Kipke, D. R., Shain, W., Buzsaki, G., FETZ, E., Henderson, J. M., Hetke, J. F., Schalk, G. 2008; 28 (46): 11830-11838
View details for DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3879-08.2008

View details for Web of Science ID 000260827600015

View details for PubMedID 19005048
Spinal cord stimulation has comparable efficacy in common pain etiologies NEUROMODULATION Krames, E. S., Oakley, J. C., Foster, A. M., Henderson, J., Prager, J. P., Rashbaum, R. R., Stamatos, J., Weiner, R. L. 2008; 11 (3): 171-181
Abstract

Objectives.? The probability of success with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) depends largely on appropriate patient selection. Here, we have assessed the predictive value of pain etiology as it relates to pain relief with SCS as part of a prospective multicenter clinical trial. Methods.? Sixty-five subjects with chronic and intractable pain tested an epidural SCS system. Subjects reported pain ratings (visual analog scale) with stimulation off and stimulation on at scheduled follow-up visits for up to 18�months after activation of the system. Visual analog scale scores were averaged and stratified by dominant pain etiologies, comprising failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and a subgroup of subjects with miscellaneous other pain etiologies. Results.? More than 70% of subjects in each subgroup had successful outcomes during the temporary trial period and similar percentages of subjects from each etiology subgroup subsequently went on to permanent implantation. After permanent implantation, all subgroups reported more than 50% pain relief, on average, at each follow-up time point. No predictive value of pain etiology was observed. Conclusions.? Spinal cord stimulation is an effective therapy for neuropathic pain arising from a variety of causes. Failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and pain of other etiologies responded equally well to SCS.

View details for Web of Science ID 000257673600004
Peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain CURRENT PAIN AND HEADACHE REPORTS Henderson, J. M. 2008; 12 (1): 28-31
Abstract

Electrical stimulation has been used since ancient times to treat painful conditions. Electrotherapy for pain was largely consigned to the realm of quackery until the introduction of the Gate Control Theory by Melzack and Wall in 1965 provided a rationale for direct stimulation of peripheral nerves. Since that time, peripheral nerve stimulation has been applied to the treatment of painful conditions throughout the body, beginning with the major nerves of the extremities and culminating today in precise subcutaneous field stimulation targeted to specific areas of neuropathic pain. This article reviews the history, development, and current areas of interest in peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

View details for PubMedID 18417020
Fluoroscopic Registration and Localization for Image-Guided Cranial Neurosurgical Procedures: A Feasibility Study STEREOTACTIC AND FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY Henderson, J. M., Hill, B. C. 2008; 86 (5): 271-277
Abstract

Frameless image-guided neurosurgical techniques can achieve high degrees of accuracy when skull-implanted fiducials are used for registration. However, fiducial placement is invasive and uncomfortable for patients. Development of a noninvasive registration method for accurate image-guided functional neurosurgery such as deep brain stimulator placement would therefore be highly desirable. We performed an initial series of experiments using a commercially available fluoroscopic registration package to assess the feasibility of this approach for image-guided functional neurosurgery. We also evaluated the accuracy of landmark placement in the fluoroscopic images using the navigational capability of the software.A fluoroscopic target was created by etching a hexagonal pattern of 1-mm diameter holes on a copper-clad board (0.0254-mm copper cladding on fiberglass). The target was then mounted in a plastic phantom skull, oriented in a mid-sagittal plane. Five implantable fiducial markers were screwed into the phantom in positions which approximated those commonly used clinically. 1.25-mm CT slices were obtained, uploaded to a Stealthstation neuronavigational system and were displayed using the Fluoromerge software package. Lateral and AP images were generated with 2 approximately orthogonal views of the phantom. Registration was carried out both fluoroscopically and using the implanted fiducials. Targets were localized using both methods and the localization errors recorded.Localization error was less than 1 mm using fiducial-based registration, and between 0.8 and 2.9 mm using fluoroscopic registration. Error varied depending on location within the volume of the phantom.Initial experiments show that fluoroscopic registration is feasible for the performance of frameless functional neurosurgical procedures, although accuracy is still insufficient. Intraoperative verification of lead location was also shown to be feasible in one case.

View details for DOI 10.1159/000147635

View details for PubMedID 18663338
Spinal cord stimulation has comparable efficacy in common pain etiologies. Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society Krames, E. S., Oakley, J. C., Foster, A. M., Henderson, J. n., Prager, J. P., Rashbaum, R. R., Stamatos, J. n., Weiner, R. L. 2008; 11 (3): 171?81
Abstract

Objectives.? The probability of success with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) depends largely on appropriate patient selection. Here, we have assessed the predictive value of pain etiology as it relates to pain relief with SCS as part of a prospective multicenter clinical trial. Methods.? Sixty-five subjects with chronic and intractable pain tested an epidural SCS system. Subjects reported pain ratings (visual analog scale) with stimulation off and stimulation on at scheduled follow-up visits for up to 18�months after activation of the system. Visual analog scale scores were averaged and stratified by dominant pain etiologies, comprising failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and a subgroup of subjects with miscellaneous other pain etiologies. Results.? More than 70% of subjects in each subgroup had successful outcomes during the temporary trial period and similar percentages of subjects from each etiology subgroup subsequently went on to permanent implantation. After permanent implantation, all subgroups reported more than 50% pain relief, on average, at each follow-up time point. No predictive value of pain etiology was observed. Conclusions.? Spinal cord stimulation is an effective therapy for neuropathic pain arising from a variety of causes. Failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and pain of other etiologies responded equally well to SCS.

View details for PubMedID 22151093
Achieving Optimal Accuracy in Frameless Functional Neurosurgical Procedures STEREOTACTIC AND FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY Henderson, J. M., Holloway, K. L. 2008; 86 (5): 332-333
View details for DOI 10.1159/000160157

View details for Web of Science ID 000259875800011

View details for PubMedID 18841039
Spinal cord stimulation has comparable efficacy in common pain etiologies Neuromodulation Krames ES, Oakley JC, Foster AM, Henderson JM, Prager JP, Rashbaum RR, Stamatos J, Weiner R 2008; 11: 171-181
Intracranial hypotension from intrathecal baclofen pump insertion STEREOTACTIC AND FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY Lad, S. P., Li, G., Lin, S., Henderson, J. M. 2008; 86 (2): 75-79
Abstract

Intracranial hypotension is a syndrome of low cerebrospinal fluid pressure with a variable clinical presentation ranging from postural headaches to coma. A number of neuroradiologic techniques are now available to aid in the diagnosis of this syndrome (CT, MRI, radioisotope cisternography and CT myelography), each showing specific radiographic abnormalities. In this report, we present a case of intracranial hypotension secondary to baclofen pump placement. We review the major clinical findings, neuroimaging abnormalities, key diagnostic features as well as treatment options.

View details for DOI 10.1159/000112427

View details for PubMedID 18073519
A new spinal cord stimulation system effectively relieves chronic, intractable pain: A multicenter prospective clinical study NEUROMODULATION Oakley, J. C., Krames, E. S., Prager, J. P., Stamatos, J., Foster, A. M., Weiner, R., Rashbaum, R. R., Henderson, J. 2007; 10 (3): 262-278
Abstract

Objectives.? A prospective, open label, multicenter clinical trial confirmed the functionality of a new spinal cord stimulation (SCS) system for the treatment of chronic, intractable pain of the trunk and/or limbs. Materials and Methods.? Sixty-five subjects tested a rechargeable 16-channel SCS system with individual current control of each contact on one or two percutaneous eight-contact epidural leads. After baseline measurements, subjects were tracked on pain ratings and complication rates for up to 18�months. Results.? After a trial period, 75% of subjects underwent permanent implantation of the entire SCS system. More than one-half the implanted subjects experienced 50% or greater relief of pain after permanent implantation; some subjects reported relief of 90% or more of their pain. The most common complications after permanent implantation were lead migration, uncomfortable stimulation, and component failure; most resolved after reprogramming or device replacement. Conclusions.? The new SCS system provided good pain relief to a majority of subjects, and the results confirm a favorable safety and efficacy profile for the SCS system.

View details for Web of Science ID 000247477400007

View details for PubMedID 22150839
CyberKnife targeting the pterygopalatine ganglion for the treatment of chronic cluster headaches NEUROSURGERY Lad, S. P., Lipani, J. D., Gibbs, I. C., Chang, S. D., Adler, J. R., Henderson, J. M. 2007; 60 (3): 580-581
Abstract

Cluster headache (CH) is a severe unilateral and periorbital facial pain syndrome that is often associated with autonomic symptoms, including ipsilateral lacrimation, nasal congestion, conjunctival injection, miosis, ptosis, and eyelid edema. We evaluated the treatment of medically refractory CH with CyberKnife (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) stereotactic radiosurgery targeting the pterygopalatine ganglion.A 56-year-old man presented with a 20-year history of medically refractory CH. His symptoms were described as left-sided, severe, stabbing, burning, and often being associated with tearing and rhinorrhea. These headaches occurred virtually every morning and interfered with sleep, lifestyle, and work performance.The patient underwent two pterygopalatine nerve block trials, both of which resulted in the complete relief of headaches for a 24-hour period. Contrast-enhanced computed axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans were fused for target identification and treatment planning. The target volume measured 0.296 cm3 and a single fraction of 45.50 Gy was delivered to the 78% isodose line with a maximum dose of 65 Gy. The patient kept a detailed diary of his headaches and was followed for 12 months after treatment.Results of CyberKnife targeting of the pterygopalatine ganglion in a patient with medically intractable CHs have revealed a significant decrease in the severity and frequency of headaches after a 12-month follow-up period. In addition, the patient has been able to reduce his medication intake, allowing for a significant decrease in medication-related side effects. Longer follow-up periods and additional studies are required to determine the long-term efficacy and late side effects of this treatment strategy.

View details for DOI 10.1227/01.NEU.0000255348.33582.DE

View details for Web of Science ID 000244797000041
Cyberknife targeting the pterygopalatine ganglion for the treatment of chronic cluster headaches. Neurosurgery Lad, S. P., Lipani, J. D., Gibbs, I. C., Chang, S. D., Adler, J. R., Henderson, J. M. 2007; 60 (3): E580-?
Abstract

Cluster headache (CH) is a severe unilateral and periorbital facial pain syndrome that is often associated with autonomic symptoms, including ipsilateral lacrimation, nasal congestion, conjunctival injection, miosis, ptosis, and eyelid edema. We evaluated the treatment of medically refractory CH with CyberKnife (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) stereotactic radiosurgery targeting the pterygopalatine ganglion.A 56-year-old man presented with a 20-year history of medically refractory CH. His symptoms were described as left-sided, severe, stabbing, burning, and often being associated with tearing and rhinorrhea. These headaches occurred virtually every morning and interfered with sleep, lifestyle, and work performance.The patient underwent two pterygopalatine nerve block trials, both of which resulted in the complete relief of headaches for a 24-hour period. Contrast-enhanced computed axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans were fused for target identification and treatment planning. The target volume measured 0.296 cm3 and a single fraction of 45.50 Gy was delivered to the 78% isodose line with a maximum dose of 65 Gy. The patient kept a detailed diary of his headaches and was followed for 12 months after treatment.Results of CyberKnife targeting of the pterygopalatine ganglion in a patient with medically intractable CHs have revealed a significant decrease in the severity and frequency of headaches after a 12-month follow-up period. In addition, the patient has been able to reduce his medication intake, allowing for a significant decrease in medication-related side effects. Longer follow-up periods and additional studies are required to determine the long-term efficacy and late side effects of this treatment strategy.

View details for PubMedID 17327771
Patient-speciftic analysis of the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation NEUROIMAGE Butson, C. R., Cooper, S. E., Henderson, J. M., McIntyre, C. C. 2007; 34 (2): 661-670
Abstract

Despite the clinical success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of movement disorders, many questions remain about its effects on the nervous system. This study presents a methodology to predict the volume of tissue activated (VTA) by DBS on a patient-specific basis. Our goals were to identify the intersection between the VTA and surrounding anatomical structures and to compare activation of these structures with clinical outcomes. The model system consisted of three fundamental components: (1) a 3D anatomical model of the subcortical nuclei and DBS electrode position in the brain, each derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (2) a finite element model of the DBS electrode and electric field transmitted to the brain, with tissue conductivity properties derived from diffusion tensor MRI; (3) VTA prediction derived from the response of myelinated axons to the applied electric field, which is a function of the stimulation parameters (contact, impedance, voltage, pulse width, frequency). We used this model system to analyze the effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Quantitative measurements of bradykinesia, rigidity, and corticospinal tract (CST) motor thresholds were evaluated over a range of stimulation parameter settings. Our model predictions showed good agreement with CST thresholds. Additionally, stimulation through electrode contacts that improved bradykinesia and rigidity generated VTAs that overlapped the zona incerta/fields of Forel (ZI/H2). Application of DBS technology to various neurological disorders has preceded scientific characterization of the volume of tissue directly affected by the stimulation. Synergistic integration of clinical analysis, neuroimaging, neuroanatomy, and neurostimulation modeling provides an opportunity to address wide ranging questions on the factors linked with the therapeutic benefits and side effects of DBS.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.034

View details for Web of Science ID 000242901100016

View details for PubMedID 17113789

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1794656
A new spinal cord stimulation system effectively relieves chronic, intractable pain: A multicenter prospective study Neuromodulation Oakley JC, Krames ES, Prager JP, Stamatos J, Foster AM, Weiner R, Rashbaum RR, Henderson JM 2007; 10: 262-278
Cyberknife for the treatment of refractory cluster headaches Lad, S. P., Lipani, J. D., Chang, S. D., Adler, J. R., Henderson, J. M. KARGER. 2007: 40
View details for Web of Science ID 000242616800055
Cyberknife for the treatment of refractory cluster headaches Lad, S. P., Lipani, J. D., Chang, S. D., Adler, J. R., Henderson, J. M. KARGER. 2007: 40
View details for Web of Science ID 000242616800056
Methodology for objective motor speech assessment outcome after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease Grenier, Y., Henderson, J. M., Spielman, J. J., Ramig, L. O. KARGER. 2007: 60?61
View details for Web of Science ID 000242616800106
Vagal nerve stimulation versus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: show me the data. Clinical neurosurgery Henderson, J. M. 2007; 54: 88-90
View details for PubMedID 18504902
A 12-month prospective study of gasserian ganglion stimulation for trigeminal neuropathic pain STEREOTACTIC AND FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY Machado, A., Ogrin, M., Rosenow, J. M., Henderson, J. M. 2007; 85 (5): 216-224
Abstract

Trigeminal neuropathic pain is a broad diagnostic category that includes pain of several etiologies and excludes trigeminal neuralgia. The authors report a prospective series of percutaneous gasserian ganglion stimulation for trigeminal neuropathic pain.Patients who experienced >50% reduction in pain from a 7- to 10-day trial period underwent permanent implantation and were prospectively followed.Eight of 10 trialed patients received a permanent implant. At the 12-month follow-up, 2 patients had been explanted and 1 was lost to follow-up. Three (all working at that the time) continued to experience >50% improvement in pain.The results in this series were variable but 3 patients showed long-term improvements. Patients who continued to work responded better to treatment.

View details for DOI 10.1159/000103260

View details for Web of Science ID 000248238000003

View details for PubMedID 17534134
The clinical and research ethics of neuromodulation NEUROMODULATION Ford, P. J., Henderson, J. M. 2006; 9 (4): 250-252
View details for PubMedID 22151758
Failure modes of spinal cord stimulation hardware JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY-SPINE Rosenow, J. M., Stanton-Hicks, M., Rezai, A. R., Henderson, J. M. 2006; 5 (3): 183-190
Abstract

Epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is effective at treating refractory pain. The failure modes of the implanted hardware, however, have not been well studied. A better understanding of this could aid in improving the current procedure or designing future devices.The authors reviewed electronic charts and operative reports of 289 patients who had undergone SCS implantation between 1998 and 2002 at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Data were collected on demographics, type of hardware, date of implantation procedure, indication for treatment, time to failure, and failure mode. Data were then analyzed to identify significant differences. A total of 577 procedures were performed, 43.5% of which involved revision or removal of SCS hardware. The most common indication was complex regional pain syndrome 1, and this was followed by failed-back surgery syndrome. The median number of procedures per patient was two. Approximately 80% of all leads were the percutaneous type. The majority (62%) of leads were placed in the thoracic region, and 33.5% of all leads required revision. Poor pain relief coverage was the most common indication for revision. Surgically implanted leads broke twice as often as percutaneous leads. In 46% of the patients, hardware revision was required, and multiple revisions were necessary in 22.5%. Three-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in failure mode rates according to location (cervical compared with thoracic, p = 0.037) and failure modes (p = 0.019). Laminotomy leads tended to break and migrate sooner than percutaneous leads. Thoracic leads became infected sooner than cervical leads.The results of this analysis of SCS hardware failures may be used as a basis for refining surgical technique and designing the next generation of SCS hardware.

View details for Web of Science ID 000239934100001

View details for PubMedID 16961078
Deep brain stimulation decreases the risk for Parkinsonism-Hyperpyrexia Syndrome and suppresses levodopa-induced dyskinesias: A case report Klepitskaya, O. S., Cole, W. L., Henderson, J. M., Bronte-Stewart, H. M. WILEY-LISS. 2006: 1552
View details for Web of Science ID 000240998100079
Prevention of mechanical failures in implanted spinal cord stimulation systems NEUROMODULATION Henderson, J. M., Schade, C. M., Sasaki, J., Caraway, D. L., Oakley, J. C. 2006; 9 (3): 183-191
Abstract

Introduction.? Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective procedure for the treatment of neuropathic extremity pain, with success rates approaching 70%. However, mechanical failures, including breakage and migration, can significantly limit the long-term effectiveness of SCS. A systematic analysis of surgical techniques was undertaken by a consensus group, coupled with extensive in vivo and in vitro biomechanical testing of system components. Methods.? A computer model based on morphometric data was used to predict movement in a standard SCS system between an anchored lead and pulse generator placed in various locations. These displacements were then used to determine a realistic range of forces exerted on components of the SCS system. Laboratory fixtures were constructed to subject leads and anchors to repetitive stresses until failure occurred. An in vivo sheep model also was used to determine system compliances and failure thresholds in a biologically realistic setting. A panel of experienced implanters then interpreted the results and related them to clinical observations. Results.? Use of a soft silastic anchor pushed through the fascia to provide a larger bend radius for the lead was associated with a time to failure 65 times longer than an anchored but unsupported lead. In addition, failures of surgical paddle leads occurred when used with an anchor, whereas without an anchor, no failures occurred to 1 million cycles. Based on these findings, the panel recommended a paramedian approach, abdominal pulse generator placement, maximizing bend radius by pushing the anchor through the fascia, and anchoring of the extension connector near the lead anchor. Discussion.? Several factors are important in longevity of SCS systems. We discovered that technical factors can make a large difference in SCS reliability and that strict attention to these "best practices" will provide the best chance for maintaining the integrity of SCS systems over the long term.

View details for PubMedID 22151706
Predicting the effects of deep brain stimulation with diffusion tensor based electric field models. Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention : MICCAI ... International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention Butson, C. R., Cooper, S. E., Henderson, J. M., McIntyre, C. C. 2006; 9: 429-437
Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for the treatment of movement disorders, and has shown promising results for the treatment of a wide range of other neurological disorders. However, little is known about the mechanism of action of DBS or the volume of brain tissue affected by stimulation. We have developed methods that use anatomical and diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) data to predict the volume of tissue activated (VTA) during DBS. We co-register the imaging data with detailed finite element models of the brain and stimulating electrode to enable anatomically and electrically accurate predictions of the spread of stimulation. One critical component of the model is the DTI tensor field that is used to represent the 3-dimensionally anisotropic and inhomogeneous tissue conductivity. With this system we are able to fuse structural and functional information to study a relevant clinical problem: DBS of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinsons disease (PD). Our results show that inclusion of the tensor field in our model caused significant differences in the size and shape of the VTA when compared to a homogeneous, isotropic tissue volume. The magnitude of these differences was proportional to the stimulation voltage. Our model predictions are validated by comparing spread of predicted activation to observed effects of oculomotor nerve stimulation in a PD patient. In turn, the 3D tissue electrical properties of the brain play an important role in regulating the spread of neural activation generated by DBS.

View details for PubMedID 17354801
Predicting the effects of deep brain stimulation with diffusion tensor based electric field models 9th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI 2006) Butson, C. R., Cooper, S. E., Henderson, J. M., McIntyre, C. C. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. 2006: 429?37
Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for the treatment of movement disorders, and has shown promising results for the treatment of a wide range of other neurological disorders. However, little is known about the mechanism of action of DBS or the volume of brain tissue affected by stimulation. We have developed methods that use anatomical and diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) data to predict the volume of tissue activated (VTA) during DBS. We co-register the imaging data with detailed finite element models of the brain and stimulating electrode to enable anatomically and electrically accurate predictions of the spread of stimulation. One critical component of the model is the DTI tensor field that is used to represent the 3-dimensionally anisotropic and inhomogeneous tissue conductivity. With this system we are able to fuse structural and functional information to study a relevant clinical problem: DBS of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinsons disease (PD). Our results show that inclusion of the tensor field in our model caused significant differences in the size and shape of the VTA when compared to a homogeneous, isotropic tissue volume. The magnitude of these differences was proportional to the stimulation voltage. Our model predictions are validated by comparing spread of predicted activation to observed effects of oculomotor nerve stimulation in a PD patient. In turn, the 3D tissue electrical properties of the brain play an important role in regulating the spread of neural activation generated by DBS.

View details for Web of Science ID 000241556700053
Motor cortex stimulation and neuropathic facial pain. Neurosurgical focus Henderson, J. M., Lad, S. P. 2006; 21 (6): E6-?
Abstract

Trigeminal neuropathic pain is a syndrome of severe, constant facial pain related to disease of or injury to the trigeminal nerve or ganglion. Causes of this type of pain can include injury from sinus or dental surgery, skull and/or facial trauma, or intentional destruction for therapeutic reasons (deafferentation) as well as intrinsic pathological conditions in any part of the trigeminal system. Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is a relatively new technique that has shown some promise in the treatment of trigeminal neuropathic pain. This technique has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of chronic pain. The authors present a review of the literature, focusing on surgical technique, device programming, safety, and efficacy, and suggest some initial guidelines for standardization of these aspects. It is important to evaluate MCS critically in a prospective, controlled fashion.

View details for PubMedID 17341050
Permanent neurological deficit related to magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with implanted deep brain stimulation electrodes for Parkinson's disease: case report. Neurosurgery Henderson, J. M., Tkach, J., Phillips, M., Baker, K., Shellock, F. G., Rezai, A. R. 2005; 57 (5): E1063-?
Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an accepted treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease refractory to medication. The efficacy of this therapy has led to increasing numbers of patients receiving DBS implants. Importantly, physicians caring for patients with implantable neurostimulators must be aware of treatment guidelines for these patients, including the use of therapeutic ultrasound, diathermy, and imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).We describe a case of serious, permanent neurological injury secondary to a radiofrequency lesion produced by heating of a DBS electrode associated with MRI of the lumbar spine in a patient with Parkinson's disease.MRI may be performed safely in patients with DBS devices only by following the specific guidelines of the manufacturer. The generalization of these conditions to other neurostimulation system positioning schemes, other scanners, and other imaging scenarios can lead to significant patient injuries.To prevent catastrophic incidents, the manufacturer's guidelines should be followed carefully because they are known to result in the safe performance of MRI examinations of patients with neurostimulation systems used for DBS.

View details for PubMedID 16284543
Is magnetic resonance imaging safe for patients with neurostimulation systems used for deep brain stimulation? NEUROSURGERY Rezai, A. R., Baker, K. B., Tkach, J. A., Phillips, M., Hrdlicka, G., Sharan, A. D., Nyenhuis, J., Ruggieri, P., Henderson, J., Shellock, F. G. 2005; 57 (5): 1056-1060
View details for DOI 10.1227/01.NEU.0000186935.87971.2a

View details for Web of Science ID 000233173400052

View details for PubMedID 16284576
Frameless stereotaxy using bone fiducial markers for deep brain stimulation JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY Holloway, K. L., Gaede, S. E., Starr, P. A., Rosenow, J. M., Ramakrishnan, V., Henderson, J. M. 2005; 103 (3): 404-413
Abstract

Functional neurosurgical interventions such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) are traditionally performed with the aid of a stereotactic frame. Although frameless techniques have been perceived as less accurate, data from a recent phantom study of a modified frameless approach demonstrated a laboratory accuracy exceeding that obtained using a common frame system. The present study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of a frameless system in routine clinical use.Deep brain stimulation leads were implanted in 38 patients by using a skull-mounted trajectory guide and an image-guided workstation. Registration was accomplished with bone fiducial markers. Final lead positions were measured on postoperative computerized tomography scans and compared with the planned lead positions. The accuracy of the Leksell frame within the clinical situation has been reported on in a recent study; these raw data served as a comparison data set. The difference between expected and actual lead locations in the x plane was 1.4 mm in the frame-based procedure and 1.6 mm in the frameless procedure. Similarly, the difference in the y plane was 1.6 mm in the frame-based system and 1.3 mm in the frameless one. The error was greatest in the z plane, that is, 1.7 mm in the frame-based method and 2 mm in the frameless system. Multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the accuracy of the two methods.The accuracy of the frame-based and frameless systems was not statistically significantly different (p = 0.22). Note, however, that frameless techniques offer advantages in patient comfort, separation of imaging from surgery, and decreased operating time.

View details for Web of Science ID 000232287000004

View details for PubMedID 16235670
A preliminary study of transient confusional states following bilateral subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease ASSFN 2004 Conference Pilitsis, J. G., Rezai, A. R., Boulis, N. M., Henderson, J. M., Busch, R. M., Kubu, C. S. KARGER. 2005: 67?70
Abstract

Transient postoperative confusion (POC) occurs in 5-25% of patients following bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. We retrospectively reviewed data on 96 patients who underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Nine percent of patients developed POC. There was no significant correlation between age/perioperative factors and POC. The POC group had a significantly higher incidence of depression and frontal-subcortical dysfunction on preoperative evaluation than patients without POC. Postoperative neuropsychological evaluations revealed declines on measures of general cognitive function and memory in the POC group. We provide preliminary evidence that patients with depression and frontal-subcortical dysfunction are more likely to develop POC, and that POC is more often associated with cognitive decline following surgery.

View details for DOI 10.1159/000086676

View details for Web of Science ID 000231539200004

View details for PubMedID 15990470
Venous air embolism during deep brain stimulation surgery in an awake supine patient STEREOTACTIC AND FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY Deogaonkar, A., Avitsian, R., Henderson, J. M., Schubert, A. 2005; 83 (1): 32-35
Abstract

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus is used to improve Parkinsonian symptoms and reduce levodopa-induced motor complications in Parkinson's disease (PD). This procedure is usually performed with minimal or no sedation to allow accurate feedback from patients during surgery. Venous air embolism (VAE) has been previously reported in patients undergoing awake neurosurgical procedures for brain tumors or pallidotomy for PD. We describe a case of intraoperative VAE in an awake, supine patient while undergoing DBS surgery for PD who presented with coughing, tachypnea and hypoxemia. The difference in clinical presentation between VAE in awake vs. anesthetized patients is discussed as are intraoperative monitoring techniques and management options.

View details for DOI 10.1159/000085024

View details for Web of Science ID 000229431200006

View details for PubMedID 15821367
Neurostimulation system used for deep brain stimulation (DBS): MR safety issues and implications of failing to follow safety recommendations INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY Rezai, A. R., Phillips, M., Baker, K. B., Sharan, A. D., Nyenhuis, J., Tkach, J., Henderson, J., Shellock, F. G. 2004; 39 (5): 300-303
Abstract

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with neurostimulation systems used for deep brain stimulation requires the utmost care, and no individual should undergo an MR examination in the absence of empirical evidence that the procedure can be performed safely. The risks of performing MRI in patients with neurostimulators include those associated with heating, magnetic field interactions, induced currents, and the functional disruption of these devices. The exact safety recommendations for the particular neurostimulation system with regard to the pulse generator, leads, electrodes, operational conditions for the device, the positioning of these components, and the MR system conditions must be carefully followed for MRI. As highlighted by 2 recent accidents, the failure to strictly follow safety recommendations (eg, use a 1.5-T MR system with a send/receive head radiofrequency coil only; limit the specific absorption rate to 0.4 W/kg; etc.) may result in serious, temporary, or permanent injury to the patient including the possibility of transient dystonia, paralysis, coma, or even death.

View details for DOI 10.1097/01.rli.0000124940.02340.ab

View details for Web of Science ID 000220990600007

View details for PubMedID 15087724
Frameless localization for functional neurosurgical procedures: A preliminary accuracy study STEREOTACTIC AND FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY Henderson, J. M. 2004; 82 (4): 135-141
Abstract

Targeting for functional stereotactic procedures is traditionally carried out in a noninteractive fashion, without real-time positional feedback. In addition, stereotactic frames are uncomfortable for patients and may impede intraoperative neurological evaluation. As an initial step toward a fully frameless approach to functional surgery, we have investigated the use of an image-guided microdrive coupled to a stereotactic frame system.For initial laboratory tests, a stereotactic phantom was imaged using high-resolution CT scanning. Three representative targets were chosen within the phantom. Targeting was carried out in the usual fashion using the StealthStation planning suite, utilizing the Radionics CRW system. An LED-equipped reference arc was attached to the CRW base ring. Registration of the base ring was accomplished using a spherical probe. A custom-built microdrive was fitted with an LED array, mounted on the CRW arc and tracked by the StealthStation. The distance between the Stealth real-time localization and the CRW localization was measured on-screen. To evaluate the accuracy of the system in the operating room, a similar procedure was carried out in 13 functional neurosurgical operations (pallidotomy or deep brain stimulator placement).Errors of localization in the laboratory setting ranged from 0.53 to 0.70 mm. In 11 operative cases, the average difference between the CRW localization and the Stealth localization was 1.77 mm. In the remaining 2 cases, equipment malfunction prevented measurement of localization error.Frameless image-guided localization compares favorably to targeting performed noninteractively. In addition, real-time positional feedback confers advantages in target region visualization and confidence in placement of lesions and stimulators for functional procedures. With small improvements in accuracy and system reliability, fully frameless functional procedures could be safely carried out.

View details for DOI 10.1159/000081345

View details for Web of Science ID 000226047800001

View details for PubMedID 15467380
Recovery of pain control by intensive reprogramming after loss of benefit from motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain STEREOTACTIC AND FUNCTIONAL NEUROSURGERY Henderson, J. M., Boongird, A., Rosenow, J. M., LaPresto, E., Rezai, A. R. 2004; 82 (5-6): 207-213
Abstract

Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) may serve as an adjunct in managing neuropathic pain after other conservative and interventional methods have failed. However, the magnitude and duration of the benefit are highly variable, with a significant percentage of patients losing pain relief over time. We investigated whether intensive reprogramming could recapture the beneficial effects of MCS.Six patients who had previously undergone MCS implantation for neuropathic pain but had lost benefit were brought back for 1-5 days of intensive reprogramming. Four patients were evaluated as inpatients while the others were seen as outpatients during multiple visits over several days. Several hours a day were spent with each patient. Patients completed visual analog scale (VAS) ratings at intervals throughout the reprogramming period to judge effectiveness of stimulation. Pre- and postadjustment VAS were compared using a paired t test.The patients' average age was 50 years (range 26-71). The diagnoses were trigeminal neuropathic pain (2 patients), complex regional pain syndrome I (2), phantom limb pain (1) and poststroke pain (1). The mean duration of pain was 6 years. The MCS benefit had initially lasted for a mean of 7.16 months (range 2-18 months). After reprogramming, 5 of 6 patients experienced improvement in pain. Average VAS scores decreased from 7.44 to 2.28 (p < 0.001) in those patients who responded to reprogramming. The average stimulation parameters in these patients were 5 V amplitude (range 1.7-10), 313 micros pulse width (range 240-390) and frequency of 84 Hz (range 55-130). Three patients experienced seizures during reprogramming. The mean seizure threshold was 8.9 V. No patient experienced seizures at their therapeutic settings. Pain control has been maintained after discharge.Intensive reprogramming can recapture the benefit of MCS in patients who have lost pain control. The use of broad dipoles using two contacts rather than one contact of the 1 x 4 electrode array improved the ability to recapture beneficial stimulation. There is a significant risk of seizures during aggressive reprogramming.

View details for DOI 10.1159/000082447

View details for Web of Science ID 000227207300002

View details for PubMedID 15583465
The application accuracy of a skull-mounted trajectory guide system for image-guided functional neurosurgery. Computer aided surgery Henderson, J. M., Holloway, K. L., Gaede, S. E., Rosenow, J. M. 2004; 9 (4): 155-160
Abstract

Frameless image guided systems have traditionally been perceived as being less accurate than stereotactic frames, limiting their adoption for trajectory-based procedures such as deep brain stimulator placement which require submillimetric accuracy. However, some studies have suggested that high degrees of accuracy are attainable with optical localization systems. We evaluated the application accuracy of a skull-mounted trajectory guide coupled to an optical image-guided surgery system in a laboratory setting.A plastic skull phantom was fitted with five fiducial markers rigidly attached via self-drilling bone screws. Varying MRI and CT imaging protocols were obtained at 25 different centers. A metal disc marked in 1-mm increments was placed at the expected target point. Following registration and alignment of the trajectory guide, radial and depth localization errors were measured. A total of 560 measurements were obtained and detailed statistical analyses were performed.Mean localization error was 1.25 mm with a 95% confidence interval of 2.7 mm and a 99.9% confidence interval of 4.0 mm. These values were significantly lower than those published for the two most widely used frame systems (p<0.001).Accuracy of image-guided localization using a rigid trajectory guide can meet or exceed that achievable with a stereotactic frame.

View details for PubMedID 16192055
Anatomy and physiology of chronic pain NEUROSURGERY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Rosenow, J. M., Henderson, J. M. 2003; 14 (3): 445-?
Abstract

Although much has been accomplished in the past several decades, treatment of chronic pain remains imperfect. This article presents the anatomy and physiology of the pain system along with the neurobiologic changes that occur in the establishment and maintenance of chronic pain states.

View details for DOI 10.1016/S1042-3680(03)00009-3

View details for Web of Science ID 000184145400012

View details for PubMedID 14567145
Neuroaugmentation for chronic pain - Preface NEUROSURGERY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Henderson, J. M. 2003; 14 (3): IX-X
View details for DOI 10.1016/S1042-3680(03)00035-4

View details for Web of Science ID 000184145400001

View details for PubMedID 14567134
The role of computer-assisted image-guided techniques Seminars in Neurosurgery Henderson JM 2001; 12: 175-181
An Internet-connected, patient-specific, deformable brain atlas integrated into a surgical navigation system 14th Symposium for Computer Applications in Radiology Levy, A. L., SCHAEWE, T. J., Miller, M. I., Smith, K. R., HAMMOUD, A. M., Henderson, J. M., Joshi, S., Mark, K. E., Sturm, C. D., McDurmont, L. L., Bucholz, R. D. SPRINGER. 1997: 231?37
View details for Web of Science ID A1997XR54200077

View details for PubMedID 9268894
The correction of stereotactic inaccuracy caused by brain shift using an intraoperative ultrasound device 1st Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine / Medical Robotics and Computer-Assisted Surgery (CVRMed-MRCAS 97) Bucholz, R. D., Yeh, D. D., Trobaugh, J., McDurmont, L. L., Sturm, C. D., Baumann, C., Henderson, J. M., Levy, A., Kessman, P. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. 1997: 459?466
View details for Web of Science ID A1997BJ58E00050
Anatomical surface contour matching for efficient registration in image guided neurosurgery 11th International Symposium and Exhibition on Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery (CAR 97) / 1st Annual Conference of ISCAS Bucholz, R., Macneil, W. R., Henderson, J. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. 1997: 772?777
View details for Web of Science ID 000070984600130
Epidural hematoma producing brown-sequard syndrome: A case due to ruptured hemangioma with magnetic resonance imaging findings JOURNAL OF NEUROIMAGING Ehsan, T., Henderson, J. M., Manepalli, A. N. 1996; 6 (1): 62-63
Abstract

A man developed spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to ruptured hemangioma with a clinical picture resembling acute partial Brown-S�quard syndrome. Diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed prompt surgical decompression and complete reversal of the neurological deficits. The diagnosis, etiology, and MRI findings of spinal epidural hematomas are discussed.

View details for Web of Science ID A1996TP92800014

View details for PubMedID 8555668
Combined stereotactic thalamotomy and posteroventral pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease. Journal of image guided surgery Iacono, R. P., Henderson, J. M., Lonser, R. R. 1995; 1 (3): 133-140
Abstract

Stereotactic thalamotomy has traditionally provided good relief of tremor for patients with intractable tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease. However, bradykinesia, dyskinesia, and rigidity are often less reliably treated with this technique. Although posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) can alleviate dyskinesias, appendicular bradykinesia, and rigidity, tremor may not be completely ameliorated. We have combined Vim/VOp junction thalamotomy and PVP in 29 patients with severe tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Patients underwent unilateral Vim thalamotomy followed at the same sitting by PVP. The distinct physiological consequences of each procedure were documented by intraoperative electromyography (EMG) and video recording, revealing the effects on both tremor and agonist/antagonist co-contraction. Lack of reciprocal inhibition of antagonistic muscle groups often remained following thalamotomy but was eliminated by subsequent PVP. The complementary therapeutic effects of PVP and Vim thalamotomy may be due to the interruption of different neuronal circuits by the two procedures. The effect of Vim thalamotomy has been attributed to the interruption of the rubrothalamocortical loop. PVP interrupts the outflow of the globus pallidus interna (GPi), which may cause disinhibition of locomotor centers in the mesencephalon and spinal cord. There is no direct interruption of the rubrothalamocortical loop by PVP, explaining why this procedure sometimes exacerbates tremor in certain patients. The combination of the two procedures appears to provide excellent relief of the majority of symptoms in patients suffering from tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease.

View details for PubMedID 9079438
AN ACCURATE AND ERGONOMIC METHOD OF REGISTRATION FOR IMAGE-GUIDED NEUROSURGERY COMPUTERIZED MEDICAL IMAGING AND GRAPHICS Henderson, J. M., Smith, K. R., Bucholz, R. D. 1994; 18 (4): 273-277
Abstract

We have developed a system for accurately and conveniently achieving surgical registration for image-guided neurosurgery, based on alignment and matching of patient forehead contours. The system consists of a contour digitizer that is used in the operating room to acquire patient contours, editing software for extracting contours from patient image data sets, and a contour-match algorithm for aligning the two contours and performing data set registration. Initial tests of the individual portions of the system have found each to be robust; we are in the process of refining the design of the optical digitizer in order to further automate the procedure as well as provide increased accuracy.

View details for Web of Science ID A1994NX03400006

View details for PubMedID 7923046
ACCURATE AND ERGONOMIC METHOD OF REGISTRATION FOR IMAGE-GUIDED NEUROSURGERY Conference on Clinical Applications of Modern Imaging Technology II Henderson, J. M., Bucholz, R. D. SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. 1994: 67?77
View details for Web of Science ID A1994BA44E00006
INTRAOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION USING A 3-DIMENSIONAL OPTICAL DIGITIZER Conference on Clinical Applications of Modern Imaging Technology Bucholz, R. D., Smith, K. R., Henderson, J., MCDURMONT, L., Schulz, D. SPIE - INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. 1993: 312?322
View details for Web of Science ID A1993BZ56Z00032
CHRONIC ACCESS TO ENDONEURIAL SPACE USING AN ARTERIAL AUTOGRAFT JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS Kroin, J. S., Henderson, J. M., Weinrib, H., Penn, R. D., Kerns, J. M. 1989; 27 (2): 133-142
Abstract

A technique for direct chronic infusion of compounds onto peripheral axons has been investigated in the rat sciatic nerve. A 2 cm segment of the femoral artery was removed and one end inserted into the endoneurial space of the contralateral peroneal nerve fascicle of the same animal. The other end of the artery was connected to a catheter system to allow infusion into the endoneurium, thus bypassing the barrier that the perineurium presents to hydrophilic compounds. The patency of this arterial access system was evaluated by the ability of 20 microliters of 2% lidocaine to inhibit the toe-spreading reflex. The results of the study were that the infusion system remained operational for 3-7 days after transplantation. There were histologic changes in the nerve but there were no functional deficits due to the surgery. Although a long-term endoneurial infusion was not achieved, the limited access time to the axons might be long enough for applications such as the delivery of nerve growth factors to injured nerve.

View details for Web of Science ID A1989T598300006

View details for PubMedID 2709882

Jaimie�Henderson, MD

John and Jene Blume - Robert and Ruth Halperin Professor, Professor of Neurosurgery and, by courtesy, of Neurology at the Stanford University Medical Center

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