John Hickey

All Publications

• Engineering an Artificial T-Cell Stimulating Matrix for Immunotherapy ADVANCED MATERIALS Hickey, J. W., Dong, Y., Chung, J., Salathe, S. F., Pruitt, H. C., Li, X., Chang, C., Fraser, A. K., Bessell, C. A., Ewald, A. J., Gerecht, S., Mao, H., Schneck, J. P. 2019; 31 (23)

  View details for DOI 10.1002/adma.201807359

  View details for Web of Science ID 000474087100001

• Efficient magnetic enrichment of antigen-specific T cells by engineering particle properties BIOMATERIALS Hickey, J. W., Isser, A. Y., Vicente, F. P., Warner, S. B., Mao, H., Schneck, J. P. 2018; 187: 105–16

  Abstract

  Magnetic particles can enrich desired cell populations to aid in understanding cell-type functions and mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapy. As cells are heterogeneous in ligand type, location, expression, and density, careful consideration of magnetic particle design for positive isolation is necessary. Antigen-specific immune cells have low frequencies, which has made studying, identifying, and utilizing these cells for therapy a challenge. Here we demonstrate the importance of magnetic particle design based on the biology of T cells. We create magnetic particles which recognize rare antigen-specific T cells and quantitatively investigate important particle properties including size, concentration, ligand density, and ligand choice in enriching these rare cells. We observe competing optima among particle parameters, with 300 nm particles functionalized with a high density of antigen-specific ligand achieving the highest enrichment and recovery of target cells. In enriching and then activating an endogenous response, 300 nm aAPCs generate nearly 65% antigen-specific T cells with at least 450-fold expansion from endogenous precursors and a 5-fold increase in numbers of antigen-specific cells after only seven days. This systematic study of particle properties in magnetic enrichment provides a case study for the engineering design principles of particles for the isolation of rare cells through biological ligands.

  View details for PubMedID 30312851

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC6284398

• Biologically Inspired Design of Nanoparticle Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells for Immunomodulation NANO LETTERS Hickey, J. W., Vicente, F. P., Howard, G. P., Mao, H., Schneck, J. P. 2017; 17 (11): 7045–54

  Abstract

  Particles engineered to engage and interact with cell surface ligands and to modulate cells can be harnessed to explore basic biological questions as well as to devise cellular therapies. Biology has inspired the design of these particles, such as artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) for use in immunotherapy. While much has been learned about mimicking antigen presenting cell biology, as we decrease the size of aAPCs to the nanometer scale, we need to extend biomimetic design to include considerations of T cell biology-including T-cell receptor (TCR) organization. Here we describe the first quantitative analysis of particle size effect on aAPCs with both Signals 1 and 2 based on T cell biology. We show that aAPCs, larger than 300 nm, activate T cells more efficiently than smaller aAPCs, 50 nm. The 50 nm aAPCs require saturating doses or require artificial magnetic clustering to activate T cells. Increasing ligand density alone on the 50 nm aAPCs did not increase their ability to stimulate CD8+ T cells, confirming the size-dependent phenomenon. These data support the need for multireceptor ligation and activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) nanoclusters of similar sizes to 300 nm aAPCs. Quantitative analysis and modeling of a nanoparticle system provides insight into engineering constraints of aAPCs for T cell immunotherapy applications and offers a case study for other cell-modulating particles.

  View details for PubMedID 28994285

• Collagen fiber structure guides 3D motility of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology Pruitt, H. C., Lewis, D., Ciccaglione, M., Connor, S., Smith, Q., Hickey, J. W., Schneck, J. P., Gerecht, S. 2019

  Abstract

  Lymphocyte motility is governed by a complex array of mechanisms, and highly dependent on external microenvironmental cues. Tertiary lymphoid sites in particular have unique physical structure such as collagen fiber alignment, due to matrix deposition and remodeling. Three dimensional studies of human lymphocytes in such environments are lacking. We hypothesized that aligned collagenous environment modulates CD8+ T cells motility. We encapsulated activated CD8+ T cells in collagen hydrogels of distinct fiber alignment, a characteristic of tumor microenvironments. We found that human CD8+ T cells move faster and more persistently in aligned collagen fibers compared with nonaligned collagen fibers. Moreover, CD8+ T cells move along the axis of collagen alignment. We showed that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibition could nullify the effect of aligned collagen on CD8+ T cell motility patterns by decreasing T cell turning in unaligned collagen fiber gels. Finally, as an example of a tertiary lymphoid site, we found that xenograft prostate tumors exhibit highly aligned collagen fibers. We observed CD8+ T cells alongside aligned collagen fibers, and found that they are mostly concentrated in the periphery of tumors. Overall, using an in vitro controlled hydrogel system, we show that collagen fiber organization modulates CD8+ T cells movement via MLCK activation thus providing basis for future studies into relevant therapeutics.

  View details for PubMedID 30776427

• Enrich and Expand Rare Antigen-specific T Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS Hickey, J. W., Schneck, J. P. 2018

  Abstract

  We have developed a tool to both enrich and expand antigen-specific T cells. This can be helpful in cases such as to A) detect the existence of antigen-specific T cells, B) probe the dynamics of antigen-specific responses, C) understand how antigen-specific responses affect disease state such as autoimmunity, D) demystify heterogeneous responses for antigen-specific T cells, or E) utilize antigen-specific cells for therapy. The tool is based on a magnetic particle that we conjugate antigen-specific and T cell co-stimulatory signals, and that we term as artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs). Consequently, since the technology is simple to produce, it can easily be adopted by other laboratories; thus, our purpose here is to describe in detail the fabrication and subsequent use of the aAPCs. We explain how to attach antigen-specific and co-stimulatory signals to the aAPCs, how to utilize them to enrich for antigen-specific T cells, and how to expand antigen-specific T cells. Furthermore, we will highlight engineering design considerations based on experimental and biological information of our experience with characterizing antigen-specific T cells.

  View details for PubMedID 30507913

• Separating T Cell Targeting Components onto Magnetically Clustered Nanoparticles Boosts Activation NANO LETTERS Kosmides, A. K., Necochea, K., Hickey, J. W., Schneck, J. P. 2018; 18 (3): 1916–24

  Abstract

  T cell activation requires the coordination of a variety of signaling molecules including T cell receptor-specific signals and costimulatory signals. Altering the composition and distribution of costimulatory molecules during stimulation greatly affects T cell functionality for applications such as adoptive cell therapy (ACT), but the large diversity in these molecules complicates these studies. Here, we develop and validate a reductionist T cell activation platform that enables streamlined customization of stimulatory conditions. This platform is useful for the optimization of ACT protocols as well as the more general study of immune T cell activation. Rather than decorating particles with both signal 1 antigen and signal 2 costimulus, we use distinct, monospecific, paramagnetic nanoparticles, which are then clustered on the cell surface by a magnetic field. This allows for rapid synthesis and characterization of a small number of single-signal nanoparticles which can be systematically combined to explore and optimize T cell activation. By increasing cognate T cell enrichment and incorporating additional costimulatory molecules using this platform, we find significantly higher frequencies and numbers of cognate T cells stimulated from an endogenous population. The magnetic field-induced association of separate particles thus provides a tool for optimizing T cell activation for adoptive immunotherapy and other immunological studies.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05284

  View details for Web of Science ID 000427910600050

  View details for PubMedID 29488768

• Engineering Platforms for T Cell Modulation BIOLOGY OF T CELLS, PT A Hickey, J. W., Kosmides, A. K., Schneck, J. P., Galluzzi, L., Rudqvist, N. P. 2018; 341: 277–362

  Abstract

  T cells are crucial contributors to mounting an effective immune response and increasingly the focus of therapeutic interventions in cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity. Translation of current T cell immunotherapies has been hindered by off-target toxicities, limited efficacy, biological variability, and high costs. As T cell therapeutics continue to develop, the application of engineering concepts to control their delivery and presentation will be critical for their success. Here, we outline the engineer's toolbox and contextualize it with the biology of T cells. We focus on the design principles of T cell modulation platforms regarding size, shape, material, and ligand choice. Furthermore, we review how application of these design principles has already impacted T cell immunotherapies and our understanding of T cell biology. Recent, salient examples from protein engineering, synthetic particles, cellular and genetic engineering, and scaffolds and surfaces are provided to reinforce the importance of design considerations. Our aim is to provide a guide for immunologists, engineers, clinicians, and the pharmaceutical sector for the design of T cell-targeting platforms.

  View details for PubMedID 30262034

• Biomimetic Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells Synergize with Anti-PD1 in the Treatment of Melanoma Meyer, R. A., Kosmides, A. K., Hickey, J. W., Aje, K., Cheung, K., Schneck, J. P., Green, J. J. CELL PRESS. 2017: 269–70

  View details for Web of Science ID 000401083600580

• Biomimetic biodegradable artificial antigen presenting with PD-1 blockade to treat melanoma cells synergize BIOMATERIALS Kosmides, A. K., Meyer, R. A., Hickey, J. W., Aje, K., Cheung, K. N., Green, J. J., Schneck, J. P. 2017; 118: 16–26

  Abstract

  Biomimetic materials that target the immune system and generate an anti-tumor responses hold promise in augmenting cancer immunotherapy. These synthetic materials can be engineered and optimized for their biodegradability, physical parameters such as shape and size, and controlled release of immune-modulators. As these new platforms enter the playing field, it is imperative to understand their interaction with existing immunotherapies since single-targeted approaches have limited efficacy. Here, we investigate the synergy between a PLGA-based artificial antigen presenting cell (aAPC) and a checkpoint blockade molecule, anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). The combination of antigen-specific aAPC-based activation and anti-PD-1 mAb checkpoint blockade induced the greatest IFN-γ secretion by CD8+ T cells in vitro. Combination treatment also acted synergistically in an in vivo murine melanoma model to result in delayed tumor growth and extended survival, while either treatment alone had no effect. This was shown mechanistically to be due to decreased PD-1 expression and increased antigen-specific proliferation of CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment and spleen. Thus, biomaterial-based therapy can synergize with other immunotherapies and motivates the translation of biomimetic combinatorial treatments.

  View details for DOI 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.038

  View details for Web of Science ID 000393254700002

  View details for PubMedID 27940380

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5207804

• Control of polymeric nanoparticle size to improve therapeutic delivery JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE Hickey, J. W., Santos, J., Williford, J., Mao, H. 2015; 219: 536–47

  Abstract

  As nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery research continues to expand, understanding parameters that govern NP interactions with the biological environment becomes paramount. The principles identified from the study of these parameters can be used to engineer new NPs, impart unique functionalities, identify novel utilities, and improve the clinical translation of NP formulations. One key design parameter is NP size. New methods have been developed to produce NPs with increased control of NP size between 10 and 200nm, a size range most relevant to physical and biochemical targeting through both intravascular and site-specific deliveries. Three notable techniques best suited for generating polymeric NPs with narrow size distributions are highlighted in this review: self-assembly, microfluidics-based preparation, and flash nanoprecipitation. Furthermore, the effect of NP size on the biological fate and transport properties at the molecular scale (protein-NP interactions) and the tissue and systemic scale (convective and diffusive transport of NPs) are analyzed here. These analyses underscore the importance of NP size control in considering clinical translation and assessment of therapeutic outcomes of NP delivery vehicles.

  View details for PubMedID 26450667

  View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4656075

• Prevention and Removal of Lipid Deposits by Lens Care Solutions and Rubbing OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE Tam, N., Pitt, W. G., Perez, K. X., Hickey, J. W., Glenn, A. A., Chinn, J., Liu, X., Maziarz, E. 2014; 91 (12): 1430–39

  Abstract

  Despite the prevalence of silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lenses, there are relatively few studies that evaluate the efficacy of multipurpose lens care solutions (MPSs) in reducing lipid deposition on these lenses and the effect of rubbing on the removal. Therefore, we used an in vitro soaking and rubbing model to compare the effectiveness of borate buffered saline (BBS) and two commercial MPSs, PureMoist and Biotrue, in preventing sorption of representative polar and nonpolar lipids.Radiolabeled cholesterol (CH) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were sorbed on two SiHy lenses (senofilcon A and balafilcon A) from an artificial tear fluid. Deposition and removal were evaluated by quantitative solvent extraction and scintillation counting.The efficiencies of the MPSs in reducing lipid deposition are somewhat dependent on lens material. Both DPPC and CH sorption on senofilcon A are greater when lenses are preconditioned in BBS compared with preconditioning in either MPS (p < 0.05). However, neither MPS affects lipid sorption on balafilcon A lenses (p > 0.05). As for removal of presorbed lipids, neither PureMoist, Biotrue, nor BBS removed CH in the absence of rubbing. When a simulated rubbing protocol was used, minimal but detectible CH was removed (p < 0.05) from senofilcon A and balafilcon A lenses (likely only from the lens surface). These commercial solutions were not substantially better than BBS in removing DPPC, with or without rubbing (p > 0.05).These data suggest that MPSs do not appreciably alter lipid sorption. Rubbing lenses removes a small amount of sorbed lipids. Yet, we recommend that MPSs be used as they may disinfect SiHy lenses and may clean their surfaces of large particles.

  View details for PubMedID 25325760

• The role of multi-purpose solutions in prevention and removal of lipid depositions on contact lenses CONTACT LENS & ANTERIOR EYE Tam, N., Pitt, W. G., Perez, K. X., Handly, E., Glenn, A. A., Hickey, J. W., Larsen, B. G. 2014; 37 (6): 405–14

  Abstract

  The sorption and desorption of radiolabeled dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and cholesterol (CH) were measured on 5 types of commercial contact lenses. The lenses were soaked in vitro in an artificial tear fluid for 16h. The effects of borate buffered saline and two commercial multi-purpose lens-care solutions (MPSs) on reducing the lipid (DPPC and CH) sorption and increasing the lipid removal were examined. The results showed that silicone hydrogel (SiHy) lenses accumulated the most lipids, sorbing over an order of magnitude more than polymacon, a conventional hydrogel lens. Pre-soaking the SiHy lenses for 16h in MPSs reduced the DPPC sorption by up to 13% and the CH sorption by up to 11%, compared to controls that were not pre-soaked. However neither these reductions nor those on polymacon were statistically significant (p>0.05). In sorption experiments without presoaking, subsequent exposure to the MPSs removed some DPPC from the lenses (0-3.1% for SiHy lenses and 14-55% for polymacon), but CH removal was 0.0-0.8% for SiHy lenses and 0.6-28% for polymacon lenses. Some of these removals were statistically significant (p<0.05).

  View details for PubMedID 25081521

• Metallization of Branched DNA Origami for Nanoelectronic Circuit Fabrication ACS NANO Liu, J., Geng, Y., Pound, E., Gyawali, S., Ashton, J. R., Hickey, J., Woolley, A. T., Harb, J. N. 2011; 5 (3): 2240-2247

  Abstract

  This work examines the metallization of folded DNA, known as DNA origami, as an enabling step toward the use of such DNA as templates for nanoelectronic circuits. DNA origami, a simple and robust method for creating a wide variety of shapes and patterns, makes possible the increased complexity and flexibility needed for both the design and assembly of useful circuit templates. In addition, selective metallization of the DNA template is essential for circuit fabrication. Metallization of DNA origami presents several challenges over and above those associated with the metallization of other DNA templates such as λ-DNA. These challenges include (1) the stability of the origami in the processes used for metallization, (2) the enhanced selectivity required to metallize small origami structures, (3) the increased difficulty of adhering small structures to the surface so that they will not be removed when subject to multiple metallization steps, and (4) the influence of excess staple strands present with the origami. This paper describes our efforts to understand and address these challenges. Specifically, the influence of experimental conditions on template stability and on the selectivity of metal deposition was investigated for small DNA origami templates. These templates were seeded with Ag and then plated with Au via an electroless deposition process. Both staple strand concentration and the concentration of ions in solution were found to have a significant impact. Selective continuous metal deposition was achieved, with an average metallized height as small as 32 nm. The shape of branched origami was also retained after metallization. These results represent important progress toward the realization of DNA-templated nanocircuits.

  View details for DOI 10.1021/nn1035075

  View details for Web of Science ID 000288570600083

  View details for PubMedID 21323323