References

 Download clickable references (PDF)

Introduction

  1. https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/pancreatic-cancer/stages
  2. http://pancreatic.org/pancreatic-cancer/pancreatic-cancer-facts/
  3. https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annualcancer-facts-and-figures/2017/cancer-facts-and-figures-2017.pdf
  4. “Reports and Papers Presented at the Meetings of the American Public Health Association,” 1873. Accessed online March 2, 2018: https://tinyurl.com/yc5ukpde
  5. https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/fhs-about/history/epidemiological-background/
  6. https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/fhs-risk-functions/
  7. “How Tech Can Turn Doctors Into Clerical Workers,” New York Times, May 16, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/05/16/magazine/health-issue-what-we-lose-with-datadriven-medicine.html
  8. http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/02/5-questions-sam-gambhir-on-progress-inprecision-health.html
  9. Ibid.
  10. http://stanmed.stanford.edu/2016winter/target-health.html
  11. http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/02/5-questions-sam-gambhir-on-progress-inprecision-health.html
  12. “Defeating the ZIP Code Health Paradigm: Data, Technology, and Collaboration are Key,” HealthAffairs blog, August 6, 2015. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20150806.049730/full/
  13. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-life-expectancy-compare-countries/
  14. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/infant-mortality-u-s-compare-countries/#item-infant-mortality-higher-u-s-comparable-countries
  15. “Sound- and/or pressure-induced vertigo due to bone dehiscence of the superior semicircularcanal,” Archives of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, March 1998. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/219008
  16. Thomas Goetz, The Decision Tree: Taking Control of Your Health in the New Era of Personalized Medicine (New York: Rodale Books, 2010).
  17. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/2015/01/30/president-obamaspeaks-precision-medicine-initiative
  18. “A New Initiative on Precision Medicine,” New England Journal of Medicine, February 26, 2015. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1500523
  19. Disclosure of relationships that leaders of academic institutions and medical centers have with industry is important in ensuring the integrity of the mission of these institutions. As of May 2019, I am a member of advisory boards for the following companies for which I receive compensation for my activities: Ancestry, Mammoth Biosciences, Mission Bio, and Sensyne Health. I am also a compensated advisor to General Atlantic, a private equity firm. I am amember of the advisory board of Thrive Global, for which I receive no compensation. As a part of my role as Dean of Medicine at Stanford, I am on an advisory board focused on exploring collaborations between Novartis and academic institutions in the area of digital health. I receive no compensation from Novartis in this role. I own common stock in Apple and in Alphabet. This stock was purchased before any significant digital health collaborations between the Stanford School of Medicine and these companies, and I have not bought or sold stock in these companies since that time.

Chapter 1

  1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssw0QanLS74
  2. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_04.pdf (Table 19)
  3. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html
  4. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?year_low_desc=true
  5. “Inequalities in Life Expectancy Among US Counties, 1980 to 2014: Temporal Trends and Key Drivers,” JAMA Internal Medicine, July 2017. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2626194
  6. “The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001–2014,” Journal of the American Medical Association, April 26, 2016. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2513561
  7. Ibid.
  8. “Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 2016, 519–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw004
  9. “Socioeconomic Differences in the Epidemiologic Transition from Heart Disease to Cancer as the Leading Cause of Death in the United States, 2003 to 2015: An Observational Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine, December 18, 2018. https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2715460/socioeconomic-differences-epidemiologic-transition-from-heart-disease-cancer-leading-cause
  10.  “U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health,” National Academies Press; 2013. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK115854/
  11. “US Burden of Disease Collaborators. The State of US Health, 1990–2010 Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors,” Journal of the American Medical Association, August 14, 2013. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1710486
  12. https://jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/JAMA/936922/joi180029t1.png
  13. Ibid.
  14. “Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015–2016,” National Center for Health Statistics. 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db288.htm
  15. “World-wide trends in body mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975–2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults,” The Lancet, December 16, 2017.
  16. “Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries Over 25 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine, July 6, 2017. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
  17. “U.S. Health Care Quality Ratings Among Lowest Since '12,” Gallup, November 30, 2017.
  18. “Americans Still Hold Dim View of U.S. Healthcare System,” Gallup, December 11, 2017.
  19. “The fax of life: Why American medicine still runs on fax machines,” Vox, January 12, 2018. https://www.vox.com/health-care/2017/10/30/16228054/american-medical-system-faxmachines-why
  20. “How Tech Can Turn Doctors Into Clerical Workers,” New York Times Magazine, May 16, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/05/16/magazine/health-issue-what-we-lose-withdata-driven-medicine.html
  21. “Physician Burnout in the Electronic Health Record Era: Are We Ignoring the Real Cause?” Annals of Internal Medicine, May 8, 2018. https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2680726/physician-burnout-electronic-health-record-era-we-ignoring-real-cause
  22. “The Future of Electronic Health Records,” Stanford Medicine, September 2018. http://med.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/ehr/documents/SM-EHR-White-Papers_v12.pdf
  23. “Death by a Thousand Clicks: Where Electronic Health Records Went Wrong,” Fortune, March 18, 2019. http://fortune.com/longform/medical-records/
  24. https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/nationalhealthexpenddata/nhe-fact-sheet.html
  25. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SHA
  26. “How does health spending in the U.S. compare to other countries?” Kaiser Family Foundation, December 7, 2018. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/health-spendingu-s-compare-countries/#item-average-wealthy-countries-spend-half-much-per-person-health-us-spends
  27. Elisabeth Rosenthal, An American Sickness: How Healthcare Became Big Business and How You Can Take It Back (Penguin, 2017), p. 2.
  28. “Remarks on Value-Based Transformation to the Federation of American Hospitals,” March 5, 2018. https://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/secretary/speeches/2018-speeches/remarks-onvalue-based-transformation-to-the-federation-of-american-hospitals.html?new
  29. “Medical errors may stem more from physician burnout than unsafe health care settings,” Stanford Medicine, July 8, 2018. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/07/medical-errors-maystem-more-from-physician-burnout.html
  30. “Physician Well-Being: The Reciprocity of Practice Efficiency, Culture of Wellness, and Personal Resilience,” NEJM Catalyst, August 7, 2017. https://catalyst.nejm.org/physician-well-beingefficiency-wellness-resilience/
  31. “Research Shows Shortage of More than 100,000 Doctors by 2030,” Association of American Medical Colleges, March 14, 2017. https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/research-showsshortage-more-100000-doctors-2030
  32. http://wellmd.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/wellmd/documents/2017-ACPH-Hamidi.pdf
  33. “Symptoms of burnout common among medical residents; UW taking steps to help,” UW News, March 4, 2002. http://www.washington.edu/news/2002/03/04/symptoms-of-burnout-commonamong-medical-residents-uw-taking-steps-to-help/
  34. “Intervention to promote physician well-being, job satisfaction, and professionalism: a randomized clinical trial.” JAMA Internal Medicine, April 17, 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24515493 “A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of COMPASS (Colleagues Meeting to Promote and Sustain Satisfaction) small group sessions on physician well-being, meaning, and job satisfaction,” Journal of General Internal Medicine, April 2015.
  35. “Physician and Nurse Well-Being: Seven Things Hospital Boards Should Know,” Journal of Healthcare Management, November/December 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30418362
  36. “Making the Case for the Chief Wellness Officer in America’s Health Systems: A Call to Action,” Health Affairs blog, October 26, 2018. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20181025.308059/full/

Chapter 2

  1. “The Case for More Active Policy Attention to Health Promotion,” Health Affairs, March/April 2002. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78 American Journal of Preventive Medicine, February 2017, pp. 129–135. https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(15)00514-0/fulltext Commission on Social Determinants of Health, The World Health Organization, 2008. https://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/ “The Key Role of Epigenetics in Human Disease Prevention and Mitigation,” New England Journal of Medicine, April 5, 2018. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1402513
  2. “Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults, by Household Income and Education—United States, 2011–14,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 22, 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/pdfs/mm6650a1-H.pdf
  3. “Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Use Among People of Low Socioeconomic Status,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/disparities/low-ses/index.htm
  4. Robert M. Kaplan and Arnold Milstein, “Contributions of Healthcare to Longevity: A Review of Four Estimation Methods,” Annals of Family Medicine, May/June 2019. http://www.annfammed.org/content/17/3/267.full
  5. “Bad genes don’t mean you are doomed to heart disease and early death,” Washington Post, February 27, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/bad-genes-dontmean-you-are-doomed-to-heart-disease-and-early-death/2018/02/23/ddf19a78-0b73-11e8-8890-372e2047c935_story.html?
  6. “Genes can push you toward obesity, but there are things you can do to prevent that,” Washington Post, August 13, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/genes-canpush-you-toward-obesity-but-there-are-things-you-can-do-to-prevent-that/2017/08/11/5bb7a80e-77ad-11e7-8f39-eeb7d3a2d304_story.html?
  7. “Friends and Family May Play a Role in Obesity,” National Institutes of Health, August 13, 2007.https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/friends-family-may-play-role-obesity
  8. “Obesity Is ‘Socially Contagious,’ Study Finds,” UCSD News Center, July 25, 2007. https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/soc/07-07ObesityIK-.asp
  9. “Physical Activity Attenuates the Influence of FTO Variants on Obesity Risk: A Meta-Analysis of 218,166 Adults and 19,268 Children,” PLOS Medicine, November 1, 2011. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001116
  10. “Well now: What humans need to flourish,” Stanford Medicine, Summer 2016. https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2016summer/well-now.html
  11. “The thrifty phenotype hypothesis: Type 2 diabetes, British Medical Bulletin, November 2001.https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/60/1/5/322752
  12. “Association of Improved Air Quality with Lung Development in Children,” New EnglandJournal of Medicine, March 5, 2015. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414123
  13. “FEAST: Empowering community residents to use technology to assess and advocate for healthy food environments,” Journal of Urban Health, 2017. Buman MP, Winter SJ, Baker C, Hekler EB, Otten JJ, King AC, “Neighborhood Eating and Activity Advocacy Teams (NEAAT): engaging older adults in policy activities to improve food and physical environments.” Transl Behav Med 2012, 2(2):249–253.
  14. “A qualitative study of shopper experiences at an urban farmers’ market using the Stanford Healthy Neighborhood Discovery Tool,” Public Health Nutrition, April 2015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24956064 “
  15. Harnessing Technology and Citizen Science to Support Neighborhoods That Promote Active Living in Mexico,” Journal of Urban Health, December 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27752825
  16. “Maximizing the promise of citizen science to advance health and prevent disease,” Preventive Medicine, February 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30593793
  17. “The Stanford Healthy Neighborhood Discovery Tool: a computerized tool to assess active living environments,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, April 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23498112
  18. “Well now,” Stanford Medicine, Summer 2016.
  19. “Smart phones could be game-changing tool for cardiovascular research,” Stanford Medicine News Center, December 14, 2016. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2016/12/smartphones-could-be-game-changing-tool-for-cardiovascular-research.html
  20. “Arianna Huffington Thought ‘Huff Post’ Would Be Her Last Chapter. Was She Ever Wrong.” Entrepreneur, October 26, 2018. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/322204
  21.  “How to make healthy life changes from tiny habits,” WRVO, August 13, 2016. https://www.wrvo.org/post/how-make-healthy-life-changes-tiny-habits

Chapter 3

  1. “2018 Year End Funding Report: Is digital health in a bubble?” Rock Health. https://rockhealth.com/reports/2018-year-end-funding-report-is-digital-health-in-a-bubble/
  2. “Internet Trends 2017—Code Conference,” May 31, 2017. https://www.kleinerperkins.com/perspectives/internet-trends-report-2017
  3. “6 Reasons Why Digital Health Startups Will Fail (Obamacare Repeal Won’t Be One of Them),” Medtech Boston, January 9, 2017. https://medtechboston.medstro.com/blog/2017/01/09/6-reasons-why-digital-health-startups-will-fail-obamacare-repeal-wont-be-one-of-them/
  4.  Ibid.
  5. “The secret weapon of World War II,” Baltimore Sun, January 11, 1993. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-01-11/news/1993011049_1_fuse-proximity-smart-weapon
  6. Ibid.
  7. “The Cell’s Integrated Circuit: A profile of Lucy Shapiro,” The Scientist, August 1, 2018. https://www.the-scientist.com/profile/the-cells-integrated-circuit--a-profile-of-lucy-shapiro-64496
  8. Ibid.
  9. “More can benefit from stroke treatment,” Stanford Medicine Newsletter, Summer 2018. https://med.stanford.edu/communitynews/2018summer/more-can-benefit-from-stroke-treatment.html
  10. “Prompt clot-grabbing treatment produces better stroke outcomes,” American Heart Association, January 25, 2018. http://newsroom.heart.org/news/prompt-clot-grabbing-treatment-producesbetter-stroke-outcomes
  11. “Thrombectomy for Stroke at 6 to 16 Hours with Selection by Perfusion Imaging,” New England Journal of Medicine, February 22, 2018. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1713973
  12. “Stanford-led clinical trials shows broader benefits of acute stroke therapy,” Stanford Medicine News Center, January 24, 2018. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/01/clinical-trialshows-broader-benefits-of-acute-stroke-therapy.html
  13. “More can benefit from stroke treatment,” Stanford Medicine Newsletter, Summer 2018.
  14. Ibid.
  15. “Greg Albers: Changing the face of the stroke stopwatch,” The Lancet, January 5, 2017. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(16)30386-6/fulltext
  16. “Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stems cells,” Science, July 1, 1988.http://science.sciencemag.org/content/241/4861/58
  17. “Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer Treated with High-Dose Chemotherapy and Transplantation of Purified Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cells,” Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, January 2012. https://www.bbmt.org/article/S1083-8791(11)00299-0/fulltext
  18. “Survival of stage IV breast cancer patients improves with stem cell treatment, study finds,” Stanford Medicine News Center, July 22, 2011. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2011/07/survival-of-stage-iv-breast-cancer-patients-improves-with-stem-cell-treatment-study-finds.html
  19. “Anti-CD47 cancer therapy safe, shows promise in small clinical trial,” Stanford Medicine News Center, October 31, 2018. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/10/anti-cd47-cancertherapy-safe-shows-promise-in-small-trial.html
  20. Ibid.
  21. “Efficient transplantation via antibody-based clearance of hematopoietic stem cell niches,” Science, November 23, 2007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033883; “Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in immunocompetent hosts without radiation or chemotherapy,” Science Translational Medicine, August 10, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27510901
  22. “How One Thing Led to Another,” Annual Review of Immunology, May 2016. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112003
  23. Mark M. Davis, “A Prescription for Human Immunology,” Immunity, December 19, 2008.
  24. “1 in 3 adults don’t get enough sleep,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” February 18, 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0215-enough-sleep.html
  25. “A harrowing journey through disordered sleep,” Nature, February 27, 2018. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02510-3
  26. “Artificial Intelligence May Unlock the Mysteries of Sleep Testing,” Thrive Global, December 10, 2018. https://thriveglobal.com/stories/this-device-may-be-key-to-finding-out-why-you-arentsleeping/
  27. “Neural network analysis of sleep stages enables efficient diagnosis of narcolepsy,” Nature, December 6, 2018. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07229-3
  28. A harrowing journey through disordered sleep,” Nature, February 27, 2018.
  29. “Prevalence and Severity of Food Allergies Among US Adults,” JAMA Network Open, January 4, 2019. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2720064?mod=article_inline
  30. “The Public Health Impact of Child-Reported Food Allergies in the United States,” Pediatrics, December 2018. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/6/e20181235?mod=article_inline
  31. “Trends in Allergic Conditions Among Children: United States, 1997–2011,” National Center for Health Statistics, May 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db121.htm
  32. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml
  33. https://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/special-initiatives/precisionpsychiatry/pmhw.html
  34. “To Diagnose Mental Illness, Read the Brain,” Scientific American, June 25, 2016. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/to-diagnose-mental-illness-read-the-brain/
  35. “Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration,” PLOS Medicine, February 2008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2253608/
  36. https://es-la.facebook.com/worldeconomicforum/videos/10153794471101479/
  37. https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x31jyrp
  38. “To Diagnose Mental Illness, Read the Brain,” Scientific American, June 25, 2016.
  39. https://es-la.facebook.com/worldeconomicforum/videos/10153794471101479/
  40. “Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
  41. “Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Intervention for Toddlers with Autism: The Early Start Denver Mode,” Pediatrics, January 2010. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/1/e17.short
  42. “The urgent need to shorten autism’s diagnostic odyssey,” Spectrum, July 15, 2014. https://www.spectrumnews.org/opinion/viewpoint/the-urgent-need-to-shorten-autisms-diagnostic-odyssey/
  43. “Cognoa’s AI platform for autism diagnosis gets first FDA stamp,” TechCrunch, February 21, 2018.https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/21/cognoas-ai-platform-for-autism-diagnosis-gets-first-fda-stamp/
  44. “Screening in toddlers and preschoolers at risk for autism spectrum disorder: Evaluating anovel mobile-health screening tool,” Autism Research, July 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29734507 See also, “Machine learning approach for early detection of autism by combining questionnaire and home video screening,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, August 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocy039
  45. “Exploratory study examining the at-home feasibility of a wearable tool for social-affective learning in children with autism,” npj Digital Medicine, August 2, 2018. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0035-3
  46. “Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: New estimates of R&D costs,” Journal of Health Economics, May 2016. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167629616000291?via%3Dihub
  47. “Her one-in-a-million baby,” Stanford Children’s Health. https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/service/fertility-and-reproductive-health/one-in-a-million-baby
  48. “Meet Rhiju Das,” Biomedical Beat Blog—National Institute of General Medical Sciences, July 9, 2014. https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2014/07/meet-rhiju-das/
  49. Rhiju Das, Benjamin Keep, Peter Washington, and Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse, “Scientific discovery games for biomedical research,” Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science, 2019.
  50. Ibid.
  51. “Principles for Predicting RNA Secondary Structure Design Difficulty,” Journal of Molecular Biology, February 27, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2015.11.013
  52. “Power to the people: Does Eterna signal the arrival of a new wave of crowd-sourced projects?” BMC Biochemistry, October 23, 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3854504/
  53. “Diagnosing suspected arrhythmias: An interview with Uday Kumar of iRhythm,” Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign. https://biodesign.stanford.edu/our-impact/technologies/irhythm.html
  54. https://tedmed.com/talks/show?id=292997
  55. Ibid.
  56. http://10newtons.com/whatwedo/datascience/
  57. “Sensor Technology in Assessments of Clinical Skill,” New England Journal of Medicine, February 19, 2015. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1414210
  58. http://10newtons.com/new-technology-seeks-to-teach-proper-self-breast-exam-techniques/
  59. https://tedmed.com/talks/show?id=292997
  60. https://vimeo.com/76445878
  61. “Getting real: Medical residents experience global health needs firsthand,” Stanford Medicine, Winter 2019. http://stanmed.stanford.edu/2019winter/residents-global-health-needs-firsthand.html
  62. “Interventions to Improve Adherence to Self-Administered Medications for Chronic Diseases in the United States: A Systematic Review,” Annals of Internal Medicine, December 4, 2012. http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/1357338/interventions-improve-adherence-self-administeredmedications-chronic-diseases-united-states
  63. https://faq.impossiblefoods.com/hc/en-us/articles/360018936694-What-is-Impossible-Foods-mission-
  64. https://impossiblefoods.com/mission/2019impact/
  65. “Our Meatless Future: How the $90B Global Meat Market Gets Disrupted,” CB Insights, January 16, 2019. https://www.cbinsights.com/research/future-of-meat-industrial-farming/?
  66. “Why Most Published Research Findings Are False,” PLOS Medicine, August 30, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
  67. “Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet,” New England Journal of Medicine, April 4, 2013. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303
  68. “Retraction and Republication: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet,” New England Journal of Medicine, June 21, 2018. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1806491
  69. “Science mapping analysis characterizes 235 biases in biomedical research” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, November 2010. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43182837_Science_mapping_analysis_characterizes_235_biases_in_biomedical_research
  70. “Reproducible Research Practices and Transparency across the Biomedical Literature,” PLOS Biology, January 4, 2016. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002333
  71. “Reproducible research practices, transparency, and open access data in the biomedical literature, 2015–2017,” PLOS Biology, November 20, 2018. https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2006930
  72. https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2018/comp-pr2018-41-theranos-holmes.pdf
  73. “Stealth Research: Is Biomedical Innovation Happening Outside the Peer-Reviewed Literature?” February 17, 2015. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2110977
  74. http://www.demog.berkeley.edu/~andrew/1918/figure2.html
  75. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db293.pdf

Chapter 4

  1. “Science: The Endless Frontier,” A Report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, July 1945. https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/ vbush1945.htm
  2. Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation (Brookings Institution Press, 1997), pp. 73–74.
  3. https://parkinsonsdisease.net/basics/statistics/
  4. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/the-real-story-behind-the-worlds-first-antibiotic
  5. “Francisco Mojica, the scientist who discovered CRISPR and DNA editing,” ABC.net.au, June 14, 2018. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-15/francisco-mojica-scientist-who-discovered- crispr-dna-editing/9864070
  6. Ibid.
  7. Horace Freeland Judson, The Eighth Day of Creation: The Makers of the Revolution in Biology (Simon & Schuster, 1979) p. 326.
  8. As quoted in Errol C. Friedberg, A Biography of Paul Berg: The Recombinant DNA Controversy Revisited (World Scientific Publishing, 2014), pp. 71–72.
  9. Friedberg, A Biography of Paul Berg, p. 73.
  10. Ibid.
  11. Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Gene: An Intimate History (Scribner, 2017), p. 234.
  12. Sally Smith Hughes, Genentech: The Beginnings of Biotech (University of Chicago Press, 2011), p. 10
  13. Hughes, Genentech, pp. 10–11.
  14. Hughes, Genentech, p. 11.
  15. “DNA cloning: A personal view after 40 years,” PNAS, September 24, 2013. https://www.pnas. org/content/110/39/15521
  16. Stanley N. Cohen, M.D., “Science, Biotechnology, and Recombinant DNA: A Personal History,” an oral history conducted by Sally Smith Hughes in 1995, Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2009.
  17. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2006/press-release/
  18. “Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans,” Nature, February 19, 1998. https://www.nature.com/articles/35888
  19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5398844.stm
  20. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2012/kobilka/biographical/
  21. “Stanford scientist Brian Kobilka wins Nobel Prize for Chemistry,” Stanford News, October 10, 2012. https://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/october/nobel-prize-kobilka-101012.html
  22. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2013/levitt/facts/
  23. http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/10/the-science-behind-michael-levitts-nobel- prize.html
  24. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2013/sudhof/biographical/
  25. “Lighting the Brain: Karl Deisseroth and the optogenetics breakthrough,” The New Yorker, May 11, 2015. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/18/lighting-the-brain
  26. https://news.stanford.edu/features/2014/optogenetics/
  27. “A Look Inside the Brain,” Scientific American, October 2016. http://clarityresourcecenter.org/ pdfs/Deisseroth_SciAm2016.pdf
  28. The acronym is based on the following construction: “clear lipid-exchanged acrylamidehybrid- ized rigid imaging/immunostaining/in situ hybridization-compatible tissue-hydrogel.”
  29. “Turning back time with emerging rejuvenation strategies,” Nature Cell Biology, January 2, 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41556-018-0206-0
  30. https://web.stanford.edu/group/brunet/research%20interests.html
  31. https://www.ted.com/talks/tony_wyss_coray_how_young_blood_might_help_reverse_aging_ yes_really?language=en
  32. “Redefining differentiation: Reshaping our ends,” Nature Cell Biology, May 30, 2012. https:// www.nature.com/articles/ncb2506?draft=collection
  33. Ibid.
  34. “Profile of Helen M. Blau,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, October 31, 2017. https://www.pnas.org/content/114/44/11561 OF I L
  35. “Plasticity of the differentiated state,” Science, November 15, 1985. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/2414846
  36. “Nuclear reprogramming to a pluripotent state by three approaches,” Nature, June 9, 2010. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09229
  37. “Differentiation requires continuous regulation,” Journal of Cell Biology, March 1991. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1999456
  38. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2010/12/new-mouse-model-for-duchenne-muscular- dystrophy-implicates-stem-cells-researchers-say.html
  39. “Re‘evolutionary’ regenerative medicine,” Journal of the American Medical Association, January 5, 2011. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/644485
  40. “Identification and specification of the mouse skeletal stem cell,” Cell, January 15, 2015. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.002
  41. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/01/researchers-isolate-stem-cell-that-gives-rise-to- bones-cartilage.html
  42. “Identification of the human skeletal stem cell,” Cell, September 20, 2018.
  43. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/10/skeletal-stem-cells-regress-when-tasked-with- extensive-regeneration.html
  44. “Human Skeletal Stem Cell Found,” The Scientist, September 20, 2018. https://www.the-scientist. com/news-opinion/human-skeletal-stem-cell-found-64830
  45. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/09/study-identifies-stem-cell-that-gives-rise- to-new-bone-cartilage.html
  46. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/10/skeletal-stem-cells-regress-when-tasked-with- extensive-regeneration.html
  47. “Genetics, FACS, Immunology and Redox: A Tale of Two Lives Intertwined,” Annual Reviews of Immunology, December 16, 2003. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev. immunol.22.012703.104727
  48. “Leonard Herzenberg, geneticist who developed key cell-sorting technology, dies,” Stanford Medicine News Centers, October 31, 2013. http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/10/ leonard-herzenberg-geneticist-who-developed-key-cell-sorting-technology-dies.html
  49. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/11/us/leonard-herzenberg-immunologist-who- revolutionized-research-dies-at-81.html
  50. http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/10/leonard-herzenberg-geneticist-who-developed- key-cell-sorting-technology-dies.html
  51. http://archive.sciencewatch.com/inter/aut/2008/08-apr/08aprNolan/
  52. “Single-cell mass cytometry of differential immune and drug responses across a human hemato- poietic continuum,” F1000 Prime, May 6, 2011. https://f1000.com/prime/10641956?key=qllgw6 hpwr306f5#
  53. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/05/slac-stanford-open-facility-for-cryogenic- electron-microscopy.html
  54. “Visualizing virus assembly intermediates inside marine cyanobacteria,” Nature, October 9, 2013. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12604
  55. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2017/press-release/
  56. “Refinement and Analysis of the Mature Zika Virus Cryo-Em Structure at 3.1 Å Resolution,” Cell, June 26, 2018. https://www.cell.com/structure/fulltext/S0969-2126(18)30170-9
  57. “Cryo-EM stuctures of tau filaments from Alzheimer’s disease,” Nature, July 5, 2017. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23002

Chapter 5

  1. https://www.canaryfoundation.org/about-canary/founders-story/
  2. https://www.canaryfoundation.org/about-canary/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK338586/
  4. “New center sets out to stop disease before it starts,” Stanford Medicine News Center, May 16, 2018. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/05/new-center-sets-out-to-stop-disease- before-it-starts.html
  5. “QnAs with Stephen Quake,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 2, 2016. https://www.pnas.org/content/113/31/8557
  6. “Noninvasive diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy by shotgun sequencing DNA from maternal blood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, October 21, 2008. https://www.pnas.org/ content/105/42/16266
  7. “Cell-free DNA Analysis for Noninvasive Examination of Trisomy,” New England Journal of Medicine, April 23, 2015. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1407349
  8. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/a-safe-prenatal-genetic-test-is- gaining-popularity-with-young-moms-to-be-and-their-doctors/2019/01/04/746516a2-f4f2- 11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html?utm_term=.fbb1d97567b6
  9. “Disruptive Technology: Dr. Diana Bianchi Talks Prenatal DNA Testing,” The NICHD Connection, June 2019. https://science.nichd.nih.gov/confluence/display/newsletter/2017/09/07/ Disruptive+Technology%3A+Dr.+Diana+Bianchi+Talks+Prenatal+DNA+Testing
  10. “What are common treatments for Down syndrome?” National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/ treatments#f2
  11. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/mammograms/ limitations-of-mammograms.html
  12. “Ultrasound Molecular Imaging with BR55 in Patients with Breast and Ovarian Lesions: First-in- Human Results,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, March 14, 2017. http://ascopubs.org/doi/ abs/10.1200/JCO.2016.70.8594
  13. http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/04/ultrasound-and-microbubbles-flag-malignant- cancer-in-humans.html
  14. “Cost-effectiveness of Screening for Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Imaging in  BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers,” JAMA, May 24, 2006. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/ fullarticle/202909
  15. “American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammog- raphy.” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, March–April 2007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/17392385
  16. “Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast cancer,” New England Journal of Medicine, October 27, 2005.
  17. “Association of Screening and Treatment with Breast Cancer Mortality by Molecular Subtype in US Women, 2000–2012,” Journal of the American Medical Association, January 9, 2018. https:// jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2668347
  18. https://www.statnews.com/feature/retro-report/the-code/
  19. https://www.genome.gov/12011238/an-overview-of-the-human-genome-project/
  20. https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2017winter/could-genetic-mosaicism-have-caused-a-deadly-heart- arrhythmia-long-qt-syndrome.html
  21. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2018/06/study-solves-mystery-of-genetic-test-results- for-patient-with-heart-condition.html.
  22. https://newsroom.heart.org/news/gene-editing-technology-may-improve-accuracy-of- predicting-individuals-heart-disease-risk
  23. “A Geneticist’s Research Turns Personal,” New York Times, June 2, 2012. https://www.nytimes. com/2012/06/03/business/geneticists-research-finds-his-own-diabetes.html
  24. http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2012/03/revolution-in-personalized-medicine-first-ever- integrative-omics-profile-lets-scientist-discover-track-his-diabetes-onset.html
  25. “Personal Omics Profiling Reveals Dynamic Molecular and Medical Phenotypes,” Cell, March 16, 2012. https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(12)00166-3
  26. “NIH-Wide Strategic Plan: Fiscal Years 2016–2010,” National Institutes of Health. https://www. nih.gov/sites/default/files/about-nih/strategic-plan-fy2016-2020-508.pdf, p. 20
  27. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Institute of Medicine, 2000). https://www.nap. edu/catalog/9728/to-err-is-human-building-a-safer-health-system
  28. “Study Suggests Medical Errors Now Third Leading Cause of Death in the U.S.,” Johns Hopkins Medicine, May 3, 2016. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/study_suggests_ medical_errors_now_third_leading_cause_of_death_in_the_us
  29. “Your Sweat Will See You Now,” New York Times, January 18, 2019. https://www.nytimes. com/2019/01/18/health/wearable-tech-sweat.html?
  30. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1901183?
  31. “Predicting patient ‘cost blooms’ in Denmark: a longitudinal population-based study,” British Medical Journal, January 11, 2017. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/1/e011580.info
  32. “Bedside Computer Vision—Moving Artificial Intelligence from Driver Assistance to Patient Safety,” New England Journal of Medicine, April 5, 2018. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp1716891
  33. “Identifying facial phenotypes of genetic disorders using deep learning,” Nature Medicine, January 7, 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0279-0
  34. “Scalable and accurate deep learning with electronic health records,” npj Digital Medicine, May 8, 2018. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0029-1
  35. Ibid.
  36. “Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks,” Nature, January 25, 2017. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21056
  37. https://news.stanford.edu/2017/01/25/artificial-intelligence-used-identify-skin-cancer/
  38. “Deep learning for chest radiograph diagnosis: A retrospective comparison of the CheXNeXt algorithm to practicing radiologists,” PLOS Medicine, November 20, 2018. https://journals.plos. org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002686
  39. “Deep-learning-assisted diagnosis for knee magnetic resonance imaging: Development and retro- spective validation of MRNet,” PLOS Medicine, November 27, 2018. https://journals.plos.org/ plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002699
  40. Bernard Lown, The Lost Art of Healing: Practicing Compassion in Medicine (Random House, 1999), pp. 9–10.

Chapter 6

  1. “Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality From Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States,” Journal of the American Medical Association, March 7, 2017. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2608221
  2. https://www.statista.com/chart/13945/the-words-that-make-groceries-less-appealing/
  3. “Save the World, Prevent Obesity: Piggybacking on Existing Social and Ideological Movements,” Obesity, February 2010.
  4. http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2013/health_promotion_20130610/en/
  5. Thomas N. Robinson, “Stealth Interventions for Obesity,” in Kelly Brownell and B. Timothy Walsh (eds.), Eating Disorders and Obesity (Guilford Press, 2018) p. 610.
  6. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Culturally Tailored Dance and Reducing Screen Time to Prevent Weight Gain in Low-Income African American Girls,” Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, November 1, 2010. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/ fullarticle/383967
  7. Robinson, “Save the World, Prevent Obesity.”
  8. “Effects of a College Course About Food and Society on Students’ Eating Behaviors,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, May 2010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/20227847
  9. “Association Between Indulgent Descriptions and Vegetable Consumption: Twisted Carrots and Dynamite Beets,” JAMA Internal Medicine, August 2017. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/ jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2630753
  10. Rachel Herz, Why You Eat What You Eat: The Science Behind Our Relationship with Food (Norton, 2018), p. 143.
  11. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (Penguin, 2009), p. 6.
  12. Justin Sonnenburg and Erica Sonnenburg, The Good Gut: Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood, and Your Long-Term Health (Penguin, 2016), p. 2.
  13. The Good Gut, p. 5.
  14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XJtNYxMF9U
  15. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-launches-human-microbiome-project
  16. The Good Gut, pp. 27–28.
  17. https://www.genome.gov/27549144/
  18. “The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study,” Nature, October 24, 2018. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0620-2
  19. “Duodenal Infusion of Donor Feces for Recurrent Clostridium Difficile,” New England Journal of Medicine, January 31, 2013. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205037
  20. A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2019 revealed that a patient had died following a fecal transplant, but the group performing the fecal transplant failed to screen for a pathogen that should have disqualified the donor sample.
  21. http://med.stanford.edu/prematurity.html
  22. “Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 17, 2015. https://www.pnas.org/content/112/35/11060. short
  23. https://www.cmqcc.org/resources-tool-kits/toolkits
  24. https://letsgethealthy.ca.gov/goals/healthy-beginnings/reducing-infant-mortality/
  25. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SPDYNIMRTINUSA
  26. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db316.pdf
  27. https://www.cmqcc.org/who-we-are
  28. https://www.cmqcc.org/research/ca-pamr-maternal-mortality-review
  29. “A shocking number of U.S. women still die from childbirth. California is doing something about that,” Washington Post, November 4, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/ health-science/a-shocking-number-of-us-women-still-die-from-childbirth-california-is-doing- something-about-that/2018/11/02/11042036-d7af-11e8-a10f-b51546b10756_story.html?utm_ term=.f6b2a9fa545b
  30. “Can Early Childhood Interventions Improve Health and Well-Being?” Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, March 1, 2016. https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2016/03/can-early-childhood- interventions-improve-life-outcomes-.html
  31. “Live Video Diet and Exercise Intervention in Overweight and Obese Youth: Adherence and Cardiovascular Health,” Journal of Pediatrics, September 2015. https://www.jpeds.com/article/ S0022-3476(15)00598-3/abstract
  32. Patient correspondence with Seda Tierney.
  33. “Finding missing cases of familial hypercholesterolemia in health systems using machine learning,” npj Digital Medicine, April 11, 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0101-5
  34. “How do health expenditures vary across the population?” Kaiser Family Foundation, January 16, 2019. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/health-expenditures-vary-across- population/#item-discussion-health-spending-often-focus-averages-spending-varies- considerably-across-population_2015
  35. https://www.livongo.com/news/livongo-demonstrates-cost-savings-for-employers/
  36. “Use of a Connected Glucose Meter and Certified Diabetes Educator Coaching to Decrease the Likelihood of Abnormal Blood Glucose Excursions: The Livongo for Diabetes Program,” Journal of Medical Internet Research, July 2017. https://www.jmir.org/2017/7/e234/
  37. https://www.omadahealth.com/press/press-release-omada-health-achieves-full-cdc-approval
  38. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/nearly-every-american-spent-money-at-wal-mart-last-year. html

Chapter 7

  1. https://www.neuro.duke.edu/research/faculty-labs/lo-lab
  2. “The quest for the cure: The science and stories behind the next generation of medicines,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, November 1, 2011. https://www.jci.org/articles/view/59328
  3. Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (Scribner, 2010), pp. 39–41.
  4. 4. Ibid., p. 44.
  5. 5. Ibid., p. 45.
  6. Clifton Leaf, The Truth in Small Doses (Simon & Schuster, 2013), p. 178.
  7. This description provided the title for Mukherjee’s book.
  8. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/459218765/cutting-edge-cancer- treatment-has-its-roots-in-19th-century-medicine
  9. Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies, p. 161.
  10. http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2010/04/5-questions-jacobs-on-her-new-biography-of- cancer-fighter-henry-kaplan.html
  11. Ibid.
  12. https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2017fall/car-t-immunotherapy-targets-elusive-cancer-cells-in- children.html
  13. https://www.cancer.net/blog/2018-01/car-t-cell-immunotherapy-2018-advance-year
  14. https://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/carter-center-statement-120615.html
  15. https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm574058.htm
  16. “T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial,” The Lancet, October 12, 2014. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61403-3/fulltext
  17. Each parent of an SMA patient has one copy of chromosome 5 that contains SMN1, but the gene is missing from their other chromosome 5; each child with SMA inherits the bad chromosome 5 from each parent and thus has no copies of SMN1.
  18. “New Stanford drug saves child with deadly genetic disease,” Mercury News, August 25, 2017. https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/08/24/child-is-worlds-first-patient-to-receive-new- stanford-drug-for-deadly-genetic-disease/
  19. https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm534611.htm
  20. http://prahs.com/blog/2017/05/09/the-latest-in-als-research-challenges-and-progress/
  21. “Therapeutic reduction of ataxin-2 extends lifespan and reduces pathology in TDP-43 mice,” Nature, April 12, 2017. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature22038
  22. “CRISPR–Cas9 screens in human cells and primary neurons identify modifiers of C9ORF72 dipeptide-repeat-protein toxicity,” Nature Genetics, March 5, 2018. https://www.nature.com/ articles/s41588-018-0070-7
  23. https://www.clinicalleader.com/doc/on-rare-disease-day-are-we-making-progress-for- patients-in-need-0001
  24. https://stanmed.stanford.edu/2018winter/CRISPR-for-gene-editing-is-revolutionary-but-it- comes-with-risks.html
  25. Ibid.
  26. David Baltimore, Paul Berg, Michael Botchan, Dana Carroll, R. Alta Charo, George Church, Jacob E. Corn, George Q. Daley, Jennifer A. Doudna, Marsha Fenner, Henry T. Greely, Martin Jinek, G. Steven Martin, Edward Penhoet, Jennifer Puck, Samuel H. Sternberg, Jonathan S. Weissman, Keith R. Yamamot, “A Prudent Path Forward for Genomic Engineering and Germline Gene Modification,” Science, April 3, 2015. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6230/36. summary
  27. Rasmus O. Bak, Natalia Gomez-Ospina, and Matthew H. Porteus, “Gene Editing on Center Stage,” Trends in Genetics, June 13, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2018.05.004
  28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3560868/
  29. “Adopt a moratorium on heritable genome editing,” Nature, March 13, 2019. https://www.nature. com/articles/d41586-019-00726-5
  30. “Scientists for Moratorium to Block Gene-Edited Babies,” Wall Street Journal, March 13, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/scientists-call-for-moratorium-to-block-gene-edited-babies- 11552500001?mod=hp_lead_pos9
  31. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zO7fgp0Hxjg
  32. http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2015/07/08/life-with-epidermolysis-bullosa-pain-is-my- reality-pain-is-my-normal/
  33. https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/11/blistering-skin-disease-may-be-treatable-with- therapeutic-reprog.html
  34. “Assembling human brain organoids,” Science, January 11, 2019. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6423/126.summary
  35. https://vimeo.com/295847090
  36. http://stanmed.stanford.edu/2018winter/lab-grown-brain-balls-could-aid-understanding-of- neurological-diseases.html 
  37. https://vimeo.com/295847090
  38. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109716010263?via%3Dihub
  39. https://www.stemcell.com/pluripotent-profiles-joseph-wu
  40. “Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes recapitulate the predilection of breast cancer patients to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity,” Nature Medicine, April 18, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27089514
  41. https://www.stemcell.com/pluripotent-profiles-joseph-wu
  42. “Sustained in vitro intestinal epithelial culture within a Wnt-dependent stem cell niche,” Nature Medicine, April 27, 2009. https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.1951
  43. “Organoid 2.0,” Nature Reviews Cancer, January 22, 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/ s41568-019-0108-x
  44. “Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia and Mucosal Candidiasis in Previously Healthy Homosexual Men—Evidence of a New Acquired Cellular Immunodeficiency,” New England Journal of Medicine, December 10, 1981. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198112103052401
  45. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046531.htm
  46. https://www.kff.org/hivaids/fact-sheet/the-hivaids-epidemic-in-the-united-states-the-basics/
  47. http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
  48. http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
  49. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/19/96/what-is-a-preventive-hiv-vaccine-
  50. https://www.tballiance.org/why-new-tb-drugs/global-pandemic
  51. http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
  52. https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160525_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf
  53. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
  54. http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance

Conclusion

  1. The epidemic did not start in Spain and had no specific connection to the country. But because Spain was independent in World War I, Spanish media were able to report on it freely—other countries faced wartime censorship—and thus many came to associate the country with the epidemic.
  2. https://www.cdc.gov/features/1918-flu-pandemic/index.html
  3. “Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800–2001,” Issue Population and Development Review. Population and Development Review, September 2005. https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00083.x
  4. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/30/jamie-dimon-says-health-care-initiative-with-buffett-and- bezos-may-sta.html
  5. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/08/apple-ceo-tim-cook-and-cnbcs-jim-cramer-talk-china- qualcomm.html
  6. “IBM Has a Watson Dilemma,” Wall Street Journal, August 11, 2018. https://www.wsj.com/ articles/ibm-bet-billions-that-watson-could-improve-cancer-treatment-it-hasnt-worked-1533961 147?mod=djemalertNEWS
  7. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31992-5/fulltext
  8. Ibid.
  9. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
  10. “Socioeconomic Differences in the Epidemiologic Transition From Heart Disease to Cancer as the Leading Cause of Death in the United States, 2003 to 2015: An Observational Study,” Annals of Internal Medicine, December 18, 2018. https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2715460/ socioeconomic-differences-epidemiologic-transition-from-heart-disease-cancer-leading-cause
  11. https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/29/u-s-life-expectancy-declines-again-in-sobering- wake-up-call/
  12. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm
  13. https://www.who.int/emergencies/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019
  14. https://www.king5.com/article/news/nearly-all-children-with-measles-in-washington- state-are-unvaccinated/281-ccbb10a3-0281-4b75-ac97-1a53e0209bca
  15. “It’s Time to Fire Your Doctor,” Wall Street Journal, February 10, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/ articles/its-time-to-fire-your-doctor-11549829009
  16. “New Delivery Model for Rising-Risk Patients: The Forgotten Lot?” Telemedicine and e-Health, April 2017.
Notes

Notes