Tailored light-matter interactions at the nanoscale promise to enable innovative tools for biomedicine. In this talk, I describe new nanophotonic spectroscopies for single-cell profiling and high-resolution, sub-cellular mapping. First, I describe a new platform to detect pathogens in plasma and whole-blood, based on combined surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), acoustic inkjet printing and machine-learning. I show how this approach can be applied to identify the most common bacterial infections reported in Stanford hospital with an accuracy approaching state-of-the-art identification methods. Next, I describe a novel technique for nanoscale molecular mapping with electron-beam stimulated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This technique aims to achieve Raman molecular mapping of cellular membranes and cellular cross-sections with single-nanometer resolution while simultaneously imaging the ultrastructure of the cell. We show how these Raman-based platforms have the potential to transform our understanding of diseases and reshape approaches to finding treatments and designing drugs.