Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention

The Asian Liver Center conducts collaborative research to identify the gaps in hepatitis B knowledge, healthcare providers’ training, preventive practices, screening and chronic hepatitis B care continuum in the United States and in countries with a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection. We also conduct modeling research to estimate the population level health and economic impact if new national policies are implemented to increase hepatitis B prevention, screening and treatment. An example is research in collaboration with the Stanford Prevention Policy Modeling Lab and US CDC that provided the cost-effectiveness evidence for the 2023 CDC recommendation to screen every adult in the United States at least once in their lifetime for hepatitis B.

In collaboration with the World Health Organization, we have also developed Hep B Calculator, a free mathematical research tool to help countries determine the economic and population health impact of chronic hepatitis B treatment.

Publications By Year

2023

Pham, Thi T. Hang MD*; Toy, Mehlika PhD*; Hutton, David PhD; Thompson, William PhD; Conners, Erin E. PhD; Nelson, Noele P. MD, PhD; Salomon, Joshua A. PhDs; So, Samuel MBBS*. Gaps and Disparities in Chronic Hepatitis B Monitoring and Treatment in the United States, 2016-2019. Medical Care 61(4):p 247-253, April 2023. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000001825

Pham, T. T. H., Maria, N., Cheng, V., Nguyen, B., Toy, M., Hutton, D., Conners, E. E., Nelson, N. P., Salomon, J. A., & So, S. (2023). Gaps in Prenatal Hepatitis B Screening and Management of HBsAg Positive Pregnant Persons in the U.S., 2015-2020. American journal of preventive medicine, S0749-3797(23)00056-9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2023.01.041

2022

Pham TTH, Nguyen TTL, So S, Hoang THV, Nguyen TTU, Ngo TB, Nguyen MP, Thai QH, Nguyen NK, Ho TQAL, Tran QP, Mai TS, Toy M, Pham MK. Knowledge and Attitude Related to Hepatitis C among Medical Students in the Oral Direct Acting Antiviral Agents Era in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 28;19(19):12298. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191912298.

Toy M, Hutton D, Jia J, So S. Costs and Health Impact of Delayed Implementation of a National Hepatitis B Treatment Program in China. J Glob Health 2022 Jul 8;12:04043. doi: 10.7189/jogh.12.04043.

Hutton DW, Toy M, Salomon JA, Conners EE, Nelson NP, Harris AM, So S. Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Testing and Vaccination of Adults Seeking Care for Sexually Transmitted Infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2022 Jul 1;49(7):517-525. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001632.

Toy M, Hutton D, Harris A, Nelson N, Salomon J, So S. Cost-Effectiveness of One-Time Universal Screening for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in Adults in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2022 Jan 29;74(2):210-217. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab405.

Cohen C, Moraras K, Jackson M, Kamischke M, Gish RG, Brosgart CL, Toy M, Hutton D, Block TM, Wang S, So S. Letter to the editor: Importance of universal screening for chronic hepatitis B infection in adults in the United States. Hepatology. 2022 Apr;75(4):1062-1063. doi: 10.1002/hep.32304.

Toy M, Hutton D, McCulloch K, Romero N, So SK, Cowie B. The Price Tag of a Potential Cure for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: A Cost Threshold Analysis for USA, China, and Australia. Liver Int. 2022 Jan;42(1):16-25. doi: 10.1111/liv.15027.

Lerner, Y., Sukumaran, S., Chua, M. S., So, S. K., & Qvit, N. (2022). Exploring Biomolecular Interaction Between the Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 and Its Client Protein Kinase Cdc37 using Field-Effect Biosensing Technology. Journal of Visualized Experiments, (181).

2021

Toy, M., Hutton, D., McCulloch, K., Romero, N., Revill, P. A., Penicaud, M., So, S., Cowie, B. C. (2021). The Price Tag of a Potential Cure for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: A Cost Threshold Analysis for USA, China, and Australia. Liver international: official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

Toy M, Hutton D, Harris AM, Nelson N, Salomon JA, So S. Cost-Effectiveness of One-Time Universal Screening for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in Adults in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 6:ciab405. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab405. Epub ahead of print.

2020

Tordrup D, Hutin Y, Stenberg K, Lauer JA, Hutton DW, Toy M, Scott N, Chhatwal J, Hall A. Cost-Effectiveness of Testing and Treatment for HBV and HCV Infections: An Analysis by Scenario, Region and Income. Value Health 2020 Dec;23(12):1552-1560. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.06.015.

Wang S, Toy M, Pham T, So S. Causes and Trends in Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma among Men and Women who received Liver Transplants in the U.S., 2010-2019. PLoS One 2020 Sep 18;15(9):e0239393. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239393.

Toy M, So S, Hutton DW Hepatitis B cure: modeling the economics of a potential cost of a cure. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020 May;15(3):208-212. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000617.

2019

Tordrup, D., Hutin, Y., Stenberg, K., Lauer, J. A., Hutton, D. W., Toy, M., Scott, N., Bulterys, M., Ball, A., Hirnschall, G. (2019). "Additional resource needs for viral hepatitis elimination through universal health coverage: projections in 67 low-income and middle-income countries, 2016-30." The Lancet. Global Health.

Wang, S., Toy, M., and So, S. K. (2019). "Who are receiving liver transplants in the US in the era of DAAs?" Wiley, 922A.

Han, S. S., Kelly, S. P., Li, Y., Yang, B., Nguyen, M., So, S., Rosenberg, P. S., and Hsing, A. W. (2019). "Changing landscape of liver cancer in California: A glimpse into the future of liver cancer in the United States." JNCI-Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 111(6), 550-556.

Chao, S. D., Cheung, C. M., Chang, E. T., Pei, A. N., and So, S. K. (2019). "Management of hepatitis B infected pregnant women: a cross-sectional study of obstetricians." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 275.

Hang Pham TT, Le TX, Nguyen DT, Luu CM, Truong BD, Tran PD, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and medical practice regarding hepatitis B prevention and management among healthcare workers in Northern Vietnam. PLoS ONE 2019. Oct 14: e0223733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223733

Toy M, Hutton D, Lauer J, Bulterys M, Hutin Y, So S. The Hep B Calculator: an online tool for cost-effectiveness analyses of treatment. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Sep;4(9):668. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30223-7. PMID: 31362918 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30223-7

Chao SD, Cheung CM, Chang ET, Pei A, So SKS. Management of hepatitis B infected pregnant women: a cross-sectional study of obstetricians. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019 Aug 2;19(1):275. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2421-5.

Han SS, Kelly SP, Li Y, Yang B, Nguyen M, So S, Rosenberg PS, Hsing AW. Changing Landscape of Liver Cancer in California: A Glimpse Into the Future of Liver Cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019; 111 (6): 550–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy180.

Ispas S, So S, Toy M. Barriers to Disease Monitoring and Liver Cancer Surveillance Among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B in the United States. J Community Health. 2019; 44 (3): 610–25. doi: 10.1007/s10900-018-00604-7.

Toy M, Hutton, So S. Economic Analyses to Inform and Support Health Policy for Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment. Curr Hepatology Rep 2019. 18: 357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11901-019-00482-0

2018

Le, M., Lee, D. H., Lee, M., Gane, E., So, S., and Nguyen, M. (2018). "Suboptimal rates of effective hepatitis B vaccination in adults at high risk of infection in the United States from 1999-2014." ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, S480–S481.

Le, M., Lee, D. H., Lee, M., Gane, E., So, S., and Nguyen, M. (2018). "Effective hepatitis B vaccination by serologic results in the United States: a population-based study from 1999-2016." ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, S480.

Le, M., Yeo, Y., So, S. K., Gane, E. J., Cheung, R., and Nguyen, M. H. (2018). "Prevalence of Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Versus Serologic Evidence of Hepatitis B Immunity in Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1999-2016." WILEY, 1192A–1193A.

Toy M, Hutton DW, So S. (2018) Population health and economic impacts of reaching chronic hepatitis B diagnosis and treatment targets in the US. Health Affairs 37(7):1033-1040.

Ispas S, So S, Toy M. Barriers to Disease Monitoring and Liver Cancer Surveillance Among Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B in the United States. J Community Health. 2018 Dec 11. doi: 10.1007/s10900-018-00604-7. [Epub ahead of print

Han SS, Kelly SP, Li Y, Yang B, Nguyen M, So S, Rosenberg PS, Hsing AW. Changing Landscape of Liver Cancer in California: A Glimpse Into the Future of Liver Cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018 Dec 13. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djy180. [Epub ahead of print]

Toy M, Wei B, Virdi TS, Le A, Trinh H, Li J, Zhang J, Hsing AW, So SK, Nguyen MH. Racial/ethnic- and county-specific prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and its burden in California. Hepatol Med Policy. 2018 Jun 5;3:6. doi: 10.1186/s41124-018-0034-7. eCollection 2018.

Yang B, Liu JB, So SK, Han SS, Wang SS, Hertz A, Shariff-Marco S, Lin Gomez S, Rosenberg PS, Nguyen MH, Hsing AW. Disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence by race/ethnicity and geographic area in California: Implications for prevention. Cancer. 2018 Sep 1;124(17):3551-3559. doi: 10.1002/cncr.31598. Epub 2018 Aug 16.

2017

Le, M. H., Toy, M., Gane, E. J., So, S., and Nguyen, M. H. (2017). "Prevalence and predictors of hepatitis B immunization in adults without immunity for hepatitis B from 1999-2014: a population-based study of 27,713 adults in the US." WILEY, 1004A.

Le, M. H., Toy, M., Gane, E. J., So, S., and Nguyen, M. H. (2017). "Suboptimal rates, trends, and predictors of hepatitis B vaccination in a population-based sample of children and adolescents in the United States (US) between 1999 and 2014." WILEY, 1003A.

Burgis, J. C., Kong, D., Salibay, C., Zipprich, J., Harriman, K., and So, S. (2017). "Perinatal transmission in infants of mothers with chronic hepatitis B in California." World Journal of Gastroenterology, 23(27), 4942–4949.

Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM et al. (2017) Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015 A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study JAMA Oncology 2017; 3 (4): 524-548. 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688.

A National Strategy for the Elimination of Hepatitis B and C: Phase Two Report. Gillian J. Buckley and Brian L. Strom, Editors; Committee on a National Strategy for the Elimination of Hepatitis B and C; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Health and Medicine Division; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Washington, DC. 2017.

2016

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. 2016. Eliminating the public health problem of hepatitis B and C in the United States: Phase one report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/23407.

Wang J, Feng Q, Tam A, Sun T, Zhou P, So S. 2016. Evaluation of the first open-access hepatitis B and safe injection online training course for health professionals in China. BMC Med Educ. Mar 8;16:81. doi: 10.1186/s12909-016-0608-2.

Stanaway JD, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M et al. 2016. The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 388(10049): 1081-1088. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30579-7. Epub 2016 Jul 7.

Buckley, G. J., Strom, B. L., Andrus, J. K., Aronsohn, A., Church, D., Cohen, S., Evans, A., Kuehnert, P., Re III, V. L., Mauer, K., Mayer, R., Mehta, S., Ray, S. C., Reingold, A., So, S., Sood, N., Wang, G., and Wilson, L. (2016). "Eliminating the Public Health Problem of Hepatitis B and C in the United States: Phase One Report." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC, 180.

2015

Chao, S. D., Wang, B., Chang, E. T., Ma, L., and So, S. K. (2015). "Medical training fails to prepare providers to care for patients with chronic hepatitis B infection." World Journal of Gastroenterology, 21(22), 6914-6923.

Yung, M. K., Lo, K. W., Yip, C. W., Chung, G. T., Tong, C. Y., Cheung, P. F., Cheung, T. T., Poon, R. T., So, S., Fan, S. T., and Cheung, S. T. (2015). "Copy number gain of granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP) at chromosome 17q21 associates with overexpression in human liver cancer." BMC Cancer, 15.

Toy, M., Hutton, D.W., and So, S.K. (2015). Cost-Effectiveness and Cost Thresholds of Generic and Brand Drugs in a National Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment Program in China. PloS One, 10(11).

2014

Toy, M., Demirci, U., and So, S. (2014). Preventing hepatocellular carcinoma: the crucial role of chronic hepatitis B monitoring and antiviral treatment. Hepatic Oncology, 1(3), 255-257.

Toy, M., Salomon, J. A., Jiang, H., Gui, H., Wang, H., Wang, J., Richardus, J. H., Xie, Q. (2014). "Population Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Monitoring Inactive Chronic Hepatitis B and Treating Eligible Patients in Shanghai, China." Hepatology, 60(1), 46-55.

2013

2012

Chao, S. D., Cheung, C. M., Yang, E. J., So, S. K., and Chang, E. T. (2012). Low levels of knowledge and preventive practices regarding vertical hepatitis B transmission among perinatal nurses. JOGNN-Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 41(4), 494-505.

Chen, J. J., Chang, E. T., Chen, Y., Bailey, M. B., and So, S. K. (2012). A model program for hepatitis B vaccination and education of schoolchildren in rural China. International Journal of Public Health, 57(3), 581-588.

2011

Bailey, M. B., Shiau, R., Zola, J., Fernyak, S. E., Fang, T., So, S. K., and Chang, E. T. (2011). San Francisco Hep B Free: A Grassroots Community Coalition to Prevent Hepatitis B and Liver Cancer. Journal of Community Health, 36(4), 538-551.

Chao, S., and So, S. (2011). The Jade Ribbon Campaign: a systematic, evidence-based public awareness campaign to improve Asian and Pacific Islander health. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 4(1), 46-55.

2010

Chang, E. T., Yang, J., Alfaro-Velcamp, T., So, S. K., Glaser, S. L., and Gomez, S. L. (2010). Disparities in Liver Cancer Incidence by Nativity, Acculturation, and Socioeconomic Status in California Hispanics and Asians. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 19(12), 3106-3118.

El-Serag, H., McGlynn, K. A., Graham, G. N., So, S., Howell, C. D., Fang, T., Anderson, J. T., and Thiel, T. K. (2010). Achieving health equity to eliminate racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in HBV- and HCV-associated liver disease. Journal of Family Practice, 59(4), S37-S42.

Chao, J., Chang, E. T., and So, S. K. (2010). Hepatitis B and liver cancer knowledge and practices among healthcare and public health professionals in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 10.

Hutton, D. W., So, S. K., and Brandeau, M. L. (2010). Cost-Effectiveness of Nationwide Hepatitis B Catch-up Vaccination Among Children and Adolescents in China. Hepatology, 51(2), 405-414.

Colvin, H. M., Mitchell, A. E., Beasley, R. P., Alter, H. J., Brandeau, M. L., Church, D. R., Evans, A. A., Hagan, H., Hullet, S., Maroushek, S. R., Mayer, R. R., McMahon, B. J., Sepúlveda, M. J., So, S., Thomas, D. L., and Wright, L. N. (2010). Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: A National Strategy for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis B and C. Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C., 176.

Beasley, R., Alter, H. J., Brandeau, M. L., Church, D. R., Evans, A. A., Hagan, H., Hullett, S., Maroushek, S. R., Mayer, R. R., McMahon, B. J., Sepulveda, M., So, S., Thomas, D. L., Wright, L. N., Mitchell, A. E., Colvin, H. M., McGraw, K. M., Grossblatt, N., Martinez, R., Comm Prevention Control Viral Hepa, Board Population Hlth Public Hlth, Colvin, H. M., Mitchell, A. E. (2010). Hepatitis and liver cancer: A national strategy for prevention and control of hepatitis B and C summary. 1-17.

2009

Chao, S. D., Chang, E. T., Le, P. V., Prapong, W., Kiernan, M., So, S. K. (2009). The Jade Ribbon Campaign: A Model Program for Community Outreach and Education to Prevent Liver Cancer in Asian Americans. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 11(4), 281-290.

Li, V. S., Yuen, S. T., Chan, T. L., Yan, H. H., Law, W. L., Yeung, B. H., Chan, A. S., Tsui, W. Y., So, S., Chen, X., Leung, S. Y. (2009). Frequent Inactivation of Axon Guidance Molecule RGMA in Human Colon Cancer Through Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Gastroenterology, 137(1), 176-187.

Lin, S. Y., Chang, E. T., So, S. K. (2009). Stopping a Silent Killer in the Underserved Asian and Pacific Islander Community: A Chronic Hepatitis B and Liver Cancer Prevention Clinic by Medical Students. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 10(3), 383-386.

Chang, E. T., Sue, E., Zola, J., So, S. K. (2009). 3 For Life: A Model Pilot Program to Prevent Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Liver Cancer in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. American Journal of Health Promotion, 23(3), 176-181.

Chao, S. D., Chang, E. T., So, S. K. (2009). Eliminating the Threat of Chronic Hepatitis B in the Asian and Pacific Islander Community: A Call to Action. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 10(3), 507-512.

2008

2007

Chang, E. T., Lin, S. Y., Sue, E., Bergin, M., Su, J., So, S. K. (2007). Building partnerships with Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners to increase hepatitis B awareness and prevention. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(10), 1125-1127.

Chang, E. T., So, S. K. (2007). Re: "Ten largest racial and ethnic health disparities in the United States based on healthy people 2010 objectives". American Journal of Epidemiology, 166(9), 1105-1106.

Hutton, D. W., Tan, D., So, S. K., Brandeau, M. L. (2007). Cost-effectiveness of screening and vaccinating Asian and Pacific Islander adults for hepatitis B. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147(7), 460-469.

Lin, S. Y., Chang, E. T., So, S. K. (2007). Why we should routinely screen Asian American adults for hepatitis B: A cross-sectional study of Asians in California. Hepatology, 46(4), 1034-1040.

Chang, E. T., Keegan, T. H., Gomez, S. L., Le, G. M., Clarke, C. A., So, S. K., Glaser, S. L. (2007). "The burden of liver cancer in Asians and Pacific Islanders in the greater San Francisco Bay Area, 1990 through 2004." Cancer, 109(10), 2100-2108.

Wu, C. A., Lin, S. Y., So, S. K., Chang, E. T. (2007). "Hepatitis B and liver cancer knowledge and preventive practices among Asian Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area, California." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 8(1), 127-134.

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