Overview
The Division of Hospital Medicine is one of the largest units in the Department of Medicine at Stanford Medicine. With over 80 faculty members across Stanford and SHC Tri-Valley section, many are engaged in cutting edge basic, clinical, and translational research.
With such diverse and unique expertise, we adopt a multi-modal approach to research focused on inpatient hospital care, quality improvement, and medical education that combines behavior, intervention, and basic biological modalities. Innovative computational modeling and machine learning approaches leverage the power of AI to enhance and streamline clinical workflows and research.
Publications
The Division of Hospital Medicine are actively involved in academic pursuits and publish in numerous prominent journals. We invite you to read more about our research below.
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Publications
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ChatGPT-4o and 4o1 Preview as Dietary Support Tools in a Real-World Medicated Obesity Program: A Prospective Comparative Analysis.
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
Talay, L., Lagesen, L., Yip, A., Vickers, M., Ahuja, N.
2025; 13 (6)
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Abstract
Clinicians are becoming increasingly interested in the use of large language models (LLMs) in obesity services. While most experts agree that LLM integration would increase access to obesity care and its efficiency, many remain skeptical of their scientific accuracy and capacity to convey human empathy. Recent studies have shown that ChatGPT-3 models are capable of emulating human dietitian responses to a range of basic dietary questions.This study compared responses of two ChatGPT-4o models to those from human dietitians across 10 complex questions (5 broad; 5 narrow) derived from patient-clinician interactions within a real-world medicated digital weight loss service.Investigators found that neither ChatGPT-4o nor Chat GPT-4o1 preview were statistically outperformed (p < 0.05) by human dietitians on any of the study's 10 questions. The same finding was made when scores were aggregated from the ten questions across the following four individual study criteria: scientific correctness, comprehensibility, empathy/relatability, and actionability.These results provide preliminary evidence that advanced LLMs may be able to play a significant supporting role in medicated obesity services. Research in other obesity contexts is needed before any stronger conclusions are made about LLM lifestyle coaching and whether such initiatives increase care access.
View details for DOI 10.3390/healthcare13060647
View details for PubMedID 40150497

Publications
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Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) Enables Superior and Universal Measurable Residual Disease (MRD) Monitoring in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Highly Predictive of Relapse Free and Overall Survival
Gunaratne, R., Zhou, C., Tai, J. W., Kim, S., Tanaka, K., Rajaram, S., Carleton, M., Yin, R., Alkaitis, M., Schwede, M., Sworder, B. J., Khodadoust, M. S., Majeti, R., Kurtz, D., Zhang, T. Y.
ELSEVIER. 2024: 2955-2956
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View details for DOI 10.1182/blood-2024-201701
View details for Web of Science ID 001461519900048
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Impact of Physician Education and a Dedicated Inferior Vena Cava Filter Tracking System on Inferior Vena Cava Filter Use and Retrieval Rates Across a Large US Health Care Region.
Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR
Wang, S. L., Cha, H. A., Lin, J. R., Francis, B., Elizabeth, W., Martin, P., Rajan, S.
2016; 27 (5): 740-8
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Abstract
To evaluate the effects of physician familiarity with current evidence and guidelines on inferior vena cava (IVC) filter use and the availability of IVC filter tracking infrastructure on retrieval rates.Fourteen continuing medical education-approved in-hospital grand rounds covering evidence-based review of the literature on IVC filter efficacy, patient-centered outcomes, guidelines for IVC filter indications, and complications were performed across a large United States (US) health care region serving more than 3.5 million members. A computer-based IVC filter tracking system was deployed simultaneously. IVC filter use, rates of attempted retrieval, and fulfillment of guidelines for IVC filter indications were retrospectively evaluated at each facility for 12 months before intervention (n = 427) and for 12 months after intervention (n = 347).After education, IVC filter use decreased 18.7%, with a member enrollment-adjusted decrease of 22.2%, despite an increasing IVC filter use trend for 4 years. Reduction in IVC filter use at each facility strongly correlated with physician attendance at grand rounds (r = -0.69; P = .007). Rates of attempted retrieval increased from 38.9% to 54.0% (P = .0006), with similar rates of successful retrieval (82.3% before education and 85.8% after education on first attempt). Improvement in IVC filter retrieval attempts correlated with physician attendance at grand rounds (r = 0.51; P = .051). IVC filter dwell times at first retrieval attempt were similar (10.2 wk before and 10.8 wk after).Physician education dramatically reduced IVC filter use across a large US health care region, and represents a learning opportunity for physicians who request and place them. Education and a novel tracking system improved rates of retrieval for IVC filter devices.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.01.130
View details for PubMedID 27017122

Publications
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A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Curricular Impact of a Capstone Course on the Self-Efficacy of Fourth-Year Medical Students
CUREUS
Jacobs, K. G., Kugler, J., Chi, J., Stuart, E., Merrell, S., Rassbach, C.
2020; 12 (8)
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View details for DOI 10.7759/cureus.9537
View details for Web of Science ID 000554830700009

Publications
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Renal cell carcinoma with metastasis to the pancreas: Genomic signatures and clinical outcomes
Glover, M., Chiang, R. S., Hoerner, C. R., Khan, O. A., Kao, C., Shah, S., Srinivas, S., Fan, A. C., Khaki, A.
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2023
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View details for Web of Science ID 001053772002374

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Use of Voice-Based Conversational Artificial Intelligence for Basal Insulin Prescription Management Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
JAMA network open
Nayak, A., Vakili, S., Nayak, K., Nikolov, M., Chiu, M., Sosseinheimer, P., Talamantes, S., Testa, S., Palanisamy, S., Giri, V., Schulman, K.
2023; 6 (12): e2340232
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Abstract
Optimizing insulin therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes can be challenging given the need for frequent dose adjustments. Most patients receive suboptimal doses and do not achieve glycemic control.To examine whether a voice-based conversational artificial intelligence (AI) application can help patients with type 2 diabetes titrate basal insulin at home to achieve rapid glycemic control.In this randomized clinical trial conducted at 4 primary care clinics at an academic medical center from March 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022, 32 adults with type 2 diabetes requiring initiation or adjustment of once-daily basal insulin were followed up for 8 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed from January to February 2023.Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive basal insulin management with a voice-based conversational AI application or standard of care.Primary outcomes were time to optimal insulin dose (number of days needed to achieve glycemic control), insulin adherence, and change in composite survey scores measuring diabetes-related emotional distress and attitudes toward health technology and medication adherence. Secondary outcomes were glycemic control and glycemic improvement. Analysis was performed on an intent-to-treat basis.The study population included 32 patients (mean [SD] age, 55.1 [12.7] years; 19 women [59.4%]). Participants in the voice-based conversational AI group more quickly achieved optimal insulin dosing compared with the standard of care group (median, 15 days [IQR, 6-27 days] vs >56 days [IQR, >29.5 to >56 days]; a significant difference in time-to-event curves; P = .006) and had better insulin adherence (mean [SD], 82.9% [20.6%] vs 50.2% [43.0%]; difference, 32.7% [95% CI, 8.0%-57.4%]; P = .01). Participants in the voice-based conversational AI group were also more likely than those in the standard of care group to achieve glycemic control (13 of 16 [81.3%; 95% CI, 53.7%-95.0%] vs 4 of 16 [25.0%; 95% CI, 8.3%-52.6%]; difference, 56.3% [95% CI, 21.4%-91.1%]; P = .005) and glycemic improvement, as measured by change in mean (SD) fasting blood glucose level (-45.9 [45.9] mg/dL [95% CI, -70.4 to -21.5 mg/dL] vs 23.0 [54.7] mg/dL [95% CI, -8.6 to 54.6 mg/dL]; difference, -68.9 mg/dL [95% CI, -107.1 to -30.7 mg/dL]; P = .001). There was a significant difference between the voice-based conversational AI group and the standard of care group in change in composite survey scores measuring diabetes-related emotional distress (-1.9 points vs 1.7 points; difference, -3.6 points [95% CI, -6.8 to -0.4 points]; P = .03).In this randomized clinical trial of a voice-based conversational AI application that provided autonomous basal insulin management for adults with type 2 diabetes, participants in the AI group had significantly improved time to optimal insulin dose, insulin adherence, glycemic control, and diabetes-related emotional distress compared with those in the standard of care group. These findings suggest that voice-based digital health solutions can be useful for medication titration.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05081011.
View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.40232
View details for PubMedID 38039007

Publications
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Validation of Test Performance and Clinical Time Zero for an Electronic Health Record Embedded Severe Sepsis Alert.
Applied clinical informatics
Rolnick, J., Downing, N. L., Shepard, J., Chu, W., Tam, J., Wessels, A., Li, R., Dietrich, B., Rudy, M., Castaneda, L., Shieh, L.
2016; 7 (2): 560-572
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Abstract
Increasing use of EHRs has generated interest in the potential of computerized clinical decision support to improve treatment of sepsis. Electronic sepsis alerts have had mixed results due to poor test characteristics, the inability to detect sepsis in a timely fashion and the use of outside software limiting widespread adoption. We describe the development, evaluation and validation of an accurate and timely severe sepsis alert with the potential to impact sepsis management.To develop, evaluate, and validate an accurate and timely severe sepsis alert embedded in a commercial EHR.The sepsis alert was developed by identifying the most common severe sepsis criteria among a cohort of patients with ICD 9 codes indicating a diagnosis of sepsis. This alert requires criteria in three categories: indicators of a systemic inflammatory response, evidence of suspected infection from physician orders, and markers of organ dysfunction. Chart review was used to evaluate test performance and the ability to detect clinical time zero, the point in time when a patient develops severe sepsis.Two physicians reviewed 100 positive cases and 75 negative cases. Based on this review, sensitivity was 74.5%, specificity was 86.0%, the positive predictive value was 50.3%, and the negative predictive value was 94.7%. The most common source of end-organ dysfunction was MAP less than 70 mm/Hg (59%). The alert was triggered at clinical time zero in 41% of cases and within three hours in 53.6% of cases. 96% of alerts triggered before a manual nurse screen.We are the first to report the time between a sepsis alert and physician chart-review clinical time zero. Incorporating physician orders in the alert criteria improves specificity while maintaining sensitivity, which is important to reduce alert fatigue. By leveraging standard EHR functionality, this alert could be implemented by other healthcare systems.
View details for DOI 10.4338/ACI-2015-11-RA-0159
View details for PubMedID 27437061
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4941860

Publications
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Point-counterpoint: What is the best strategy for developing generative AI for hospital medicine?
Journal of hospital medicine
Kerman, H., Kumar, A., Crowe, B., Collins, W.
2025
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Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) shows significant promise as a technology that could improve healthcare delivery, but its implementation will be influenced by the spheres in which it is studied and the limited resources of hospitals. The Point authors argue that we should focus on is the cognitive abilities of GenAI or we risk being left out of a technological leap that will change the way doctors practice. The Counterpoint argues that we should focus on using GenAI to ease system burdens and address workflow issues, focusing our efforts on fixing the problems that would improve doctors' quality of life and increase time spent with patients.
View details for DOI 10.1002/jhm.70070
View details for PubMedID 40320690

Publications
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Distance Learning with Virtual Cased-Based Collaborative Learning: Adaptation and Acceptability of Clinical Cases from an American Academic Medical Center for Education at an African Medical School
Creative Education
Emily, T.
2022; 13 (4)
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View details for DOI 10.4236/ce.2022.134082
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Publications
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Defining Reference Values for Skeletal Muscle Metrics on Abdominal CT Using Data From Healthy Young Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology
Ju, C., Yao, L., Yoon, S. Y., Lenchik, L., Johnston, A., Derry, L. T., Hom, J., Svec, D., Chaudhari, A. S., Boutin, R. D.
2025
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Abstract
BACKGROUND. CT muscle metrics hold promise for opportunistic sarcopenia screening and individualized clinical risk stratification, but reference values applicable across broad populations are lacking. OBJECTIVE. To estimate reference cutoff values for CT skeletal muscle metrics using data from populations of healthy young adults. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched through January 1, 2025 for studies reporting skeletal muscle index (SMI) and/or skeletal muscle density (SMD) on CT at the L3 vertebral level in healthy young adults (age range, 18-45 years). For SMI and SMD in both men and women, a random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate interstudy SD (as a measure of variance among studies) and mean values for a theoretic global population of healthy young adults. Presence of significant heterogeneity among individual study means was assessed using the Q statistic. Cutoff values for the theoretic global population corresponding with a T-score of -2 (i.e., values ≥ 2 SDs below the population's mean value) were calculated, incorporating the meta-analysis results and pooled intrastudy variance. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS. The meta-analysis included 14 studies (16,958 individuals; 11,819 men, 5139 women) reporting SMI, of which seven studies (11,175 individuals; 8372 men, 2803 women) also reported SMD. The estimated global mean value for SMI was 54.6 in men and 42.4 in women and for SMD was 47.4 HU in men and 43.6 HU in women. The interstudy SD for SMI was 5.4 in men and 4.3 in women and for SMD was 1.9 in men versus 3.2 in women; significant heterogeneity was present among individual study means for both SMI and SMD in both men and women (all p<.001). The cutoff value corresponding with a T-score of -2 for SMI was 36.3 in men and 27.5 in women and for SMD was 36.4 HU in men and 28.1 HU in women. CONCLUSION. This meta-analysis of studies performed in healthy young adults provides reference mean values and standardized cutoffs analogous to a T-score of -2 for SMI and SMD at the L3 level on abdominal CT. CLINICAL IMPACT. These results can aid opportunistic screening for sarcopenia.
View details for DOI 10.2214/AJR.25.32781
View details for PubMedID 40334088

Publications
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Utility of concurrent direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy with drug induced sleep endoscopy in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
Bliss, M., Yanamadala, S., Koltai, P.
2018; 110: 34–36
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The goal of this report was to find the frequency of synchronous airway lesions (SAL) identified during microdirect laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (MDLB) that influenced treatment decisions beyond the information provided by drug induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) alone in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) at a tertiary care pediatric hospital.This was a retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients who underwent drug induced sleep endoscopy in conjunction with direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy as part of a comprehensive airway evaluation for obstructive sleep apnea at a tertiary care pediatric hospital.Three hundred thirty-five patients with obstructive sleep apnea were evaluated with both sleep endoscopy and direct laryngoscopy with bronchoscopy. Five percent of patients had SAL identified on MDLB contributing to airway obstruction. Three patients (0.9%) who underwent MDLB for OSA required surgical correction of SAL that was identified.In a limited subset of patients, direct laryngoscopy with bronchoscopy provides additional positive findings to aid with treatment planning for obstructive sleep apnea.
View details for PubMedID 29859583
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A call for the informatics community to define priority practice and research areas at the intersection of climate and health: report from 2023 mini-summit.
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA
Schleyer, T., Berenji, M., Deck, M., Chung, H., Choi, J., Cullen, T. A., Burdick, T., Zaleski, A., Craig, K. J., Fayanju, O., Islam, M. M.
2025
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OBJECTIVE: Although biomedical informatics has multiple roles to play in addressing the climate crisis, collaborative action and research agendas have yet to be developed. As a first step, AMIA's new Climate, Health, and Informatics Working Group held a mini-summit entitled Climate and health: How can informatics help? during the AMIA 2023 Fall Symposium to define an initial set of areas of interest and begin mobilizing informaticians to confront the urgent challenges of climate change.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The AMIA Climate, Health, and Informatics Working Group (at the time, an AMIA Discussion Forum), the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA), the International Academy of Health Sciences Informatics (IAHSI), and the Regenstrief Institute hosted a mini-summit entitled Climate and health: How can informatics help? on November 11, 2023, during the AMIA 2023 Annual Symposium (New Orleans, LA, USA). Using an affinity diagramming approach, the mini-summit organizers posed 2 questions to 50 attendees (40 in-person, 10 virtual).RESULTS: Participants expressed a broad array of viewpoints on actions that can be undertaken now and areas needing research to support future actions. Areas of current action ranged from enhanced education to expanded telemedicine to assessment of community vulnerability. Areas of research ranged from emergency preparedness to climate-specific clinical coding to risk prediction models.DISCUSSION: The mini-summit was intended as a first step in helping the informatics community at large set application and research priorities for climate, health, and informatics.CONCLUSION: The working group will use these perspectives as it seeks further input, and begins to establish priorities for climate-related biomedical informatics actions and research.
View details for DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocae292
View details for PubMedID 40079825
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Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) adult study protocol: Rationale, objectives, and design.
PloS one
Horwitz, L. I., Thaweethai, T., Brosnahan, S. B., Cicek, M. S., Fitzgerald, M. L., Goldman, J. D., Hess, R., Hodder, S. L., Jacoby, V. L., Jordan, M. R., Krishnan, J. A., Laiyemo, A. O., Metz, T. D., Nichols, L., Patzer, R. E., Sekar, A., Singer, N. G., Stiles, L. E., Taylor, B. S., Ahmed, S., Algren, H. A., Anglin, K., Aponte-Soto, L., Ashktorab, H., Bassett, I. V., Bedi, B., Bhadelia, N., Bime, C., Bind, M. C., Black, L. J., Blomkalns, A. L., Brim, H., Castro, M., Chan, J., Charney, A. W., Chen, B. K., Chen, L. Q., Chen, P., Chestek, D., Chibnik, L. B., Chow, D. C., Chu, H. Y., Clifton, R. G., Collins, S., Costantine, M. M., Cribbs, S. K., Deeks, S. G., Dickinson, J. D., Donohue, S. E., Durstenfeld, M. S., Emery, I. F., Erlandson, K. M., Facelli, J. C., Farah-Abraham, R., Finn, A. V., Fischer, M. S., Flaherman, V. J., Fleurimont, J., Fonseca, V., Gallagher, E. J., Gander, J. C., Gennaro, M. L., Gibson, K. S., Go, M., Goodman, S. N., Granger, J. P., Greenway, F. L., Hafner, J. W., Han, J. E., Harkins, M. S., Hauser, K. S., Heath, J. R., Hernandez, C. R., Ho, O., Hoffman, M. K., Hoover, S. E., Horowitz, C. R., Hsu, H., Hsue, P. Y., Hughes, B. L., Jagannathan, P., James, J. A., John, J., Jolley, S., Judd, S. E., Juskowich, J. J., Kanjilal, D. G., Karlson, E. W., Katz, S. D., Kelly, J. D., Kelly, S. W., Kim, A. Y., Kirwan, J. P., Knox, K. S., Kumar, A., Lamendola-Essel, M. F., Lanca, M., Lee-Lannotti, J. K., Lefebvre, R. C., Levy, B. D., Lin, J. Y., Logarbo, B. P., Logue, J. K., Longo, M. T., Luciano, C. A., Lutrick, K., Malakooti, S. K., Mallett, G., Maranga, G., Marathe, J. G., Marconi, V. C., Marshall, G. D., Martin, C. F., Martin, J. N., May, H. T., McComsey, G. A., McDonald, D., Mendez-Figueroa, H., Miele, L., Mittleman, M. A., Mohandas, S., Mouchati, C., Mullington, J. M., Nadkarni, G. N., Nahin, E. R., Neuman, R. B., Newman, L. T., Nguyen, A., Nikolich, J. Z., Ofotokun, I., Ogbogu, P. U., Palatnik, A., Palomares, K. T., Parimon, T., Parry, S., Parthasarathy, S., Patterson, T. F., Pearman, A., Peluso, M. J., Pemu, P., Pettker, C. M., Plunkett, B. A., Pogreba-Brown, K., Poppas, A., Porterfield, J. Z., Quigley, J. G., Quinn, D. K., Raissy, H., Rebello, C. J., Reddy, U. M., Reece, R., Reeder, H. T., Rischard, F. P., Rosas, J. M., Rosen, C. J., Rouphael, N. G., Rouse, D. J., Ruff, A. M., Saint Jean, C., Sandoval, G. J., Santana, J. L., Schlater, S. M., Sciurba, F. C., Selvaggi, C., Seshadri, S., Sesso, H. D., Shah, D. P., Shemesh, E., Sherif, Z. A., Shinnick, D. J., Simhan, H. N., Singh, U., Sowles, A., Subbian, V., Sun, J., Suthar, M. S., Teunis, L. J., Thorp, J. M., Ticotsky, A., Tita, A. T., Tragus, R., Tuttle, K. R., Urdaneta, A. E., Utz, P. J., VanWagoner, T. M., Vasey, A., Vernon, S. D., Vidal, C., Walker, T., Ward, H. D., Warren, D. E., Weeks, R. M., Weiner, S. J., Weyer, J. C., Wheeler, J. L., Whiteheart, S. W., Wiley, Z., Williams, N. J., Wisnivesky, J. P., Wood, J. C., Yee, L. M., Young, N. M., Zisis, S. N., Foulkes, A. S.
2023; 18 (6): e0286297
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms or other health effects after the acute phase of infection; termed post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID. The characteristics, prevalence, trajectory and mechanisms of PASC are ill-defined. The objectives of the Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Multi-site Observational Study of PASC in Adults (RECOVER-Adult) are to: (1) characterize PASC prevalence; (2) characterize the symptoms, organ dysfunction, natural history, and distinct phenotypes of PASC; (3) identify demographic, social and clinical risk factors for PASC onset and recovery; and (4) define the biological mechanisms underlying PASC pathogenesis.RECOVER-Adult is a combined prospective/retrospective cohort currently planned to enroll 14,880 adults aged ≥18 years. Eligible participants either must meet WHO criteria for suspected, probable, or confirmed infection; or must have evidence of no prior infection. Recruitment occurs at 86 sites in 33 U.S. states, Washington, DC and Puerto Rico, via facility- and community-based outreach. Participants complete quarterly questionnaires about symptoms, social determinants, vaccination status, and interim SARS-CoV-2 infections. In addition, participants contribute biospecimens and undergo physical and laboratory examinations at approximately 0, 90 and 180 days from infection or negative test date, and yearly thereafter. Some participants undergo additional testing based on specific criteria or random sampling. Patient representatives provide input on all study processes. The primary study outcome is onset of PASC, measured by signs and symptoms. A paradigm for identifying PASC cases will be defined and updated using supervised and unsupervised learning approaches with cross-validation. Logistic regression and proportional hazards regression will be conducted to investigate associations between risk factors, onset, and resolution of PASC symptoms.RECOVER-Adult is the first national, prospective, longitudinal cohort of PASC among US adults. Results of this study are intended to inform public health, spur clinical trials, and expand treatment options.NCT05172024.
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0286297
View details for PubMedID 37352211
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC10289397

Publications
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Aldosterone sensitivity: an opportunity for investigation into the pathogenesis of hypertension.
American journal of physiology. Renal physiology
Gray, Z. n., Tu, W. n., Chertow, G. M., Bhalla, V. n.
2021
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Abstract
Aldosterone sensitivity is defined as an outcome variable for a given circulating level of aldosterone. In basic and translational studies, this has been measured in differential tissue responses, e.g. lower urine sodium and higher urine potassium, as an index of renal response; and in clinical studies has been measured in differential blood pressure. This concept of aldosterone sensitivity disrupts the conventional wisdom of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and has the potential to uncover novel mechanisms of hypertension. We review basic and translational science studies that uncovered differential renal responses to aldosterone and connect this earlier work to more recent observational and randomized trials that have demonstrated differential blood pressure for a given level of aldosterone in healthy and hypertensive subjects. Black race and age are associated with higher aldosterone sensitivity and blood pressure. We also discuss gaps in the field and how future basic and clinical studies can inform mechanisms of differential sensitivity.
View details for DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.00415.2020
View details for PubMedID 33491565
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Publications
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Defining Reference Values for Skeletal Muscle Metrics on Abdominal CT Using Data From Healthy Young Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology
Ju, C., Yao, L., Yoon, S. Y., Lenchik, L., Johnston, A., Derry, L. T., Hom, J., Svec, D., Chaudhari, A. S., Boutin, R. D.
2025
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Abstract
BACKGROUND. CT muscle metrics hold promise for opportunistic sarcopenia screening and individualized clinical risk stratification, but reference values applicable across broad populations are lacking. OBJECTIVE. To estimate reference cutoff values for CT skeletal muscle metrics using data from populations of healthy young adults. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched through January 1, 2025 for studies reporting skeletal muscle index (SMI) and/or skeletal muscle density (SMD) on CT at the L3 vertebral level in healthy young adults (age range, 18-45 years). For SMI and SMD in both men and women, a random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate interstudy SD (as a measure of variance among studies) and mean values for a theoretic global population of healthy young adults. Presence of significant heterogeneity among individual study means was assessed using the Q statistic. Cutoff values for the theoretic global population corresponding with a T-score of -2 (i.e., values ≥ 2 SDs below the population's mean value) were calculated, incorporating the meta-analysis results and pooled intrastudy variance. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS. The meta-analysis included 14 studies (16,958 individuals; 11,819 men, 5139 women) reporting SMI, of which seven studies (11,175 individuals; 8372 men, 2803 women) also reported SMD. The estimated global mean value for SMI was 54.6 in men and 42.4 in women and for SMD was 47.4 HU in men and 43.6 HU in women. The interstudy SD for SMI was 5.4 in men and 4.3 in women and for SMD was 1.9 in men versus 3.2 in women; significant heterogeneity was present among individual study means for both SMI and SMD in both men and women (all p<.001). The cutoff value corresponding with a T-score of -2 for SMI was 36.3 in men and 27.5 in women and for SMD was 36.4 HU in men and 28.1 HU in women. CONCLUSION. This meta-analysis of studies performed in healthy young adults provides reference mean values and standardized cutoffs analogous to a T-score of -2 for SMI and SMD at the L3 level on abdominal CT. CLINICAL IMPACT. These results can aid opportunistic screening for sarcopenia.
View details for DOI 10.2214/AJR.25.32781
View details for PubMedID 40334088

Publications
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Physiology of the Assisted Circulation in Cardiogenic Shock: A State-of-the-Art Perspective.
The Canadian journal of cardiology
Guihaire, J., Haddad, F., Hoppenfeld, M., Amsallem, M., Christle, J. W., Owyang, C., Shaikh, K., Hsu, J. L.
2020; 36 (2): 170–83
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Abstract
Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has made rapid progress over the last 3 decades. This was driven by the need to develop acute and chronic circulatory support as well as by the limited organ availability for heart transplantation. The growth of MCS was also driven by the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after the worldwide H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009. The majority of mechanical pumps (ECMO and left ventricular assist devices) are currently based on continuous flow pump design. It is interesting to note that in the current era, we have reverted from the mammalian pulsatile heart back to the continuous flow pumps seen in our simple multicellular ancestors. This review will highlight key physiological concepts of the assisted circulation from its effects on cardiac dynamic to principles of cardiopulmonary fitness. We will also examine the physiological principles of the ECMO-assisted circulation, anticoagulation, and the haemocompatibility challenges that arise when the blood is exposed to a foreign mechanical circuit. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on smart design for future development of devices used for MCS.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.11.002
View details for PubMedID 32036862

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Adapted large language models can outperform medical experts in clinical text summarization.
Nature medicine
Van Veen, D., Van Uden, C., Blankemeier, L., Delbrouck, J. B., Aali, A., Bluethgen, C., Pareek, A., Polacin, M., Reis, E. P., Seehofnerová, A., Rohatgi, N., Hosamani, P., Collins, W., Ahuja, N., Langlotz, C. P., Hom, J., Gatidis, S., Pauly, J., Chaudhari, A. S.
2024
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Abstract
Analyzing vast textual data and summarizing key information from electronic health records imposes a substantial burden on how clinicians allocate their time. Although large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in natural language processing (NLP) tasks, their effectiveness on a diverse range of clinical summarization tasks remains unproven. Here we applied adaptation methods to eight LLMs, spanning four distinct clinical summarization tasks: radiology reports, patient questions, progress notes and doctor-patient dialogue. Quantitative assessments with syntactic, semantic and conceptual NLP metrics reveal trade-offs between models and adaptation methods. A clinical reader study with 10 physicians evaluated summary completeness, correctness and conciseness; in most cases, summaries from our best-adapted LLMs were deemed either equivalent (45%) or superior (36%) compared with summaries from medical experts. The ensuing safety analysis highlights challenges faced by both LLMs and medical experts, as we connect errors to potential medical harm and categorize types of fabricated information. Our research provides evidence of LLMs outperforming medical experts in clinical text summarization across multiple tasks. This suggests that integrating LLMs into clinical workflows could alleviate documentation burden, allowing clinicians to focus more on patient care.
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41591-024-02855-5
View details for PubMedID 38413730
View details for PubMedCentralID 5593724
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Medically ready for discharge: A multisite "point-in-time" assessment of hospitalized patients.
Journal of hospital medicine
Bann, M., Meo, N., Lopez, J. P., Ou, A., Rosenthal, M., Khawaja, H., Goodman, L. A., Barone, M., Coleman, B., High, H. J., Overbeek, L., Shelbourn, P., VerMaas, L., Baughman, A., Sekaran, A., Cyrus, R., O'Dorisio, N., Beatty, L., Loica-Mersa, S., Kubey, A., Jaffe, R., Vokoun, C., Koom-Dadzie, K., Graves, K., Tuck, M., Helgerson, P.
2023
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BACKGROUND: Time spent awaiting discharge after the acute need for hospitalization has resolved is an important potential contributor to hospital length of stay (LOS).OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence, impact, and context of patients who remain hospitalized for prolonged periods after completion of acute care needs.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a cross-sectional "point-in-time" survey at each of 15 academic US hospitals using a structured data collection tool with on-service acute care medicine attending physicians in fall 2022.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes were number and percentage of patients considered "medically ready for discharge" with emphasis on those who had experienced a "major barrier to discharge" (medically ready for discharge for ≥1 week). Estimated LOS attributable to major discharge barriers, contributory discharge needs, and associated hospital characteristics were measured.RESULTS: Of 1928 patients sampled, 35.0% (n=674) were medically ready for discharge including 9.8% (n=189) with major discharge barriers. Many patients with major discharge barriers (44.4%; 84/189) had spent a month or longer medically ready for discharge and commonly (84.1%; 159/189) required some form of skilled therapy or daily living support services for discharge. Higher proportions of patients experiencing major discharge barriers were found in public versus private, nonprofit hospitals (12.0% vs. 7.2%; p=.001) and county versus noncounty hospitals (14.5% vs. 8.8%; p=.002).CONCLUSIONS: Patients experience major discharge barriers in many US hospitals and spend prolonged time awaiting discharge, often for support needs that may be outside of clinician control.
View details for DOI 10.1002/jhm.13184
View details for PubMedID 37553979
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Management of eosinophilic esophagitis in pediatric patients undergoing oral immunotherapy for food allergies: A two-center case series.
The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice
Hardwick, G., Sia, T., Bacchus, L., Jia, X., Chin, A. R., Khavari, N., Abu El Haija, M., McGhee, S., Chinthrajah, R. S., Leung, J., Sindher, S. B.
2024
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View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.11.016
View details for PubMedID 39615749
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Exploring the breadth of medicine: 8-year outcomes of a brief clinical summer immersion for premedical students.
BMC medical education
Weinlander, E., Sams, E., Khemani, S., Jamal, A., Srinivasan, M.
2024; 24 (1): 1387
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Exposure to the breadth of healthcare opportunities is crucial to high-school and college students considering a career in medicine. Most programs revolve around research or subspecialties, limiting exposure to the richness within medicine.We conducted a program evaluation of the Stanford Clinical Summer Internship (CSI) 2-week program, to understand learner viewpoints around CSI program utility, and to assess long term impact. We assess viewpoints by learner level (high school versus college) and participation mode (in-person versus virtual).In 2016 we launched a two-week premedical internship, incorporating AAMC core competencies. In 2022 and 2023, we surveyed past participants, collecting demographic data and evaluating/comparing CSI's impact on educational and career paths, future preferences in healthcare careers, and influential factors of matriculation for high-school and college participants.Of 411 past participants, 42% responded (n = 173). We found minimal significant differences between high school and college students. The primary reason for joining was exploring a career in health professions. Notably, 82% acknowledged Stanford-CSI broadened their medical perspectives, 79% gained clarity on healthcare professionals' daily life, 79% heightened their interest in healthcare careers, 71% enhanced their resumes, and 72% learned valuable clinical skills. In-person participants reported developing more friendships (agree/strongly agree: 60% vs 35%, unpaired t-test: p = 0.01), while virtual participants reported having more interest in research careers (40% vs 68%, p = 0.01). Amongst high school matriculants (n = 133), 46% are now in college and 4% in medical or nursing school. Amongst collegiate matriculants (n = 40), 89% have graduated and 11% are now in graduate or medical school. All respondents believed Stanford-CSI was a worthwhile investment of time and resources, with nearly all reporting subsequent increased interest in medicine.Stanford-CSI's summer internship gives premedical students real-world medical profession exposure and fosters meaningful connections. Our findings and teaching framework can guide similar program developments, supporting future medical education initiatives.
View details for DOI 10.1186/s12909-024-06301-5
View details for PubMedID 39609765

Publications
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Interpreter and limited-English proficiency patient training helps develop medical and physician assistant students' cross-cultural communication skills.
BMC medical education
Nguyen, Q., Flora, J., Basaviah, P., Bryant, M., Hosamani, P., Westphal, J., Kugler, J., Hom, J., Chi, J., Parker, J., DiGiammarino, A.
2024; 24 (1): 185
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The increasing linguistic and cultural diversity in the United States underscores the necessity of enhancing healthcare professionals' cross-cultural communication skills. This study focuses on incorporating interpreter and limited-English proficiency (LEP) patient training into the medical and physician assistant student curriculum. This aims to improve equitable care provision, addressing the vulnerability of LEP patients to healthcare disparities, including errors and reduced access. Though training is recognized as crucial, opportunities in medical curricula remain limited.To bridge this gap, a novel initiative was introduced in a medical school, involving second-year students in clinical sessions with actual LEP patients and interpreters. These sessions featured interpreter input, patient interactions, and feedback from interpreters and clinical preceptors. A survey assessed the perspectives of students, preceptors, and interpreters.Outcomes revealed positive reception of interpreter and LEP patient integration. Students gained confidence in working with interpreters and valued interpreter feedback. Preceptors recognized the sessions' value in preparing students for future clinical interactions.This study underscores the importance of involving experienced interpreters in training students for real-world interactions with LEP patients. Early interpreter training enhances students' communication skills and ability to serve linguistically diverse populations. Further exploration could expand languages and interpretation modes and assess long-term effects on students' clinical performance. By effectively training future healthcare professionals to navigate language barriers and cultural diversity, this research contributes to equitable patient care in diverse communities.
View details for DOI 10.1186/s12909-024-05173-z
View details for PubMedID 38395858
View details for PubMedCentralID 9932446

Publications
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How Chatbots and Large Language Model Artificial Intelligence Systems Will Reshape Modern Medicine: Fountain of Creativity or Pandora's Box?
JAMA internal medicine
Li, R., Kumar, A., Chen, J. H.
2023
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View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.1835
View details for PubMedID 37115531
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Point-of-Care Ultrasound Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19.
Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine
Kumar, A., Weng, I., Graglia, S., Lew, T., Gandhi, K., Lalani, F., Chia, D., Duanmu, Y., Jensen, T., Lobo, V., Nahn, J., Iverson, N., Rosenthal, M., Gordon, A. J., Kugler, J.
2021
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) detects the pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 and may predict patient outcomes.METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study at four hospitals from March 2020 to January 2021 to evaluate lung POCUS and clinical outcomes of COVID-19. Inclusion criteria included adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19 who received lung POCUS with a 12-zone protocol. Each image was interpreted by two reviewers blinded to clinical outcomes. Our primary outcome was the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission versus no ICU admission. Secondary outcomes included intubation and supplemental oxygen usage.RESULTS: N=160 patients were included. Among critically ill patients, B-lines (94 vs 76%; P<.01) and consolidations (70 vs 46%; P<.01) were more common. For scans collected within 24hours of admission (N=101 patients), early B-lines (odds ratio [OR] 4.41 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.71-14.30]; P<.01) or consolidations (OR 2.49 [95% CI: 1.35-4.86]; P<.01) were predictive of ICU admission. Early consolidations were associated with oxygen usage after discharge (OR 2.16 [95% CI: 1.01-4.70]; P=.047). Patients with a normal scan within 24hours of admission were less likely to require ICU admission (OR 0.28 [95% CI: 0.09-0.75]; P<.01) or supplemental oxygen (OR 0.26 [95% CI: 0.11-0.61]; P<.01). Ultrasound findings did not dynamically change over a 28-day scanning window after symptom onset.CONCLUSIONS: Lung POCUS findings detected within 24hours of admission may provide expedient risk stratification for important COVID-19 clinical outcomes, including future ICU admission or need for supplemental oxygen. Conversely, a normal scan within 24hours of admission appears protective. POCUS findings appeared stable over a 28-day scanning window, suggesting that these findings, regardless of their timing, may have clinical implications.
View details for DOI 10.1002/jum.15818
View details for PubMedID 34468039

Publications
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Clinical Evaluations of Early Warning Scores-Reply.
JAMA internal medicine
Gallo, R. J., Geldsetzer, P., Li, R. C.
2024
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View details for DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.3053
View details for PubMedID 39037786

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Frequency of limitations statements in original research articles of United States leading medical journals: A meta-research protocol.
PloS one
Hsu, N. C., Tsai, H. B., Hsu, C. H., Tsai, M. Y., Liao, C., Tokuda, Y.
2024; 19 (11): e0305970
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Abstract
Limitation declarations are commonly deemed essential to uphold intellectual humility for scientific research, but little has been reported about the limitation statements in published original research articles. This meta-research study aims to investigate the trends of limitation statements among three leading general medical journals in the US.This cross-sectional study will compile a data set of full-length original research articles published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, and Annals of Internal Medicine between 2002 and 2022. Limitation statement will be recognized by two investigators, and a predefined set of sensitive keywords is used for sensitivity analysis. Frequency of limitation statements within the main text of research articles and trends for different study designs, including their association with the corresponding reporting guidelines, are the main measurements. We employ the Cochran-Armitage test for trend analysis.The findings of this study will provide an overview of the limitation statements in leading general medical journals in the US. The results may contribute to future research to identify factors that are associated with the presence of limitation statements.
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0305970
View details for PubMedID 39485763

Publications
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Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Preliminary Report.
The New England journal of medicine
Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., Hohmann, E., Chu, H. Y., Luetkemeyer, A., Kline, S., Lopez de Castilla, D., Finberg, R. W., Dierberg, K., Tapson, V., Hsieh, L., Patterson, T. F., Paredes, R., Sweeney, D. A., Short, W. R., Touloumi, G., Lye, D. C., Ohmagari, N., Oh, M. D., Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., Benfield, T., Fätkenheuer, G., Kortepeter, M. G., Atmar, R. L., Creech, C. B., Lundgren, J., Babiker, A. G., Pett, S., Neaton, J. D., Burgess, T. H., Bonnett, T., Green, M., Makowski, M., Osinusi, A., Nayak, S., Lane, H. C.
2020
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Abstract
Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), none have yet been shown to be efficacious.We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults hospitalized with Covid-19 with evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was the time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection-control purposes only.A total of 1063 patients underwent randomization. The data and safety monitoring board recommended early unblinding of the results on the basis of findings from an analysis that showed shortened time to recovery in the remdesivir group. Preliminary results from the 1059 patients (538 assigned to remdesivir and 521 to placebo) with data available after randomization indicated that those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 11 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 12), as compared with 15 days (95% CI, 13 to 19) in those who received placebo (rate ratio for recovery, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.55; P<0.001). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality by 14 days were 7.1% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo (hazard ratio for death, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.47 to 1.04). Serious adverse events were reported for 114 of the 541 patients in the remdesivir group who underwent randomization (21.1%) and 141 of the 522 patients in the placebo group who underwent randomization (27.0%).Remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults hospitalized with Covid-19 and evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACCT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705.).
View details for DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
View details for PubMedID 32445440
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC7262788

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From Individuals to International Policy: Achievements and Ongoing Needs in Diabetes Advocacy
CURRENT DIABETES REPORTS
Hilliard, M. E., Oser, S. M., Close, K. L., Liu, N. F., Hood, K. K., Anderson, B. J.
2015; 15 (9)
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Abstract
Diabetes impacts tens of millions of people in the United States of America and 9 % of the worldwide population. Given the public health implications and economic burden of diabetes, the needs of people with diabetes must be addressed through strategic and effective advocacy efforts. Diabetes advocacy aims to increase public awareness about diabetes, raise funds for research and care, influence policy impacting people with diabetes, and promote optimal individual outcomes. We present a framework for diabetes advocacy activities by individuals and at the community, national, and international levels and identify challenges and gaps in current diabetes advocacy. Various groups have organized successful diabetes advocacy campaigns toward these goals, and lessons for further advancing diabetes advocacy can be learned from other health-related populations. Finally, we discuss the role of healthcare providers and mental/behavioral health professionals in advocacy efforts that can benefit their patients and the broader population of people with diabetes.
View details for DOI 10.1007/s11892-015-0636-z
View details for Web of Science ID 000377953300003
View details for PubMedID 26194156
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4581582

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Making Medical Treatment Decisions for Unrepresented Hospitalized Patients.
The American journal of medicine
Felder, R. M., Luenprakansit, K., Pope, T. M., Magnus, D.
2024
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View details for DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.01.020
View details for PubMedID 38336083
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Making Medical Treatment Decisions for Unrepresented Hospitalized Patients.
The American journal of medicine
Felder, R. M., Luenprakansit, K., Pope, T. M., Magnus, D.
2024
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View details for DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.01.020
View details for PubMedID 38336083


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Theranostic methodology for ex vivo donor lung rehabilitation.
Med (New York, N.Y.)
Pinezich, M. R., O'Neill, J. D., Guenthart, B. A., Kim, J., Vila, O. F., Ma, S. P., Chen, Y. W., Hozain, A. E., Krishnan, A., Fawad, M., Cunningham, K. M., Wobma, H. M., Van Hassel, J., Snoeck, H. W., Bacchetta, M., Vunjak-Novakovic, G.
2025: 100644
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Abstract
About 80% of donor lungs are not utilized for transplantation. Cross-circulation of ex vivo lungs with a support swine enables the rehabilitation of donor lungs that are initially deemed unsuitable for transplantation. Robust therapeutic and diagnostic modalities are needed for ex vivo lung rehabilitation; however, no standardized "theranostic" methodology has been reported.Ex vivo lungs (n = 23; 17 injured and 6 controls) with multi-focal contusion (n = 6, human), gastric aspiration injury (n = 8, swine), ischemia-reperfusion injury (n = 3, swine), or no injury (n = 6, swine) were used to develop a therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) methodology for ex vivo lung rehabilitation during cross-circulation. Airway (bronchoscopic, nebulized), intravascular, and transpleural access enabled sample collection and therapeutic delivery. Diagnostic modalities included non-invasive imaging, functional testing, and molecular assays. Therapeutic modalities included bronchoalveolar lavage, surfactant replacement, recruitment maneuvers, and cell/organoid delivery. Real-time tracking of delivered cells was performed via fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging.Diagnostic assessments revealed tissue-, cell-, and molecular-level insights at global and regional scales of ex vivo lungs during cross-circulation, which informed therapeutic management and interventions to recover donor lungs. Mesenchymal stromal cells and lung organoids were delivered bronchoscopically and transpleurally, tracked non-invasively during cross-circulation, and observed to localize within the parenchyma.Application of a theranostic methodology during cross-circulation enabled real-time ex vivo lung assessment and rehabilitation across a variety of lung injuries to help increase clinical utilization of donor lungs in the future.NIH (P41 EB027062, R01HL120046, U01HL134760), CFF (VUNJAK23XX0).
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.medj.2025.100644
View details for PubMedID 40154476

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Point of care testing of enzyme polymorphisms for predicting hypnotizability and postoperative pain.
The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD
Cortade, D. L., Markovits, J., Spiegel, D., Wang, S. X.
2023
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Abstract
Hypnotizability is a stable trait that moderates the benefit of hypnosis for treating pain, but limited availability of hypnotizability testing deters widespread use of hypnosis. Inexpensive genotyping of 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene was performed using giant magnetoresistive biosensors to determine if hypnotizable individuals can be identified for targeted hypnosis referrals. For individuals with the proposed 'optimal' COMT diplotypes, 89.5% score highly on the Hypnotic Induction Profile (OR = 6.12, 95%CI = 1.26-28.75), which identified 40.5% of the treatable population. Mean hypnotizability scores of the optimal group were significantly higher than the total population (p = 0.015 effect size = 0.60), an effect that was present in females (p = 0.0015, effect size = 0.83), but not in males (p = 0.28). In an exploratory cohort, optimal individuals also reported significantly higher postoperative pain scores (p = 0.00030, effect size = 1.93), indicating a greater need for treatment.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2023.01.002
View details for PubMedID 36702396
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Comparing IM Residency Application Personal Statements Generated by GPT-4 and Authentic Applicants.
Journal of general internal medicine
Nair, V., Nayak, A., Ahuja, N., Weng, Y., Keet, K., Hosamani, P., Hom, J.
2024
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View details for DOI 10.1007/s11606-024-08784-w
View details for PubMedID 38689120
View details for PubMedCentralID 10589311
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Detailed characterization of hospitalized patients infected with the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.
Journal of internal medicine
Ozdalga, E., Ahuja, N., Sehgal, N., Hom, J., Weng, Y., Pinsky, B., Schulman, K. A., Collins, W.
2022
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View details for DOI 10.1111/joim.13501
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Hospitalized cancer patients with comorbidities and low lymphocyte counts had poor clinical outcomes to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Frontiers in oncology
Young, R. B., Panchal, H., Ma, W., Chen, S., Steele, A., Iannucci, A., Li, T.
2022; 12: 980181
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has improved survivals with a favorable toxicity profile in a variety of cancer patients. We hypothesized that hospitalized cancer patients who have acute or chronic comorbidities may have suppressed immune systems and poor clinical outcomes to ICIs. The objective of this study was to explore clinical outcomes and predictive factors of hospitalized cancer patients who received ICI therapy at an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center.A retrospective review of electronic medical records was conducted for adult cancer patients who received an FDA-approved ICI during admission from 08/2016 to 01/2022. For each patient we extracted demographics, cancer histology, comorbidities, reasons for hospitalization, ICI administered, time from treatment to discharge, time from treatment to progression or death, and complete blood counts. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The 95% confidence interval for survival was calculated using the exact binomial distribution. Statistical significance was defined as 2-sided p<0.05.Of 37 patients identified, 2 were excluded due to lack of complete blood counts on admission. Average hospital stay was 24.2 (95% CI 16.5, 31.9) days. Ten (27.0%) patients died during the same hospitalization as treatment. Of those who followed up, 22 (59.5%) died within 90 days of inpatient therapy. The median PFS was 0.86 (95% CI 0.43, 1.74) months and median OS was 1.55 (95% CI 0.76, 3.72) months. Patients with ≥3 comorbidities had poorer PFS (2.4 vs. 0.4 months; p=0.0029) and OS (5.5 vs. 0.6 months; p=0.0006). Pre-treatment absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC) <600 cells/µL were associated with poor PFS (0.33 vs. 1.35 months; p=0.0053) and poor OS (0.33 vs. 2.34 months; p=0.0236). Pre-treatment derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) <4 was associated with good median PFS (1.6 vs. 0.4 months; p=0.0157) and OS (2.8 vs. 0.9 months; p=0.0375).Administration of ICI therapy was associated with poor clinical outcomes and high rates of both inpatient mortality and 90-day mortality after inpatient ICI therapy. The presence of ≥3 comorbidities, ALC <600/μL, or dNLR >4 in hospitalized patients was associated with poor survival outcomes.
View details for DOI 10.3389/fonc.2022.980181
View details for PubMedID 36185315
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC9515784

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Right Ventricular Dysfunction Patterns Among Patients with COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit - a Retrospective Cohort Analysis.
Annals of the American Thoracic Society
Sanchez, P. A., O'Donnell, C. T., Francisco, N., Santana, E. J., Moore, A. R., Pacheco-Navarro, A., Roque, J., Lebold, K. M., Parmer, C. M., Pienkos, S. M., Celestin, B. E., Levitt, J. E., Collins, W. J., Lanspa, M. J., Ashley, E. A., Wilson, J. G., Haddad, F., Rogers, A. J.
2023
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Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is common among patients hospitalized with COVID-19; however, its epidemiology may depend on the echocardiographic parameters used to define it.To evaluate the prevalence of abnormalities in three common echocardiographic parameters of RV function among COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit, as well as the effect of RV dilatation on differential parameter abnormality and the association of RV dysfunction with 60-day mortality.Retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 ICU patients between March 4th,2020 to March 4th, 2021, who received a transthoracic echocardiogram within 48 hours before to at most 7 days after ICU admission. RV dysfunction and dilatation respectively defined by guideline thresholds for tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV fractional area change (RVFAC), RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWS), and RV basal dimension or RV end-diastolic area. Association of RV dysfunction with 60-day mortality assessed through logistic regression adjusting for age, prior history of congestive heart failure, invasive ventilation at time of TTE and APACHE II score.116 patients were included, of which 69% had RV dysfunction by > 1 parameter and 36.3% of these had RV dilatation. The three most common patterns of RV dysfunction included: Presence of 3 abnormalities, the combination of abnormal RVFWS and TAPSE, and isolated TAPSE abnormality. Patients with RV dilatation had worse RVFAC (24% vs 36%, p = 0.001), worse RVFWS (16.3% vs 19.1%, p = 0.005), higher RVSP (45mmHg vs 31mmHg, p = 0.001) but similar TAPSE (13mm vs 13mm, p = 0.30) compared to those with normal RV size. After multivariable adjustment, 60-day mortality was significantly associated with RV dysfunction (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.01 - 9.44), as was the presence of at least 2 parameter abnormalities.ICU patients with COVID-19 had significant heterogeneity in RV function abnormalities present with different patterns associated with RV dilatation. RV dysfunction by any parameter was associated with increased mortality. Therefore, a multiparameter evaluation may be critical in recognizing RV dysfunction in COVID-19.
View details for DOI 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202303-235OC
View details for PubMedID 37478340

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Physician Perspectives on Ambient AI Scribes.
JAMA network open
Shah, S. J., Crowell, T., Jeong, Y., Devon-Sand, A., Smith, M., Yang, B., Ma, S. P., Liang, A. S., Delahaie, C., Hsia, C., Shanafelt, T., Pfeffer, M. A., Sharp, C., Lin, S., Garcia, P.
2025; 8 (3): e251904
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Abstract
Limited qualitative studies exist evaluating ambient artificial intelligence (AI) scribe tools. Such studies can provide deeper insights into ambient AI implementations by capturing lived experiences.To evaluate physician perspectives on ambient AI scribes.A qualitative study using semistructured interviews guided by the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance/Practical, Robust Implementation, and Sustainability Model (RE-AIM/PRISM) framework, with thematic analysis using both inductive and deductive approaches. Physicians participating in an AI scribe pilot that included community and faculty practices, across primary care and ambulatory specialties, were invited to participate in interviews. This ambient AI scribe pilot at a health care organization in California was conducted from November 2023 to January 2024.Facilitators and barriers to adoption, practical effectiveness, and suggestions for improvement to enhance sustainability.Twenty-two semistructured interviews were conducted with AI pilot physicians from primary care (13 [59%]) and ambulatory specialties (9 [41%]), including physicians from community practices (12 [55%]) and faculty practices (10 [45%]). Facilitators to adoption included ease of use, ease of editing, and generally positive perspectives of tool quality. Physicians expressed positive sentiments about the impact of the ambient AI scribe tool on cognitive demand (16 of 16 comments [100%]), temporal demand (28 comments [62%]), work-life integration (10 of 11 comments [91%]), and overall workload (8 of 9 comments [89%]). Physician perspectives of the impact of the ambient AI scribe tool on their engagement with patients were mostly positive (38 of 56 comments [68%]). Barriers to adoption included limited functionality with non-English speaking patients and lack of access for physicians without a specific device. Physician perspectives on accuracy and style were largely negative, particularly regarding note length and editing requirements. Several specific suggestions for tool improvement were identified, and physicians were optimistic regarding the potential for long-term use of ambient AI scribes.In this qualitative study, ambient AI scribes were found to positively impact physician workload, work-life integration, and patient engagement. Key facilitators and barriers to adoption were identified, along with specific suggestions for tool improvement. These findings suggest the potential for ambient AI scribes to reduce clinician burden, with user-centered recommendations offering practical guidance on ways to improve future iterations and improve adoption.
View details for DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.1904
View details for PubMedID 40126477
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- Cerebrovascular Disease Decision Making in Perioperative Medicine: Clinical Pearls Rohatgi, N. McGraw Hill / Medical. 2025; 2 Hide
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Measuring Equity in Readmission as an Assessment of Hospital Performance.
JAMA
Gallo, R. J., Santiago, C.
2024
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View details for DOI 10.1001/jama.2024.4351
View details for PubMedID 38648050

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Establishing Clinically Operational Domains of Multidimensional Frailty: A Consensus Approach to Improve Multidimensional Frailty Diagnosis at Point of Care.
The Gerontologist
Shapiro, L. M., Arya, S., Adeli, E., Fredericson, M., Kaplan, R. M., Eppler, S. L., Lorenz, K., Lorig, K., Marwell, J., Schmiesing, C., Schroeder, R., Schulman, K., Trivedi, R., Kamal, R.
2025
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Abstract
Frailty is common amongst older patients, however, there is a lack of agreement on methods to diagnose and monitor frailty at point of care. The purpose of this study was to establish consensus on important, feasible, and usable domains for point of care frailty assessment within all conceptual models of frailty.We reviewed instruments that assess frailty and extracted the domains measured by each tool. We developed 3 use cases for frailty assessment which provided context for voters: (1) longitudinal tracking of frailty in the aging patient (>50 years), (2) preoperative evaluation of frailty before surgery in adults (>50 years), and (3) discharge disposition after hospital admission in adults (>50 years). We conducted a modified RAND/UCLA Delphi with a panel of 11 experts. Panelists rated each domain for each use case on a scale from 1 to 9, where 1 is definitely not important/feasible/usable and 9 is definitely important/feasible/usable.Panelists achieved agreement on the following domains for the respective clinical use cases: Physical Strength 1, 2, and 3; Balance 1 and 3; Cognition 1, 2, and 3; Nutrition 1; Physical Activity 1, 2, and 3; Depression 1; Disease 1, 2, and 3; and Social Environment 1 and 3. The remaining items were indeterminate.We established consensus on eight domains of frailty across three use cases. These results can inform the measurement of domains to diagnose, monitor, and inform the management of frailty within the defined use cases.
View details for DOI 10.1093/geront/gnae183
View details for PubMedID 40119454

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Exploring Trust and Engagement: A Qualitative Evaluation of the Relationship Between Clinicians and Healthcare Leaders at Academic Medical Centers
JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE LEADERSHIP
Keller, E. J., Sehgal, N., Ryu, R. K., Chrisman, H., Vogelzang, R. K., Shanafelt, T. D.
2025; 17: 75-83
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Abstract
Dynamics between clinicians and healthcare leaders are critical in determining the culture and success of Academic Medical Centers (AMCs). These dynamics are complex, making it challenging to develop effective means of improving these relationships. This study sought to characterize and compare relationships between clinicians and healthcare leaders at three AMCs to develop more effective means of improving healthcare organization cultures.The authors interviewed clinicians, clinician leaders, and operational leaders at three AMCs about their role, perceived dynamics between clinicians and healthcare leaders, and ideal leadership. Interviews continued until additional interviews stopped revealing new information at each organization, requiring a total of 92 participants (49% male, 54% clinicians, 22% clinician-leaders, 24% operational leaders). Interview transcripts were systematically analyzed based on constructivist grounded theory and content analysis for key themes.The perceived most pressing issues at each AMC varied across three key cultural levels: organization, department, and practice. When interventions targeted levels distinct from the level perceived most pressing, they tended to exacerbate existing issues and further undermine trust and engagement between clinicians and healthcare leaders. Clinicians and healthcare leaders across AMCs described similar traits of ideal leadership but exhibited different understandings of what those traits meant in application. Cultural dynamics were also challenged by professional cultural differences between the three groups and barriers such as differences in status, location, and background. Limitations of this study included its cross-sectional nature and potential sampling bias.The level of organizational culture where the greatest tension exists between clinicians and healthcare leaders varies by three key levels. Discerning which level of organizational culture represents the greatest local opportunity can inform the design of more targeted interventions to improve dynamics between clinicians and healthcare leaders seeking to foster more constructive partnerships.
View details for DOI 10.2147/JHL.S503086
View details for Web of Science ID 001432699300001
View details for PubMedID 40046788
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11879774

Publications
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Quality improvement project to reduce medicare 1-day write-offs due to inappropriate admission orders.
BMC health services research
Oke, O., Sullivan, K. M., Hom, J., Svec, D., Weng, Y., Shieh, L.
2024; 24 (1): 204
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Abstract
We identified that Stanford Health Care had a significant number of patients who after discharge are found by the utilization review committee not to meet Center for Mediare and Medicaid Services (CMS) 2-midnight benchmark for inpatient status. Some of the charges incurred during the care of these patients are written-off and known as Medicare 1-day write-offs. This study which aims to evaluate the use of a Best Practice Alert (BPA) feature on the electronic medical record, EPIC, to ensure appropriate designation of a patient's hospitalization status as either inpatient or outpatient in accordance with Center for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS) 2 midnight length of stay benchmark thereby reducing the number of associated write-offs.We incorporated a best practice alert (BPA) into the Epic Electronic Medical Record (EMR) that would prompt the discharging provider and the case manager to review the patients' inpatient designation prior to discharge and change the patient's designation to observation when deemed appropriate. Patients who met the inclusion criteria (Patients must have Medicare fee-for-service insurance, inpatient length of stay (LOS) less than 2 midnights, inpatient designation as hospitalization status at time of discharge, was hospitalized to an acute level of care and belonged to one of 37 listed hospital services at the time of signing of the discharge order) were randomized to have the BPA either silent or active over a three-month period from July 18, 2019, to October 18, 2019.A total of 88 patients were included in this study: 40 in the control arm and 48 in the intervention arm. In the intervention arm, 8 (8/48, 16.7%) had an inpatient status designation despite potentially meeting Medicare guidelines for an observation stay, comparing to 23 patients (23/40, 57.5%) patients in the control group (p = 0.001). The estimated number of write-offs in the control arm was 17 (73.9%, out of 23 inpatient patients) while in the intervention arm was 1 (12.5%, out of 8 inpatient patient) after accounting for patients who may have met inpatient criteria for other reasons based on case manager note review.This is the first time to our knowledge that a BPA has been used in this manner to reduce the number of Medicare 1-day write-offs.
View details for DOI 10.1186/s12913-024-10594-z
View details for PubMedID 38355492
View details for PubMedCentralID 6181108

Publications
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Addressing cancer survivorship needs in geriatric survivors: Feasibility of a primary care-based survivorship clinic.
Ramachandran, M., Steele, N., Kim, J., Schapira, L., Yurkiewicz, I.
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. 2024
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View details for Web of Science ID 001275557403539

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GPT-4 assistance for improvement of physician performance on patient care tasks: a randomized controlled trial.
Nature medicine
Goh, E., Gallo, R. J., Strong, E., Weng, Y., Kerman, H., Freed, J. A., Cool, J. A., Kanjee, Z., Lane, K. P., Parsons, A. S., Ahuja, N., Horvitz, E., Yang, D., Milstein, A., Olson, A. P., Hom, J., Chen, J. H., Rodman, A.
2025
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Abstract
While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in diagnostic reasoning, their impact on management reasoning, which involves balancing treatment decisions and testing strategies while managing risk, is unknown. This prospective, randomized, controlled trial assessed whether LLM assistance improves physician performance on open-ended management reasoning tasks compared to conventional resources. From November 2023 to April 2024, 92 practicing physicians were randomized to use either GPT-4 plus conventional resources or conventional resources alone to answer five expert-developed clinical vignettes in a simulated setting. All cases were based on real, de-identified patient encounters, with information revealed sequentially to mirror the nature of clinical environments. The primary outcome was the difference in total score between groups on expert-developed scoring rubrics. Secondary outcomes included domain-specific scores and time spent per case. Physicians using the LLM scored significantly higher compared to those using conventional resources (mean difference = 6.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.7 to 10.2, P < 0.001). LLM users spent more time per case (mean difference = 119.3 s, 95% CI = 17.4 to 221.2, P = 0.02). There was no significant difference between LLM-augmented physicians and LLM alone (-0.9%, 95% CI = -9.0 to 7.2, P = 0.8). LLM assistance can improve physician management reasoning in complex clinical vignettes compared to conventional resources and should be validated in real clinical practice. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT06208423 .
View details for DOI 10.1038/s41591-024-03456-y
View details for PubMedID 39910272
View details for PubMedCentralID 10273128

Publications
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Healthcare Disparities Among Homeless Patients Hospitalized With Gastrointestinal Bleeding A Propensity-Matched, State-Level Analysis2
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
Subramanian, K., Alayo, Q., Sedarous, M., Nwaiwu, O., Okafor, P.
2022
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View details for DOI 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001742

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Defining Reference Values for Skeletal Muscle Metrics on Abdominal CT Using Data From Healthy Young Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology
Ju, C., Yao, L., Yoon, S. Y., Lenchik, L., Johnston, A., Derry, L. T., Hom, J., Svec, D., Chaudhari, A. S., Boutin, R. D.
2025
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Abstract
BACKGROUND. CT muscle metrics hold promise for opportunistic sarcopenia screening and individualized clinical risk stratification, but reference values applicable across broad populations are lacking. OBJECTIVE. To estimate reference cutoff values for CT skeletal muscle metrics using data from populations of healthy young adults. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched through January 1, 2025 for studies reporting skeletal muscle index (SMI) and/or skeletal muscle density (SMD) on CT at the L3 vertebral level in healthy young adults (age range, 18-45 years). For SMI and SMD in both men and women, a random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate interstudy SD (as a measure of variance among studies) and mean values for a theoretic global population of healthy young adults. Presence of significant heterogeneity among individual study means was assessed using the Q statistic. Cutoff values for the theoretic global population corresponding with a T-score of -2 (i.e., values ≥ 2 SDs below the population's mean value) were calculated, incorporating the meta-analysis results and pooled intrastudy variance. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS. The meta-analysis included 14 studies (16,958 individuals; 11,819 men, 5139 women) reporting SMI, of which seven studies (11,175 individuals; 8372 men, 2803 women) also reported SMD. The estimated global mean value for SMI was 54.6 in men and 42.4 in women and for SMD was 47.4 HU in men and 43.6 HU in women. The interstudy SD for SMI was 5.4 in men and 4.3 in women and for SMD was 1.9 in men versus 3.2 in women; significant heterogeneity was present among individual study means for both SMI and SMD in both men and women (all p<.001). The cutoff value corresponding with a T-score of -2 for SMI was 36.3 in men and 27.5 in women and for SMD was 36.4 HU in men and 28.1 HU in women. CONCLUSION. This meta-analysis of studies performed in healthy young adults provides reference mean values and standardized cutoffs analogous to a T-score of -2 for SMI and SMD at the L3 level on abdominal CT. CLINICAL IMPACT. These results can aid opportunistic screening for sarcopenia.
View details for DOI 10.2214/AJR.25.32781
View details for PubMedID 40334088
U

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Use of a footstool improves rectal balloon expulsion in some patients with defecatory disorders.
Neurogastroenterology and motility
Ulsh, L., Halawi, H., Triadafilopoulos, G., Gurland, B., Nguyen, L., Garcia, P., Sonu, I., Fernandez-Becker, N., Becker, L., Sheth, V., Neshatian, L.
2024: e14781
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Abstract
Whether patients with defecatory disorders (DDs) with favorable response to a footstool have distinctive anorectal pressure characteristics is unknown. We aimed to identify the clinical phenotype and anorectal pressure profile of patients with DDs who benefit from a footstool.This is a retrospective review of patients with high resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM) and balloon expulsion test (BET) from a tertiary referral center. BET was repeated with a 7-inch-high footstool in those who failed it after 120 s. Data were compared among groups with respect to BET results.Of the 667 patients with DDs, a total of 251 (38%) had failed BET. A footstool corrected BET in 41 (16%) of those with failed BET. Gender-specific differences were noted in anorectal pressures, among patients with and without normal BET, revealing gender-based nuances in pathophysiology of DDs. Comparing patients who passed BET with footstool with those who did not, the presence of optimal stool consistency, with reduced instances of loose stools and decreased reliance on laxatives were significant. Additionally, in women who benefited from a footstool, lower anal pressures at rest and simulated defecation were observed. Independent factors associated with a successful BET with a footstool in women included age <50, Bristol 3 or 4 stool consistency, lower anal resting pressure and higher rectoanal pressure gradient.Identification of distinctive clinical and anorectal phenotype of patients who benefited from a footstool could provide insight into the factors influencing the efficacy of footstool utilization and allow for an individualized treatment approach in patients with DDs.
View details for DOI 10.1111/nmo.14781
View details for PubMedID 38488172
W

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The association between population health management tools and clinician burnout in the United States VA primary care patient-centered medical home.
BMC primary care
Wang, J., Leung, L., Jackson, N., McClean, M., Rose, D., Lee, M. L., Stockdale, S. E.
2024; 25 (1): 164
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Abstract
Technological burden and medical complexity are significant drivers of clinician burnout. Electronic health record(EHR)-based population health management tools can be used to identify high-risk patient populations and implement prophylactic health practices. Their impact on clinician burnout, however, is not well understood. Our objective was to assess the relationship between ratings of EHR-based population health management tools and clinician burnout.We conducted cross-sectional analyses of 2018 national Veterans Health Administration(VA) primary care personnel survey, administered as an online survey to all VA primary care personnel (n = 4257, response rate = 17.7%), using bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Our analytical sample included providers (medical doctors, nurse practitioners, physicians' assistants) and nurses (registered nurses, licensed practical nurses). The outcomes included two items measuring high burnout. Primary predictors included importance ratings of 10 population health management tools (eg. VA risk prediction algorithm, recent hospitalizations and emergency department visits, etc.).High ratings of 9 tools were associated with lower odds of high burnout, independent of covariates including VA tenure, team role, gender, ethnicity, staffing, and training. For example, clinicians who rated the risk prediction algorithm as important were less likely to report high burnout levels than those who did not use or did not know about the tool (OR 0.73; CI 0.61-0.87), and they were less likely to report frequent burnout (once per week or more) (OR 0.71; CI 0.60-0.84).Burned-out clinicians may not consider the EHR-based tools important and may not be using them to perform care management. Tools that create additional technological burden may need adaptation to become more accessible, more intuitive, and less burdensome to use. Finding ways to improve the use of tools that streamline the work of population health management and/or result in less workload due to patients with poorly managed chronic conditions may alleviate burnout. More research is needed to understand the causal directional of the association between burnout and ratings of population health management tools.
View details for DOI 10.1186/s12875-024-02410-8
View details for PubMedID 38750457
View details for PubMedCentralID PMC11094957

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Considerations in the reliability and fairness audits of predictive models for advance care planning
Frontiers in Digital Health
Lu, J., Sattler, A., Wang, S., Khaki, A. R., Callahan, A., Fleming, S., Fong, R., Ehlert, B., Li, R., Shieh, L., Ramchandran, K., Gensheimer, M., Chobot, S., Pfohl, S., Li, S., Shum, K., Parikh, N., Desai, P., Seevaratnam, B., Hanson, M., Smith, M., Xu, Y., Gokhale, A., Lin, S., Shah, N.
2022: 943768
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View details for DOI 10.3389/fdgth.2022.943768

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'Suffer the little children …' Lessons from the EPPICC study, concern about the future, and a call to action.
AIDS (London, England)
Winslow, D. L.
2025; 39 (6): 766-767
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View details for DOI 10.1097/QAD.0000000000004164
View details for PubMedID 40176536
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Time on Therapy for at Least Three Months Correlates with Overall Survival in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Cancers
Chen, V. J., Hernandez-Meza, G. n., Agrawal, P. n., Zhang, C. A., Xie, L. n., Gong, C. L., Hoerner, C. R., Srinivas, S. n., Oermann, E. K., Fan, A. C.
2019; 11 (7)
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Abstract
With 15 drugs currently approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and even more combination regimens with immunotherapy on the horizon, there remains a distinct lack of molecular biomarkers for therapeutic efficacy. Our study reports on real-world clinical outcomes of mRCC patients from a tertiary academic medical center treated with empirically selected standard-of-care therapy. We utilized the Stanford Renal Cell Carcinoma Database (RCCD) to report on various outcome measures, including overall survival (OS) and the median number of lines of targeted therapies received from the time of metastatic diagnosis. We found that most metastatic patients did not survive long enough to attempt even half of the available targeted therapies. We also noted that patients who failed to receive a clinical benefit within the first two lines of therapy could still go on to experience clinical benefit in later lines of therapy. The term, "clinical benefit" was assigned to a line of therapy if a patient remained on drug treatment for three months or longer. Moreover, patients with clinical benefit in at least one line of therapy experienced significantly longer OS compared to those who did not have clinical benefit in at least one line of therapy. Developing biomarkers that identify patients who will receive clinical benefit in individual lines of therapy is one potential strategy for achieving rational drug sequencing in mRCC.
View details for DOI 10.3390/cancers11071000
View details for PubMedID 31319594
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Physicians Leading Physicians: A Physician Engagement Intervention Decreases Inappropriate Use of IICU Level of Care Accommodations.
American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality
Ruiz Colón, G. n., Yang, J. n., Svec, D. n., Heidenreich, P. n., Britt, P. n., Smith, M. n., Sharp, C. n., Shieh, L. n.
2021
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Abstract
Following the adoption of an acuity-adaptable unit model in an academic medical center, a