Inclusion Criteria:

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Patient must be >= 18 years of age

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Patient must have pathologically confirmed non-squamous
   non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Patients with NSCLC not otherwise specified
   (NOS) are eligible. Mixed tumors will be categorized by predominant cell type. If
   small cell elements are present, the patient is ineligible

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Patient must have metastatic Stage IVA or IVB disease
   (includes M1a, M1b, and M1c), according to the 8th edition of the lung cancer TNM
   classification system. Recurrent metastatic NSCLC ineligible for curative therapy (in
   the treating investigator's opinion) is also allowed

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Patient's tumor must be known negative for EGFR tyrosine
   kinase inhibitor (TKI) sensitizing mutations (for example at a minimum, negative for
   EGFR Exon 19 deletions, EGFR exon 20 insertions, and Exon 21 L858R, L861Q mutations )
   AND negative for ALK gene rearrangements (by fluorescence in situ hybridization
   [FISH], next generation sequencing [NGS], or immunohistochemistry [IHC]) by routine
   Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA)- or Food and Drug Administration
   (FDA)-certified clinical testing methods. CLIA or FDA approved circulating tumor
   deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing is acceptable as an alternative to tissue testing

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Patient must have radiographic and/or clinical progression
   (per local investigator assessment) following one, but only one, line of
   platinum-based chemotherapy AND one, but only one, line of prior checkpoint inhibitor
   (anti-PD-1 or PD-L1) immunotherapy, either concurrently or sequentially in either
   order. A minimum of two doses of prior immunotherapy is required. Only one prior line
   of therapy is allowed if patients received chemotherapy and immunotherapy together
   (patients may not receive subsequent single agent chemotherapy), and greater than two
   prior lines of therapy are not allowed.

      - NOTE: Lines of therapy are defined by clinical or radiographic progression. For
      patients with recurrent metastatic NSCLC following treatment for stage 1-3 NSCLC,
      platinum-based chemotherapy received within 12 months of recurrence and/or
      immunotherapy received within 6 months of recurrence will meet the requirement
      for prior chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy but subsequent receipt of more
      immunotherapy and/or platinum-based chemotherapy is also allowed.

      - NOTE: Prior anti-VEGF antibody therapy (ie bevacizumab) is allowed. Prior
      ipilimumab, or investigational agents not excluded below, in combination with the
      required prior therapies above are allowed.

      - NOTE: Prior receipt of one or two lines of targeted therapy for ROS1, RET, MET,
      BRAF, ERBB2/HER2, or KRAS G12C positive NSCLC is allowed and will not count
      toward the line of therapy limit. However, progression is still required after
      chemotherapy and immunotherapy as above. Patients with ROS1, RET, MET positive
      NSCLC are strongly encouraged to get appropriate targeted therapy (such as
      crizotinib, entrectinib, lorlatinib, selpercatinib, pralsetinib, capmatinib,
      tepotinib, or another investigational, off-label, or approved agent directed
      against ROS1, RET, or MET positive NSCLC) prior to participation and will be
      stratified.

      - NOTE: No prior predominantly VEGFR directed TKI therapy (such as cabozantinib,
      lenvatinib, or sitravantinib) is allowed, except for the agents named above.

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): The investigator must document the intended chemotherapy
   regimen should their patient be randomized to Arm C (docetaxel and ramucirumab, OR
   single agent chemotherapy - docetaxel, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel). The
   patient must not have received the selected chemotherapy agent previously for
   metastatic disease

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Any prior chemotherapy (based on administration schedule) must
   have been completed in greater than or equal to the following times prior to
   randomization:

      - FDA approved targeted oral therapy must be completed >= 1 week prior

      - Chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy must be completed >= 2 weeks prior

      - Prior investigational agents must be completed >= 4 weeks prior.

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Prior radiation therapy is allowed with a 2 week washout prior
   to randomization. Patient must not receive any systemic treatment with radionuclides
   within 6 weeks prior to randomization. Patient must have no clinically relevant
   ongoing complication from prior radiation therapy

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Patients with a prior or concurrent malignancy whose natural
   history or treatment does not have the potential to interfere with the safety or
   efficacy assessment of the investigational regimen (in the opinion of the treating
   physician) are eligible for this trial

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Patients with known history or current symptoms of cardiac
   disease, or history of treatment with cardiotoxic agents (such as anthracycline or
   HER2-directed antibody therapy, but not prior checkpoint inhibitor therapy), must have
   a clinical risk assessment of cardiac function using the New York Heart Association
   Functional Classification. To be eligible for this trial, patients must be class 2B or
   better

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1): Patient must have Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG)
   performance status 0-1

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must have met the eligibility
   criteria outlined above

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must have measurable disease as
   defined by RECIST v1.1. Measurements must be obtained within 4 weeks prior to
   randomization/registration

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must have recovered to equal to
   or less than grade 1 toxicities related to prior treatment, unless toxicities are
   clinically non significant and/or stable on supportive therapy (as determined by the
   treating physician)

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mcL
   (obtained within 2 weeks prior to randomization)

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Platelets >= 100,000/mcL (obtained within
   2 weeks prior to randomization)

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (obtained within 2
   weeks prior to randomization)

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional
   upper limit of normal (ULN) (for patients with Gilbert's disease total bilirubin must
   be =< 3 x ULN) (obtained within 2 weeks prior to randomization)

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(serum
   glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(serum
   glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =< 2.5 x ULN (obtained within 2 weeks prior to
   randomization)

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Creatinine =< 1.5 x ULN OR calculated
   (Cockcroft-Gault formula) or measured creatinine clearance >= 50 mL/min/1.73m^2
   (normalized to body surface area [BSA]) for patients with creatinine levels greater
   than 1.5 times the institutional normal creatinine =< 1.5 X ULN or creatinine
   clearance >= 50ml/min/1.73m^2 (obtained within 2 weeks prior to randomization)

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must have corrected QT interval
   calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) =< 500 msec within 28 days prior to Step 1
   randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must be able to swallow tablets

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients with brain metastases are
   eligible as follows:

      - Previously treated brain metastases must have been treated with radiation > 2
      weeks prior to randomization or surgery > 3 months prior to randomization OR

      - Untreated (active) brain metastases are allowed if they are clinically
      asymptomatic, < 1 cm, non-hemorrhagic, the patient is not on systemic
      anticoagulation, and the investigator believes that central nervous system (CNS)
      specific treatment is unlikely to be required during the first 3 months of study
      treatment.

      - NOTE: Symptomatic leptomeningeal disease is NOT allowed

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients with known history of human
   immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection must be on effective anti-retroviral therapy
   with undetectable viral load within 6 months of randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients with known history of chronic
   hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection must have undetectable HBV viral at time of
   randomization (suppressive therapy is allowed, if indicated)

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients with a known history of
   hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and cured. For patients with
   HCV infection who are currently on treatment, they are eligible if they have an
   undetectable HCV viral load at time of randomization

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patient must have met all eligibility requirements for Step
   1 at time of registration to Step 1 to be eligible for Step 2

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patient must have radiographic progressive disease per
   RECIST criteria after >= 2 cycles of therapy on Arm C. The scan showing progression
   must be completed within 6 weeks prior to Step 2 registration

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patient must have an ECOG performance status 0-2

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patient must have recovered to equal to or less than grade 1
   toxicities related to prior treatment, unless the adverse event(s) are clinically non
   significant and/or stable on supportive therapy (as determined by the treating
   physician)

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mcL (obtained within 2
   weeks prior to registration to Step 2)

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Platelets >= 100,000/mcL (obtained within 2 weeks prior to
   registration to Step 2)

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (obtained within 2 weeks prior to
   registration to Step 2)

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional ULN (for patients
   with Gilbert's disease total bilirubin must be =< 3 x ULN) (obtained within 2 weeks
   prior to registration to Step 2)

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): AST(SGOT) and ALT(SGPT) =< 2.5 x ULN (obtained within 2
   weeks prior to registration to Step 2)

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Creatinine =< 1.5 x ULN OR calculated (Cockcroft-Gault
   formula) or measured creatinine clearance >= 50 mL/min/1.73m^2 (normalized to BSA) for
   patients with creatinine levels greater than 1.5 times the institutional normal
   creatinine =< 1.5 X ULN or creatinine clearance >= 50ml/min/1.73m^2 (obtained within 2
   weeks prior to registration to Step 2)

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patient must have corrected QT interval calculated by the
   Fridericia formula (QTcF) =< 500 ms within 28 days prior to Step 2 registration

Exclusion Criteria:

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not be pregnant or
   breast-feeding due to the unknown effects of cabozantinib and nivolumab on human
   development and for the potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants with the
   treatment regimens being used.

      - All patients of childbearing potential must have a blood test or urine study
      within 14 days prior to randomization/registration to rule out pregnancy.

      - A patient of childbearing potential is anyone, regardless of sexual orientation
      or whether they have undergone tubal ligation, who meets the following criteria:
      1) has achieved menarche at some point, 2) has not undergone a hysterectomy or
      bilateral oophorectomy; or 3) has not been naturally postmenopausal (amenorrhea
      following cancer therapy does not rule out childbearing potential) for at least
      24 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 24
      consecutive months).

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not expect to conceive or
   father children by using accepted and effective method(s) of contraception or by
   abstaining from sexual intercourse for the duration of their participation in the
   study and for 6 months after completion of treatment on the study

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have clinically
   significant gastrointestinal bleeding within 6 months prior to randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have pulmonary
   hemorrhage or hemoptysis of >= 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 mL) of red blood within 3 months
   prior to randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have active drug
   induced pneumonitis within 3 months prior to randomization. Prior immune mediated
   pneumonitis of grade 3 or 4 are not eligible regardless of time window

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have current
   radiographic evidence of tumor invading major blood vessel, evidence of tumor
   cavitation > 1 cm, evidence of tumor invading the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
   (esophagus, stomach, small or large bowel, rectum or anus), or evidence of
   endotracheal or mainstem endobronchial tumor

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have peptic ulcer
   disease, known malabsorption syndrome, bowel obstruction or gastric outlet obstruction
   within 3 months prior to randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have abdominal fistula,
   GI perforation, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months prior to randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have grade 3 or greater
   infection, or infection requiring intravenous systemic treatment within 14 days prior
   to randomization. Patients must be off antibiotics at the time of randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have serious
   non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture within 28 days prior to randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have history of organ
   transplant

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have concurrent
   symptomatic untreated hypothyroidism

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have history of major
   surgery within 3 months prior to randomization, minor surgery within 28 days prior to
   randomization, other minor procedures within 7 days prior to randomization, or
   clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior procedures

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have concurrent
   uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 160 mm Hg
   systolic, or > 100 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have unstable angina
   pectoris, clinically-significant cardiac arrhythmias, stroke (including transient
   ischemic attack [TIA]), or myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to
   randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patients must not have a diagnosis of
   deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE) within 6 months of randomization
   unless stable, asymptomatic, and treated with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or a
   permitted oral anticoagulant for at least 7 days before randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must not be receiving
   anticoagulants (i.e., warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel) except:

      - Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin (100 mg po daily or less) and/or low dose
      molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is permitted.

      - Therapeutic doses of low dose molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or specified direct
      factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban are allowed in patients
      without untreated brain metastases who are on a stable dose 7 days prior to study
      randomization, and without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from
      the anticoagulation regimen or the tumor

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must not receive strong CYP3A4
   inducers (e.g., dexamethasone (> 1 mg daily dosing), phenytoin, carbamazepine,
   rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine, phenobarbital, and St. John's Wort) within 7 days
   prior to randomization

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must not be on continuous
   systemic treatment with corticosteroids (> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalents) or
   other immunosuppressive medications within 7 days prior to randomization, with the
   following exceptions:

      - Inhaled or topical steroids and adrenal replacement doses =< 10 mg daily
      prednisone equivalents are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease.

      - Patients are permitted to use topical, ocular, intra-articular, intranasal, and
      inhalational corticosteroids (with minimal systemic absorption).

      - Physiologic replacement doses of systemic corticosteroids are permitted, if < 10
      mg/day prednisone equivalents. A brief course of corticosteroids for prophylaxis
      (e.g., contrast dye allergy) or for treatment of non-autoimmune conditions (e.g.,
      delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction caused by contact allergen) is permitted

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must not have known active
   autoimmune disease or known history of autoimmune disease for which recurrence may
   affect vital organ function or require immune suppressive treatment including systemic
   corticosteroids (e.g., immune-related neurologic disease, multiple sclerosis,
   autoimmune neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, etc.).

   - RANDOMIZATION (STEP 1 - ALL TREATMENT ARMS): Patient must not have had any prior
   allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to study drug components or related drugs
   (multitargeted small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors or checkpoint inhibitor
   monoclonal antibodies)

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patient must not have intervening anticancer treatment or
   major surgical procedure(s) between Step 1 and Step 2, except palliative radiation
   which was completed >= 1 week prior to registration to Step 2

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patient may not have central nervous system progression, but
   patients with stable CNS disease are allowed

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patient must not have any intercurrent illness or disease
   complication that the investigator believes would limit the ability to safely tolerate
   the combination of cabozantinib and nivolumab

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patient must not be pregnant or breast-feeding due to the
   unknown effects of cabozantinib and nivolumab on human development and for the
   potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants with the treatment regimens being
   used.

      - All patients of childbearing potential must have a blood test or urine study
      within 14 days prior to registration to Step 2 to rule out pregnancy.

      - A patient of childbearing potential is anyone, regardless of sexual orientation
      or whether they have undergone tubal ligation, who meets the following criteria:
      1) has achieved menarche at some point, 2) has not undergone a hysterectomy or
      bilateral oophorectomy; or 3) has not been naturally postmenopausal (amenorrhea
      following cancer therapy does not rule out childbearing potential) for at least
      24 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 24
      consecutive months).

   - STEP 2 (CROSSOVER ARM Z): Patients must not expect to conceive or father children by
   using accepted and effective method(s) of contraception or by abstaining from sexual
   intercourse for the duration of their participation in the study and for 6 months
   after completion of treatment on the study