We had such an enormous response to our live Q&A at SHE Talks this year, we were only able to answer a handful of questions. Dr. Sha has kindly answered some of the most commonly asked questions we were unable to get to during our one-hour event.
1. Is dementia an inflammation-related disorder? If so, does an anti-inflammatory diet help prevent it?
We do not currently know for sure. However, inflammation is increasingly recognized as playing a significant role in dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease. While research is still ongoing, there is evidence suggesting that an anti-inflammatory diet, such as the Mediterranean or MIND diet, may help reduce inflammation and potentially lower dementia risk. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats such as olive oil, and limited red meat and sugar is generally recommended for brain health.
2. Are there specific early markers for noticing cognitive decline in others—parents, family members, friends, etc.?
Unfortunately, symptoms that cause a change in functional independence do not appear early in the disease stage. Some signs you might notice include cognitive changes that disrupt daily life, including difficulty managing finances, appointments, medications, or other household chores. The symptoms might also be non-specific such as repeating questions or stories, trouble with navigation, or multi-tasking. These symptoms are seen in dementia but also can be symptomatic of other causes. If there are concerns for progressively declining cognitive difficulties, it is best to be evaluated by a health care professional to determine the cause.
3. What next steps can you take, while still being respectful, if you start to see cognitive changes in loved ones?
Approach the situation gently, expressing care and concern rather than alarm. Suggest an evaluation by their primary care doctor or a specialist, who can help distinguish between normal aging and something more serious. Reassure them that early evaluation can be beneficial, empowering, and possibly offer treatments to help.
4. What can be done for those already diagnosed with dementia?
While dementia currently has no cure, early diagnosis allows for management strategies that can slow progression, improve quality of life, and provide essential support. These include medication, cognitive stimulation activities, regular exercise, dietary interventions, social engagement, caregiver support, and clinical trials participation. Similarly, obtaining care can help families plan for the future and consider safety and finance concerns.
5. Where can I find more information about clinical trials at Stanford related to Alzheimer’s and dementia?
You can visit the Stanford Memory Disorders Clinical Trials website, where we also have information about our observational research (non-intervention) project. Our NIH-funded Alzheimer's Disease Research Center provides regularly updated information on ongoing trials, and other research programs in our memory division here.
6. What impact could National Institutes of Health (NIH) cuts have on dementia research?
Cuts to NIH funding will significantly hinder dementia research. New projects may not be funded and projects that are ongoing are at risk of losing their continuity. Critical clinical trials to discover new treatments that can alter disease progression are at risk of losing funding or not getting initiated at all. The infrastructure for continuing research at academic universities is at risk, as is the ability to keep young scientists interested and supported in this field of research. Sustained investment is crucial for maintaining momentum in finding cures or treatments.
7. What is the latest research on the benefits of coffee in relation to cognition and overall health?
Recent research has suggested moderate coffee consumption (about 1-3 cups daily) is associated with cognitive benefits and reduced risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s diseases. Coffee contains antioxidants and bioactive compounds that may help reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. However, excessive consumption could have adverse effects, so moderation is essential.
8. Are there suggestions for people who cannot engage in physical exercise due to being wheelchair-bound or having significant physical limitations or chronic health challenges?
Yes. Cognitive stimulation through mental activities (games, educational courses, languages, arts), stress management techniques (meditation, mindfulness), maintaining social interactions, and prioritizing sleep hygiene can all significantly protect cognitive health despite physical limitations. There are also alternative ways to exercise depending on the physical limitation. Chair exercises are one option for people who primarily use a wheelchair. Swimming can often be an option for those who have joint problems.
9. In your opinion, what is the one most important step a person can take to lower their risk of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease?
While there is no single item, I often prioritize exercise! Aerobic exercise has strong evidence for significantly reducing dementia risk, although there is data to support engaging in other types of exercise as well. However, I don’t think we should just do one thing—make a plan to adopt a lifestyle that includes the other items known to reduce our risk: social engagement, mental stimulation, quality sleep, and good nutrition too. You can start with exercise, but if you invite friends to join you on your daily walks, you can have more fun and get the socialization you need for brain health.
10. I have a family history of Alzheimer’s. I'm doing everything I can to mitigate my risk. Should I consider additional steps?
It’s excellent that you’re proactive in mitigating your risk. Continue maintaining a healthy lifestyle (diet, exercise, cognitive activities), and ensure regular health screenings. Participating in clinical research could also provide insight and help advance knowledge for yourself and others.
11. Where can I get more information about the resources available at Stanford Medicine?
1. Stanford Center for Memory Disorders
2. Stanford Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center
