CF Research Team
Carlos Milla, MD
Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Division
CF Center Director, Pediatrics
Specialty: Pulmonary Medincine and Transplant
Jackie (Zirbes) Spano, DNP, RN, CNP, CCRC
Pediatric Clinical Research Practitioner
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Lani Demchak, BS, MBA
Clinical Research Coordinator II
Amanda Keen, MSN, RN
Clinical Research Nurse Coordinator
Monica Elazar
Regulatory Affairs
Laura Rojas
Life Science Research Professional II
Kayo Nakano
Research Assistant
If you're interested in learning more, please send an email to stanfordcfresearchinfo@stanford.edu.
Research Information
What Is a Clinical Trial?
Clinical trials are tests of drugs or medical devices to determine if they are safe to be used on humans and whether they are effective. The government requires clinical trials be conducted and evaluated before drugs are approved for human use. Before any drug or device can be administered or used by anyone, the sponsor must provide the FDA with the results of laboratory and animal research. Once approval is given the clinical trial process can begin. Trials are usually done in three parts or "phases".
A Phase One Trial is the beginning of the testing process. The drug or device is tested on a small number of healthy volunteers. In CF, sometimes a waiver is given so that the testing is done on people who have CF, but are generally fairly healthy. The results of a Phase One trial show what happens to the drug in a human, and whether side effects occur or change as the amount of the dosage is increased. A Phase One trial usually takes from six to twelve months.
A Phase Two Trial is one done to determine if a drug that was proven safe in Phase One is also effective. In a Phase Two trial, people who have the disease that is being studied are given the drug to test if it has any effect on the disease. This phase is done over several months and another factor is added. The drug is "randomized", meaning that some people get the drug and others get a placebo that looks just like the study drug but has no active ingredients. In this way no one, even the clinicians studying the drug, know if the patients are getting the actual drug and so the results are not biased. A Phase Two trial determines the short-term safety and effectiveness of the drug or device.
A Phase Three Trial is a much larger study done with many more people and for a much longer time. The purpose of a Phase Three trial is to determine further safety, effectiveness, and proper dosages of the drug.
Informed Consent:
Another very important part of clinical trials is that they are performed on people who have agreed to participate. This concept is called "Informed Consent". The voluntary consent of human subjects is absolutely essential. Any clinical investigation involving human subjects is required to obtain an informed consent from the subject prior to the study.
The consent is an actual document designed to give potential subjects all the information they need in order to decide about whether to participate in a trial. It is meant to ensure that they understand all aspects of what is being asked of them, and that there can be discussion between the subject and the investigator. The Informed Consent must be signed before the subject can participate in the clinical trial.
