Robert Sapolsky

Publications

• Blocking glucocorticoid and enhancing estrogenic genomic signaling protects against cerebral ischemia. Cheng MY, Sun G, Jin M, Zhao H, Steinberg GK, Sapolsky RM. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009; 29 (1): 130-6
• Disruption of fear memory through dual-hormone gene therapy. Rodrigues SM, Sapolsky RM. Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 65 (5): 441-4
• Anti-apoptotic therapy with a Tat fusion protein protects against excitotoxic insults in vitro and in vivo. Ju KL, Manley NC, Sapolsky RM. Exp Neurol. 2008; 210 (2): 602-7
• Hypothermia blocks beta-catenin degradation after focal ischemia in rats. Zhang H, Ren C, Gao X, Takahashi T, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK, Zhao H. Brain Res. 2008: 1198 182-7
• Acute corticosterone treatment is sufficient to induce anxiety and amygdaloid dendritic hypertrophy. Mitra R, Sapolsky RM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105 (14): 5573-8
• Effects of enrichment predominate over those of chronic stress on fear-related behavior in male rats. Mitra R, Sapolsky RM. Stress. 2008: 1
• An inflammatory review of glucocorticoid actions in the CNS. Sorrells SF, Sapolsky RM. Brain Behav Immun. 2007; 21 (3): 259-72
• Gene therapy using SOD1 protects striatal neurons from experimental stroke. Davis AS, Zhao H, Sun GH, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Neurosci Lett. 2007; 411 (1): 32-6
• The effects of toxoplasma infection on rodent behavior are dependent on dose of the stimulus. Vyas A, Kim SK, Sapolsky RM. Neuroscience. 2007; 148 (2): 342-8
• General versus specific actions of mild-moderate hypothermia in attenuating cerebral ischemic damage. Zhao H, Steinberg GK, Sapolsky RM. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007; 27 (12): 1879-94
• Conditions of protection by hypothermia and effects on apoptotic pathways in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Zhao H, Wang JQ, Shimohata T, Sun G, Yenari MA, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. J Neurosurg. 2007; 107 (3): 636-41
• Characterization of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression following a kainate model of status epilepticus. Manley NC, Bertrand AA, Kinney KS, Hing TC, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 2007: 1182 138-43
• Viral caspase inhibitor p35, but not crmA, is neuroprotective in the ischemic penumbra following experimental stroke. Sung JH, Zhao H, Roy M, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Neuroscience. 2007; 149 (4): 804-12
• Behavioral changes induced by Toxoplasma infection of rodents are highly specific to aversion of cat odors. Vyas A, Kim SK, Giacomini N, Boothroyd JC, Sapolsky RM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104 (15): 6442-7
• Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats. Zhao H, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006; 26 (9): 1114-21
• Phosphoinositide-3-kinase/akt survival signal pathways are implicated in neuronal survival after stroke. Zhao H, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Mol Neurobiol. 2006; 34 (3): 249-70
• Biphasic cytochrome c release after transient global ischemia and its inhibition by hypothermia. Zhao H, Yenari MA, Cheng D, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2005; 25 (9): 1119-29
• Gene therapy in neurological disease. Yenari MA, Sapolsky RM. Methods Mol Med. 2005: 104 75-88
• Sleep restriction suppresses neurogenesis induced by hippocampus-dependent learning. Hairston IS, Little MT, Scanlon MD, Barakat MT, Palmer TD, Sapolsky RM, Heller HC. J Neurophysiol. 2005; 94 (6): 4224-33
• Akt contributes to neuroprotection by hypothermia against cerebral ischemia in rats. Zhao H, Shimohata T, Wang JQ, Sun G, Schaal DW, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. J Neurosci. 2005; 25 (42): 9794-806
• The influence of social hierarchy on primate health. Sapolsky RM, Science. 2005; 308 (5722): 648-52
• Sleep deprivation effects on growth factor expression in neonatal rats: a potential role for BDNF in the mediation of delta power. Hairston IS, Peyron C, Denning DP, Ruby NF, Flores J, Sapolsky RM, Heller HC, O'Hara BF. J Neurophysiol. 2004; 91 (4): 1586-95
• Neurotoxic effects of polymorphonuclear granulocytes on hippocampal primary cultures. Dinkel K, Dhabhar FS, Sapolsky RM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101 (1): 331-6
• Mild postischemic hypothermia prolongs the time window for gene therapy by inhibiting cytochrome C release. Zhao H, Yenari MA, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Stroke. 2004; 35 (2): 572-7
• Glucocorticoids influence brain glycogen levels during sleep deprivation. Gip P, Hagiwara G, Sapolsky RM, Cao VH, Heller HC, Ruby NF. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004; 286 (6): R1057-62
• Catalase over-expression protects striatal neurons from transient focal cerebral ischemia. Gu W, Zhao H, Yenari MA, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Neuroreport. 2004; 15 (3): 413-6
• A pacific culture among wild baboons: its emergence and transmission. Sapolsky RM, Share LJ. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2 (4): E106
• Bcl-2 transfection via herpes simplex virus blocks apoptosis-inducing factor translocation after focal ischemia in the rat. Zhao H, Yenari MA, Cheng D, Barreto-Chang OL, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004; 24 (6): 681-92
• Dual-gene, dual-cell type therapy against an excitotoxic insult by bolstering neuroenergetics. Bliss TM, Ip M, Cheng E, Minami M, Pellerin L, Magistretti P, Sapolsky RM. J Neurosci. 2004; 24 (27): 6202-8
• Is impaired neurogenesis relevant to the affective symptoms of depression? Sapolsky RM, Biol Psychiatry. 2004; 56 (3): 137-9
• Overexpression of calbindin D(28k) in dentate gyrus granule cells alters mossy fiber presynaptic function and impairs hippocampal-dependent memory. Dumas TC, Powers EC, Tarapore PE, Sapolsky RM. Hippocampus. 2004; 14 (6): 701-9
• Restructuring the neuronal stress response with anti-glucocorticoid gene delivery. Kaufer D, Ogle WO, Pincus ZS, Clark KL, Nicholas AC, Dinkel KM, Dumas TC, Ferguson D, Lee AL, Winters MA, Sapolsky RM. Nat Neurosci. 2004; 7 (9): 947-53
• Organismal stress and telomeric aging: an unexpected connection. Sapolsky RM, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101 (50): 17323-4
• The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system. Sapolsky RM, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004; 359 (1451): 1787-96
• Glutathione peroxidase overexpression inhibits cytochrome C release and proapoptotic mediators to protect neurons from experimental stroke. Hoehn B, Yenari MA, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Stroke. 2003; 34 (10): 2489-94
• The neuroprotective effects of virally-derived caspase inhibitors p35 and crmA following a necrotic insult. Roy M, Sapolsky RM. Neurobiol Dis. 2003; 14 (1): 1-9
• Altering behavior with gene transfer in the limbic system. Sapolsky RM, Physiol Behav. 2003; 79 (3): 479-86
• Potassium channel gene therapy can prevent neuron death resulting from necrotic and apoptotic insults. Lee AL, Dumas TC, Tarapore PE, Webster BR, Ho DY, Kaufer D, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 2003; 86 (5): 1079-88
• Gene therapy and hypothermia for stroke treatment. Yenari MA, Zhao H, Giffard RG, Sobel RA, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003: 993 54-68; discussion 79-81
• gp120 neurotoxicity fails to induce heat shock defenses, while the over expression of hsp70 protects against gp120. Lim MC, Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res Bull. 2003; 61 (2): 183-8
• Bcl-2 overexpression protects against neuron loss within the ischemic margin following experimental stroke and inhibits cytochrome c translocation and caspase-3 activity. Zhao H, Yenari MA, Cheng D, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. J Neurochem. 2003; 85 (4): 1026-36
• Effects of glucocorticoids in the gp120-induced inhibition of glutamate uptake in hippocampal cultures. Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 2003; 972 (1-2): 137-41
• The exacerbation of hippocampal excitotoxicity by glucocorticoids is not mediated by apoptosis. Roy M, Sapolsky RM. Neuroendocrinology. 2003; 77 (1): 24-31
• Stress and plasticity in the limbic system. Sapolsky RM, Neurochem Res. 2003; 28 (11): 1735-42
• Neuroprotective gene therapy against acute neurological insults. Sapolsky RM, Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003; 4 (1): 61-9
• Novel glucocorticoid effects on acute inflammation in the CNS. Dinkel K, MacPherson A, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 2003; 84 (4): 705-16
• Gene therapy for psychiatric disorders. Sapolsky RM, Am J Psychiatry. 2003; 160 (2): 208-20
• HSV-mediated delivery of virally derived anti-apoptotic genes protects the rat hippocampus from damage following excitotoxicity, but not metabolic disruption. Roy M, Hom JJ, Sapolsky RM. Gene Ther. 2002; 9 (3): 214-9
• Glucocorticoids and central nervous system inflammation. Dinkel K, Ogle WO, Sapolsky RM. J Neurovirol. 2002; 8 (6): 513-28
• Protection against gp120-induced neurotoxicity by an array of estrogenic steroids. Zemlyak I, Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 2002; 958 (2): 272-6
• Glucocorticoid exacerbation of gp120 neurotoxicity: role of microglia. Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Exp Neurol. 2002; 177 (1): 151-8
• Effect of GP120 on glutathione peroxidase activity in cortical cultures and the interaction with steroid hormones. Brooke SM, McLaughlin JR, Cortopassi KM, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 2002; 81 (2): 277-84
• Stress and depression: possible links to neuron death in the hippocampus. Lee AL, Ogle WO, Sapolsky RM. Bipolar Disord. 2002; 4 (2): 117-28
• Disturbing behaviors of the orangutan. Maggioncalda AN, Sapolsky RM. Sci Am. 2002; 286 (6): 60-5
• Male orangutan subadulthood: a new twist on the relationship between chronic stress and developmental arrest. Maggioncalda AN, Czekala NM, Sapolsky RM. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2002; 118 (1): 25-32
• Gene transfer of HSP72 protects cornu ammonis 1 region of the hippocampus neurons from global ischemia: influence of Bcl-2. Kelly S, Zhang ZJ, Zhao H, Xu L, Giffard RG, Sapolsky RM, Yenari MA, Steinberg GK. Ann Neurol. 2002; 52 (2): 160-7
• Gene therapy against neurological insults: sparing neurons versus sparing function. Dumas TC, Sapolsky RM. Trends Neurosci. 2001; 24 (12): 695-700
• Sleep deprivation elevates plasma corticosterone levels in neonatal rats. Hairston IS, Ruby NF, Brooke S, Peyron C, Denning DP, Heller HC, Sapolsky RM. Neurosci Lett. 2001; 315 (1-2): 29-32
• Overexpression of HSP72 after induction of experimental stroke protects neurons from ischemic damage. Hoehn B, Ringer TM, Xu L, Giffard RG, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK, Yenari MA. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001; 21 (11): 1303-9
• Depression, antidepressants, and the shrinking hippocampus. Sapolsky RM, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98 (22): 12320-2
• Gene therapy and the aging nervous system. Ogle WO, Sapolsky RM. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001; 122 (14): 1555-63
• Gene therapy for treatment of cerebral ischemia using defective herpes simplex viral vectors. Yenari MA, Dumas TC, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Neurol Res. 2001; 23 (5): 543-52
• Gene therapy for treatment of cerebral ischemia using defective herpes simplex viral vectors. Yenari MA, Dumas TC, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001: 939 340-57
• Neuroprotective effects of an adenoviral vector expressing the glucose transporter: a detailed description of the mediating cellular events. Gupta A, Ho DY, Brooke S, Franklin L, Roy M, McLaughlin J, Fink SL, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 2001; 908 (1): 49-57
• Neuroprotection with herpes simplex vectors expressing virally derived anti-apoptotic agents. Roy M, Hom J, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 2001; 901 (1-2): 12-22
• Differential sensitivity of murine astrocytes and neurons from different brain regions to injury. Xu L, Sapolsky RM, Giffard RG. Exp Neurol. 2001; 169 (2): 416-24
• Atrophy of the hippocampus in posttraumatic stress disorder: how and when? Sapolsky RM, Hippocampus. 2001; 11 (2): 90-1
• Gene therapy effectiveness differs for neuronal survival and behavioral performance. Phillips RG, Monje ML, Giuli LC, Meier TJ, Yenari MA, Kunis D, Sapolsky RM. Gene Ther. 2001; 8 (8): 579-85
• Interactions among glucose, lactate and adenosine regulate energy substrate utilization in hippocampal cultures. Bliss TM, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 2001; 899 (1-2): 134-41
• Calbindin d28k overexpression protects striatal neurons from transient focal cerebral ischemia. Yenari MA, Minami M, Sun GH, Meier TJ, Kunis DM, McLaughlin JR, Ho DY, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Stroke. 2001; 32 (4): 1028-35
• Cellular defenses against excitotoxic insults. Sapolsky RM, J Neurochem. 2001; 76 (6): 1601-11
• Mechanisms of estrogenic protection against gp120-induced neurotoxicity. Howard SA, Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Exp Neurol. 2001; 168 (2): 385-91
• Alzheimer's disease and some speculations about the evolution of its modifiers. Sapolsky RM, Finch CE. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000: 924 99-103
• The effects of steroid hormones in HIV-related neurotoxicity: a mini review. Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Biol Psychiatry. 2000; 48 (9): 881-93
• The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death. Sapolsky RM, Biol Psychiatry. 2000; 48 (8): 755-65
• Stress hormones: good and bad. Sapolsky RM, Neurobiol Dis. 2000; 7 (5): 540-2
• Gene therapies that enhance hippocampal neuron survival after an excitotoxic insult are not equivalent in their ability to maintain synaptic transmission. Dumas TC, McLaughlin JR, Ho DY, Lawrence MS, Sapolsky RM. Exp Neurol. 2000; 166 (1): 180-9
• Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Sapolsky RM, Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000; 57 (10): 925-35
• Growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations in captive male orangutans: implications for understanding developmental arrest. Maggioncalda AN, Czekala NM, Sapolsky RM. Am J Primatol. 2000; 50 (1): 67-76
• Reply Roy M, Sapolsky RM. Trends Neurosci. 2000; 23 (9): 411
• Neuroprotective potential of a viral vector system induced by a neurological insult. Ozawa CR, Ho JJ, Tsai DJ, Ho DY, Sapolsky RM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97 (16): 9270-5
• An adenoviral vector expressing the glucose transporter protects cultured striatal neurons from 3-nitropropionic acid. Fink SL, Ho DY, McLaughlin J, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 2000; 859 (1): 21-5
• Limitations in the neuroprotective potential of gene therapy with Bcl-2. Phillips RG, Lawrence MS, Ho DY, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 2000; 859 (2): 202-6
• A cautionary note: the actions of adenosine agonists and antagonists may be reversed under certain conditions in primary cultures. Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res Bull. 2000; 51 (4): 307-12
• How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU. Endocr Rev. 2000; 21 (1): 55-89
• Long-term expression driven by herpes simplex virus type-1 amplicons may fail due to eventual degradation or extrusion of introduced transgenes. Tsai DJ, Ho JJ, Ozawa CR, Sapolsky RM. Exp Neurol. 2000; 165 (1): 58-65
• Gene therapy using viral vectors for acute neurologic insults. Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Neurology. 1999; 53 (9): 1922-31
• An outsider's commentary. Sapolsky RM, Adv Mind Body Med. 1999; 15 (1): 72-5
• Gene therapy for acute neurological insults. Sapolsky R,, Steinberg G. Neurology. 1999; (10): 1922
• In vivo characterization of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat hippocampus using glucocorticoid neuroendangerment as an endpoint. Ajilore OA, Sapolsky RM. Neuroendocrinology. 1999; 69 (2): 138-44
• The neuroprotective potential of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Yenari MA, Giffard RG, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Mol Med Today. 1999; 5 (12): 525-31
• Glucocorticoids, stress, and their adverse neurological effects: relevance to aging. Sapolsky RM, Exp Gerontol. 1999; 34 (6): 721-32
• Quantification of neuron survival in monolayer cultures using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay approach, rather than by cell counting. Brooke SM, Bliss TM, Franklin LR, Sapolsky RM. Neurosci Lett. 1999; 267 (1): 21-4
• Glucocorticoid modulation of gp120-induced effects on calcium-dependent degenerative events in primary hippocampal and cortical cultures. Howard SA, Nakayama AY, Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Exp Neurol. 1999; 158 (1): 164-70
• Calbindin D28K gene transfer via herpes simplex virus amplicon vector decreases hippocampal damage in vivo following neurotoxic insults. Phillips RG, Meier TJ, Giuli LC, McLaughlin JR, Ho DY, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1999; 73 (3): 1200-5
• Reproductive hormone profiles in captive male orangutans: implications for understanding developmental arrest. Maggioncalda AN, Sapolsky RM, Czekala NM. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1999; 109 (1): 19-32
• Gene therapy with HSP72 is neuroprotective in rat models of stroke and epilepsy. Yenari MA, Fink SL, Sun GH, Chang LK, Patel MK, Kunis DM, Onley D, Ho DY, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Ann Neurol. 1998; 44 (4): 584-91
• Energy dependency of glucocorticoid exacerbation of gp120 neurotoxicity. Brooke SM, Howard SA, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1998; 71 (3): 1187-93
• Gene transfer of calbindin D28k cDNA via herpes simplex virus amplicon vector decreases cytoplasmic calcium ion response and enhances neuronal survival following glutamatergic challenge but not following cyanide. Meier TJ, Ho DY, Park TS, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1998; 71 (3): 1013-23
• Glucocorticoids interact with gp120 in causing neurotoxicity in striatal cultures. Iyer AM, Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1998; 808 (2): 305-9
• Glucocorticoids may alter antioxidant enzyme capacity in the brain: baseline studies. McIntosh LJ, Hong KE, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1998; 791 (1-2): 209-14
• Darting terrestrial primates in the wild: a primer. Sapolsky RM, Share LJ. Am J Primatol. 1998; 44 (2): 155-67
• Glucocorticoids may alter antioxidant enzyme capacity in the brain: kainic acid studies. McIntosh LJ, Cortopassi KM, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1998; 791 (1-2): 215-22
• Gene therapy for the nervous system. Ho DY, Sapolsky RM. Sci Am. 1997; 276 (6): 116-20
• Herpes simplex viral vectors expressing Bcl-2 are neuroprotective when delivered after a stroke. Lawrence MS, McLaughlin JR, Sun GH, Ho DY, McIntosh L, Kunis DM, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1997; 17 (7): 740-4
• Increased expression of calbindin D28k via herpes simplex virus amplicon vector decreases calcium ion mobilization and enhances neuronal survival after hypoglycemic challenge. Meier TJ, Ho DY, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1997; 69 (3): 1039-47
• The importance of a well-groomed child. Sapolsky RM, Science. 1997; 277 (5332): 1620-1
• Insulin-like growth factor I is suppressed in socially subordinate male baboons. Sapolsky RM, Spencer EM. Am J Physiol. 1997; 273 (4 Pt 2): R1346-51
• Hypercortisolism associated with social subordinance or social isolation among wild baboons. Sapolsky RM, Alberts SC, Altmann J. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997; 54 (12): 1137-43
• McEwen-Induced Modulation of Endocrine History: A Partial Review. Sapolsky RM, Stress. 1997; 2 (1): 1-12
• Defective herpes simplex virus vectors expressing the rat brain stress-inducible heat shock protein 72 protect cultured neurons from severe heat shock. Fink SL, Chang LK, Ho DY, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1997; 68 (3): 961-9
• Endocrine modulation of the neurotoxicity of gp120: implications for AIDS-related dementia complex. Brooke S, Chan R, Howard S, Sapolsky R. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997; 94 (17): 9457-62
• Application of silicon microphysiometry to tissue slices: detection of metabolic correlates of selective vulnerability. Ajilore OA, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1997; 752 (1-2): 99-106
• Styles of male social behavior and their endocrine correlates among low-ranking baboons. Virgin CE, Sapolsky RM. Am J Primatol. 1997; 42 (1): 25-39
• 'The Trouble With Testosterone' and Other Essays on the Biology of the Human Predicament. Sapolsky, R., Scribner. 1997
• Glucocorticoids may enhance oxygen radical-mediated neurotoxicity. McIntosh LJ, Sapolsky RM. Neurotoxicology. 1996 Fall-Winter; 17 (3-4): 873-82
• Why stress is bad for your brain. Sapolsky RM, Science. 1996; 273 (5276): 749-50
• Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Damage to the Nervous System: The Current State of Confusion. Sapolsky RM, Stress. 1996; 1 (1): 1-19
• Endocrine modulators of necrotic neuron death. Chan RS, Huey ED, Maecker HL, Cortopassi KM, Howard SA, Iyer AM, McIntosh LJ, Ajilore OA, Brooke SM, Sapolsky RM. Brain Pathol. 1996; 6 (4): 481-91
• Glucocorticoids increase the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and enhance adriamycin-induced toxicity in neuronal culture. McIntosh LJ, Sapolsky RM. Exp Neurol. 1996; 141 (2): 201-6
• Inducible gene expression from defective herpes simplex virus vectors using the tetracycline-responsive promoter system. Ho DY, McLaughlin JR, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1996; 41 (1-2): 200-9
• Excitotoxic neuron death, acidotic endangerment, and the paradox of acidotic protection. Sapolsky RM, Trafton J, Tombaugh GC. Adv Neurol. 1996: 71 237-44; discussion 244-5
• Energy and glutamate dependency of 3-Nitropropionic acid neurotoxicity in culture. Fink SL, Ho DY, Sapolsky RM. Exp Neurol. 1996; 138 (2): 298-304
• Overexpression of the glucose transporter gene with a herpes simplex viral vector protects striatal neurons against stroke. Lawrence MS, Sun GH, Kunis DM, Saydam TC, Dash R, Ho DY, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996; 16 (2): 181-5
• Autofluorescence as a confound in the determination of calcium levels in hippocampal slices using fura-2AM dye. Brooke SM, Trafton JA, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1996; 706 (2): 283-8
• Overexpression of Bcl-2 with herpes simplex virus vectors protects CNS neurons against neurological insults in vitro and in vivo. Lawrence MS, Ho DY, Sun GH, Steinberg GK, Sapolsky RM. J Neurosci. 1996; 16 (2): 486-96
• Do the salutary effects of food restriction occur because of or despite of the accompanying hyperadrenocorticism? Sapolsky RM, Neurobiol Aging. 1995 Sep-Oct; 16 (5): 849-50; discussion 855-6
• Social subordinance as a marker of hypercortisolism. Some unexpected subtleties. Sapolsky RM, Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995: 771 626-39
• Patterns of adrenocorticotropin secretagog release in response to social interactions and various degrees of novelty. Romero LM, Levine S, Sapolsky RM. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995; 20 (2): 183-91
• Herpes simplex virus vector system: analysis of its in vivo and in vitro cytopathic effects. Ho DY, Fink SL, Lawrence MS, Meier TJ, Saydam TC, Dash R, Sapolsky RM. J Neurosci Methods. 1995; 57 (2): 205-15
• Adrenocorticotropin secretagog release: stimulation by frustration and paradoxically by reward presentation. Romero LM, Levine S, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1995; 676 (1): 151-6
• Defective herpes simplex virus vectors expressing the rat brain glucose transporter protect cultured neurons from necrotic insults. Ho DY, Saydam TC, Fink SL, Lawrence MS, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1995; 65 (2): 842-50
• Herpes simplex virus vectors overexpressing the glucose transporter gene protect against seizure-induced neuron loss. Lawrence MS, Ho DY, Dash R, Sapolsky RM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92 (16): 7247-51
• Dexamethasone resistance among nonhuman primates associated with a selective decrease of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus and a history of social instability. Brooke SM, de Haas-Johnson AM, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Sapolsky RM. Neuroendocrinology. 1994; 60 (2): 134-40
• Glucocorticoids increase extracellular [3H]D-aspartate overflow in hippocampal cultures during cyanide-induced ischemia. Chou YC, Lin WJ, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1994; 654 (1): 8-14
• The physiological relevance of glucocorticoid endangerment of the hippocampus. Sapolsky RM, Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994: 746 294-304; discussion 304-7
• Physiological elevations of glucocorticoids potentiate glutamate accumulation in the hippocampus. Stein-Behrens BA, Lin WJ, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1994; 63 (2): 596-602
• Characterization of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in primate brain. Brooke SM, de Haas-Johnson AM, Kaplan JR, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1994; 637 (1-2): 303-7
• Glucocorticoids accelerate ATP loss following metabolic insults in cultured hippocampal neurons. Lawrence MS, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1994; 646 (2): 303-6
• Patterns of adrenocorticotropin secretagog release with hypoglycemia, novelty, and restraint after colchicine blockade of axonal transport. Romero LM, Plotsky PM, Sapolsky RM. Endocrinology. 1993; 132 (1): 199-204
• Potential behavioral modification of glucocorticoid damage to the hippocampus. Sapolsky RM, Behav Brain Res. 1993; 57 (2): 175-82
• Senescent decline in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations in a population of wild baboons. Sapolsky RM, Vogelman JH, Orentreich N, Altmann J. J Gerontol. 1993; 48 (5): B196-200
• Corticosterone exacerbates kainate-induced alterations in hippocampal tau immunoreactivity and spectrin proteolysis in vivo. Elliott EM, Mattson MP, Vanderklish P, Lynch G, Chang I, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1993; 61 (1): 57-67
• Inhibition of acidification rate in cultured fibroblasts by glucocorticoids. Application of silicon microphysiometry to endocrinology. Redish DM, Raley-Susman KM, Sapolsky RM. Horm Metab Res. 1993; 25 (5): 264-7
• Altering central nervous system physiology with a defective herpes simplex virus vector expressing the glucose transporter gene. Ho DY, Mocarski ES, Sapolsky RM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90 (8): 3655-9
• Corticosterone impairs hippocampal neuronal calcium regulation--possible mediating mechanisms. Elliott EM, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1993; 602 (1): 84-90
• Endocrine features of glucocorticoid endangerment in hippocampal astrocytes. Tombaugh GC, Sapolsky RM. Neuroendocrinology. 1993; 57 (1): 7-13
• Endocrinology alfresco: psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons. Sapolsky RM, Recent Prog Horm Res. 1993: 48 437-68
• Do glucocorticoid concentrations rise with age in the rat? Sapolsky RM, Neurobiol Aging. 1992 Jan-Feb; 13 (1): 171-4
• Glucocorticoids exacerbate kainic acid-induced extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acids in the rat hippocampus. Stein-Behrens BA, Elliott EM, Miller CA, Schilling JW, Newcombe R, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1992; 58 (5): 1730-5
• Effects of excitotoxin exposure on metabolic rate of primary hippocampal cultures: application of silicon microphysiometry to neurobiology. Raley-Susman KM, Miller KR, Owicki JC, Sapolsky RM. J Neurosci. 1992; 12 (3): 773-80
• Possible mechanism by which stress accelerates growth of virally derived tumors. Romero LM, Raley-Susman KM, Redish DM, Brooke SM, Horner HC, Sapolsky RM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992; 89 (22): 11084-7
• Cortisol concentrations and the social significance of rank instability among wild baboons. Sapolsky RM, Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992; 17 (6): 701-9
• Corticosterone enhances kainic acid-induced calcium elevation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Elliott EM, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1992; 59 (3): 1033-40
• Stress, glucocorticoids, and aging. Stein-Behrens BA, Sapolsky RM. Aging (Milano). 1992; 4 (3): 197-210
• Glucocorticoids exacerbate hypoxic and hypoglycemic hippocampal injury in vitro: biochemical correlates and a role for astrocytes. Tombaugh GC, Yang SH, Swanson RA, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1992; 59 (1): 137-46
• Energetics and neuron death: hibernating bears or starving refugees? Sapolsky RM, Neurobiol Aging. 1991 Jul-Aug; 12 (4): 348-9; discussion 352-5
• Testicular function, social rank and personality among wild baboons. Sapolsky RM, Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1991; 16 (4): 281-93
• Regulation of intracellular pH in cultured hippocampal neurons by an amiloride-insensitive Na+/H+ exchanger. Raley-Susman KM, Cragoe EJ, Sapolsky RM, Kopito RR. J Biol Chem. 1991; 266 (5): 2739-45
• Glucocorticoids inhibit glucose transport and glutamate uptake in hippocampal astrocytes: implications for glucocorticoid neurotoxicity. Virgin CE, Ha TP, Packan DR, Tombaugh GC, Yang SH, Horner HC, Sapolsky RM. J Neurochem. 1991; 57 (4): 1422-8
• Long-term adrenalectomy causes loss of dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons in the adult hippocampus. Sapolsky RM, Stein-Behrens BA, Armanini MP. Exp Neurol. 1991; 114 (2): 246-9
• Incidence of hypercortisolism and dexamethasone resistance increases with age among wild baboons. Sapolsky RM, Altmann J. Biol Psychiatry. 1991; 30 (10): 1008-16
• Inhibition of glucocorticoid secretion by the hippocampal formation in the primate. Sapolsky RM, Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR. J Neurosci. 1991; 11 (12): 3695-704
• Hypercortisolism and its possible neural bases. Sapolsky RM, Plotsky PM. Biol Psychiatry. 1990; 27 (9): 937-52
• Glucocorticoid endangerment of the hippocampus: tissue, steroid and receptor specificity. Packan DR, Sapolsky RM. Neuroendocrinology. 1990; 51 (6): 613-8
• Mechanistic distinctions between excitotoxic and acidotic hippocampal damage in an in vitro model of ischemia. Tombaugh GC, Sapolsky RM. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1990; 10 (4): 527-35
• Glucocorticoids inhibit glucose transport in cultured hippocampal neurons and glia. Horner HC, Packan DR, Sapolsky RM. Neuroendocrinology. 1990; 52 (1): 57-64
• Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates. Sapolsky RM, Uno H, Rebert CS, Finch CE. J Neurosci. 1990; 10 (9): 2897-902
• Glucocorticoid endangerment of hippocampal neurons is NMDA-receptor dependent. Armanini MP, Hutchins C, Stein BA, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1990; 532 (1-2): 7-12
• A. E. Bennett Award paper. Adrenocortical function, social rank, and personality among wild baboons. Sapolsky RM, Biol Psychiatry. 1990; 28 (10): 862-78
• Hippocampal glutamine synthetase: insensitivity to glucocorticoids and stress. Tombaugh GC, Sapolsky RM. Am J Physiol. 1990; 258 (5 Pt 1): E894-7
• Glucocorticoids, hippocampal damage and the glutamatergic synapse. Sapolsky RM, Prog Brain Res. 1990: 86 13-23
• Stress in the wild. Sapolsky RM, Sci Am. 1990; 262 (1): 116-23
• Mild acidosis protects hippocampal neurons from injury induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation. Tombaugh GC, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1990; 506 (2): 343-5
• Glucocorticoid feedback inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretagogue release. Relationship to corticosteroid receptor occupancy in various limbic sites. Sapolsky RM, Armanini MP, Packan DR, Sutton SW, Plotsky PM. Neuroendocrinology. 1990; 51 (3): 328-36
• Venn diagrams and neuronal vulnerability. Sapolsky RM, Morrow EA, Tombaugh GC. Neurobiol Aging. 1989 Sep-Oct; 10 (5): 613-4; discussion 618-20
• Elevation of hypophysial portal concentrations of adrenocorticotropin secretagogues after fornix transection. Sapolsky RM, Armanini MP, Sutton SW, Plotsky PM. Endocrinology. 1989; 125 (6): 2881-7
• Hypercortisolism among socially subordinate wild baboons originates at the CNS level. Sapolsky RM, Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989; 46 (11): 1047-51
• Status epilepticus-induced hippocampal damage is modulated by glucose availability. Sapolsky RM, Stein BA. Neurosci Lett. 1989; 97 (1-2): 157-62
• Chemical adrenalectomy reduces hippocampal damage induced by kainic acid. Stein BA, Sapolsky RM. Brain Res. 1988; 473 (1): 175-80
• Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: in vitro demonstration. Sapolsky RM, Packan DR, Vale WW. Brain Res. 1988; 453 (1-2): 367-71
• Postmortem decay in glucocorticoid binding in human and primate brain. Sapolsky RM, Meaney MJ. Brain Res. 1988; 448 (1): 182-5
• Individual differences and the stress response: studies of a wild primate. Sapolsky RM, Adv Exp Med Biol. 1988: 245 399-411
• Stress-induced suppression of luteinizing hormone concentrations in wild baboons: role of opiates. Sapolsky RM, Krey LC. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988; 66 (4): 722-6
• Second generation questions about senescent neuron loss. Sapolsky RM, Neurobiol Aging. 1987 Nov-Dec; 8 (6): 547-8
• Social subordinance in wild baboons is associated with suppressed high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations: the possible role of chronic social stress. Sapolsky RM, Mott GE. Endocrinology. 1987; 121 (5): 1605-10