Key Documents

Joseph C. Wu

Assistant Professor - Med Center Line, Medicine - Cardiovascular Medicine
Assistant Professor - Med Center Line, Radiology
Member, Bio-X
Member, Cancer Center

Contact Information

Clinical Offices

Cardiovascular Medicine Clinic 300 Pasteur Dr A260 MC 5319 Stanford, CA 94305-2200
Telephone Work (650) 723-6145 Fax (650) 723-8392
Academic Offices

Personal Information
Email joewu@stanford.edu Tel (650) 736-2246

Administrative Contact
Donna Niernberger Administrative Associate Email donnan52@stanford.edu Tel Work 650-736-0449

Not for medical emergencies or patient use

Clinical Focus

Cardiovascular Disease
Congenital Heart Disease (Adult)
Echocardiography

Administrative Appointments

Editorial Board, Human Gene Therapy , (2009– present )
Editorial Board, Journal of Nuclear Cardiology , (2009– present )
Editorial Board, JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging , (2008– present )
Editorial Board, Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging , (2008– present )
Board Member, SNM Molecular Imaging Center of Excellence , (2006– 2009 )

Honors and Awards

Transformative R01 Award, National Institutes of Health (2009-2014)
Douglas P. Zipes Distinguished Young Scientist Award, American College of Cardiology (2009)
NIH Director's New Innovator Award, National Institutes of Health (2008-2013)
Baxter Faculty Scholar Award, Baxter Foundation (2008-2009)
BWF Career Award for Medical Scientists, Burroughs Wellcome Foundation (2007-2012)
ACCF/GE Career Award in Cardiovascular Imaging, American College of Cardiology/General Electrics (2006-2008)
Division of Cardiology Teaching Award (Innovation), Stanford School of Medicine (2008)
Edward Mallinckrodt Jr. Foundation Junior Faculty Award, Edward Mallinckrdot Jr. Foundation (2008)
William Parmley Prize, Journal American College of Cardiology (2009)
K08 Mentored Clinician Scientist Award, National Institutes of Health (2005-2008)
GSK Cardiovascular Young Investigator Award, GlaxoSmithKline (2003-2005)
Best Basic Science Paper, Circulation (2007)
Best Drug Development Young Investigator Award, Academy of Molecular Imaging (2005)
Best Basic Science Abstract, Bristol Myers Squibb Cardiology Fellows Forum (2003)
Cardiovascular Young Investigator Award (First Place), Society of Nuclear Medicine (2002)

Professional Education

Board Certification: Cardiovascular Disease, American Board of Internal Medicine (2004)
UCLA Medical Center (2004) CA
Board Certification: Internal Medicine, American Board of Internal Medicine (2000)
UCLA Medical Center (1999) CA
Yale University School of Medicine-Graduate (1997) CT
MD, Yale University Medicine (1997)
PhD, UCLA Molecular & Medical Pharmacology (2004)

Postdoctoral Advisees

Zhumur Ghosh, Shijun Hu, Feng Lan, Zongjin Li, Kyeong Soon Park, Ning Sun

Web Site Links

Wu Lab

Research Interests

My lab works on biological mechanisms of adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. We use a combination of gene profiling, tissue engineering, physiological testing, and molecular imaging technologies to better understand stem cell biology in vitro and in vivo. For adult stem cells, we are interested in monitoring stem cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. For ESC, we are currently studying their tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and differentiation. For iPSC, we are working on novel derivation techniques. We also work on development of novel vectors and therapeutic genes for cardiovascular gene therapy applications.

Publications

Feeder-free derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from adult human adipose stem cells. Sun N, Panetta NJ, Gupta DM, Wilson KD, Lee A, Jia F, Hu S, Cherry AM, Robbins RC, Longaker MT, Wu JC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106 (37): 15720-5
Novel minicircle vector for gene therapy in murine myocardial infarction. Huang M, Chen Z, Hu S, Jia F, Li Z, Hoyt G, Robbins RC, Kay MA, Wu JC. Circulation. 2009; 120 (11 Suppl): S230-7
Long term non-invasive imaging of embryonic stem cells using reporter genes. Sun N, Lee A, Wu JC. Nat Protoc. 2009; 4 (8): 1192-201
MicroRNA profiling of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Wilson KD, Venkatasubrahmanyam S, Jia F, Sun N, Butte AJ, Wu JC. Stem Cells Dev. 2009; 18 (5): 749-58
Transcriptional and functional profiling of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cao F, Wagner RA, Wilson KD, Xie X, Fu JD, Drukker M, Lee A, Li RA, Gambhir SS, Weissman IL, Robbins RC, Wu JC. PLoS One. 2008; 3 (10): e3474
Immunosuppressive therapy mitigates immunological rejection of human embryonic stem cell xenografts. Swijnenburg RJ, Schrepfer S, Govaert JA, Cao F, Ransohoff K, Sheikh AY, Haddad M, Connolly AJ, Davis MM, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105 (35): 12991-6
Comparison of optical bioluminescence reporter gene and superparamagnetic iron oxide MR contrast agent as cell markers for noninvasive imaging of cardiac cell transplantation. Chen IY, Greve JM, Gheysens O, Willmann JK, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Chu P, Sheikh AY, Faranesh AZ, Paulmurugan R, Yang PC, Wu JC, Gambhir SS. Mol Imaging Biol. 2009 May-Jun; 11 (3): 178-87
Imaging of STAT3 signaling pathway during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation. Xie X, Chan KS, Cao F, Huang M, Li Z, Lee A, Weissman IL, Wu JC. Stem Cells Dev. 2009; 18 (2): 205-14
Comparison of transplantation of adipose tissue- and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the infarcted heart. van der Bogt KE, Schrepfer S, Yu J, Sheikh AY, Hoyt G, Govaert JA, Velotta JB, Contag CH, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Transplantation. 2009; 87 (5): 642-52
Poor functional recovery after transplantation of diabetic bone marrow stem cells in ischemic myocardium. Govaert JA, Swijnenburg RJ, Schrepfer S, Xie X, van der Bogt KE, Hoyt G, Stein W, Ransohoff KJ, Robbins RC, Wu JC. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009; 28 (11): 1158-1165.e1
Hepatocyte growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer maximizes mesenchymal stem cell-based myocardial salvage after acute myocardial infarction. Deuse T, Peter C, Fedak PW, Doyle T, Reichenspurner H, Zimmermann WH, Eschenhagen T, Stein W, Wu JC, Robbins RC, Schrepfer S. Circulation. 2009; 120 (11 Suppl): S247-54
Bioluminescence reporter gene imaging of human embryonic stem cell survival, proliferation, and fate. Wilson KD, Huang M, Wu JC. Methods Mol Biol. 2009; 574 87-103
Effects of cell number on teratoma formation by human embryonic stem cells. Lee AS, Tang C, Cao F, Xie X, van der Bogt K, Hwang A, Connolly AJ, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Cell Cycle. 2009; 8 (16): 2608-12
Trafficking mesenchymal stem cell engraftment and differentiation in tumor-bearing mice by bioluminescence imaging. Wang H, Cao F, De A, Cao Y, Contag C, Gambhir SS, Wu JC, Chen X. Stem Cells. 2009; 27 (7): 1548-58
Comparison of Gene-Transfer Efficiency in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Cao F, Xie X, Gollan T, Zhao L, Narsinh K, Lee RJ, Wu JC. Mol Imaging Biol. 2009;
Molecular and magnetic resonance imaging of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cell grafts in ischemic rat brain. Daadi MM, Li Z, Arac A, Grueter BA, Sofilos M, Malenka RC, Wu JC, Steinberg GK. Mol Ther. 2009; 17 (7): 1282-91
Tracking cardiac engraftment and distribution of implanted bone marrow cells: Comparing intra-aortic, intravenous, and intramyocardial delivery. Li SH, Lai TY, Sun Z, Han M, Moriyama E, Wilson B, Fazel S, Weisel RD, Yau T, Wu JC, Li RK. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009; 137 (5): 1225-33.e1
Imaging gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells: from small to large animals. Willmann JK, Paulmurugan R, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Stein W, Brinton TJ, Connolly AJ, Nielsen CH, Lutz AM, Lyons J, Ikeno F, Suzuki Y, Rosenberg J, Chen IY, Wu JC, Yeung AC, Yock P, Robbins RC, Gambhir SS. Radiology. 2009; 252 (1): 117-27
Imaging survival and function of transplanted cardiac resident stem cells. Li Z, Lee A, Huang M, Chun H, Chung J, Chu P, Hoyt G, Yang P, Rosenberg J, Robbins RC, Wu JC. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53 (14): 1229-40
Noninvasive de novo imaging of human embryonic stem cell-derived teratoma formation. Cao F, Li Z, Lee A, Liu Z, Chen K, Wang H, Cai W, Chen X, Wu JC. Cancer Res. 2009; 69 (7): 2709-13
Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells for vascular diseases. Li Z, Han Z, Wu JC. J Cell Biochem. 2009; 106 (2): 194-9
Timing of Bone Marrow Cell Delivery Has Minimal Effects on Cell Viability and Cardiac Recovery Following Myocardial Infarction. Swijnenburg RJ, Govaert JA, van der Bogt KE, Pearl JI, Huang M, Stein W, Hoyt G, Vogel H, Contag CH, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;
Can radionuclide imaging predict future response to stem cell therapy? Wu JC, J Nucl Cardiol. 2008 May-Jun; 15 (3): 308-10
Seeing is believing: tracking cells to determine the effects of cell transplantation. Pearl J, Wu JC. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008; 20 (2): 102-9
A novel platform device for rodent echocardiography. Kutschka I, Sheikh AY, Sista R, Hendry SL, Chun HJ, Hoyt G, Kutschka W, Pelletier MP, Quertermous T, Wu JC, Robbins RC. ILAR J. 2008; 49 E1-7
Cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells with point-source electrical stimulation. Chen MQ, Xie X, Hollis Whittington R, Kovacs GT, Wu JC, Giovangrandi L. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008; 2008 1729-32
Transcriptome alteration in the diabetic heart by rosiglitazone: implications for cardiovascular mortality. Wilson KD, Li Z, Wagner R, Yue P, Tsao P, Nestorova G, Huang M, Hirschberg DL, Yock PG, Quertermous T, Wu JC. PLoS One. 2008; 3 (7): e2609
Imaging of VEGF receptor in a rat myocardial infarction model using PET. Rodriguez-Porcel M, Cai W, Gheysens O, Willmann JK, Chen K, Wang H, Chen IY, He L, Wu JC, Li ZB, Mohamedali KA, Kim S, Rosenblum MG, Chen X, Gambhir SS. J Nucl Med. 2008; 49 (4): 667-73
In vitro and in vivo bioluminescence reporter gene imaging of human embryonic stem cells. Wilson K, Yu J, Lee A, Wu JC. J Vis Exp. 2008; (14)
Surgically palliated double-inlet left ventricle with transposition of the great arteries mistaken for aortic aneurysm with dissection. Gupta A, Fleischmann D, Murphy DJ, Wu JC. Int J Cardiol. 2008; 128 (2): e82-4
Molecular imaging: antidote to cardiac stem cell controversy. Wu JC, J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52 (20): 1661-4
Multimodal evaluation of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial restoration by mouse embryonic stem cells. Hendry SL, van der Bogt KE, Sheikh AY, Arai T, Dylla SJ, Drukker M, McConnell MV, Kutschka I, Hoyt G, Cao F, Weissman IL, Connolly AJ, Pelletier MP, Wu JC, Robbins RC, Yang PC. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008; 136 (4): 1028-1037.e1
Noninvasive radionuclide imaging of cardiac gene therapy: progress and potential. Hiona A, Wu JC. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2008; 5 Suppl 2 S87-95
Comparison of different adult stem cell types for treatment of myocardial ischemia. van der Bogt KE, Sheikh AY, Schrepfer S, Hoyt G, Cao F, Ransohoff KJ, Swijnenburg RJ, Pearl J, Lee A, Fischbein M, Contag CH, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Circulation. 2008; 118 (14 Suppl): S121-9
Short hairpin RNA interference therapy for ischemic heart disease. Huang M, Chan DA, Jia F, Xie X, Li Z, Hoyt G, Robbins RC, Chen X, Giaccia AJ, Wu JC. Circulation. 2008; 118 (14 Suppl): S226-33
Intracellular and extracellular targets of molecular imaging in the myocardium. Chun HJ, Narula J, Hofstra L, Wu JC. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2008; 5 Suppl 2 S33-41
Comparison of reporter gene and iron particle labeling for tracking fate of human embryonic stem cells and differentiated endothelial cells in living subjects. Li Z, Suzuki Y, Huang M, Cao F, Xie X, Connolly AJ, Yang PC, Wu JC. Stem Cells. 2008; 26 (4): 864-73
Shear stress influences spatial variations in vascular Mn-SOD expression: implication for LDL nitration. Ai L, Rouhanizadeh M, Wu JC, Takabe W, Yu H, Alavi M, Li R, Chu Y, Miller J, Heistad DD, Hsiai TK. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008; 294 (6): C1576-85
Reporter gene imaging following percutaneous delivery in swine moving toward clinical applications. Rodriguez-Porcel M, Brinton TJ, Chen IY, Gheysens O, Lyons J, Ikeno F, Willmann JK, Wu L, Wu JC, Yeung AC, Yock P, Gambhir SS. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51 (5): 595-7
In vivo imaging and evaluation of different biomatrices for improvement of stem cell survival. Cao F, Sadrzadeh Rafie AH, Abilez OJ, Wang H, Blundo JT, Pruitt B, Zarins C, Wu JC. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2007 Nov-Dec; 1 (6): 465-8
Integration of genomics, proteomics, and imaging for cardiac stem cell therapy. Chun HJ, Wilson KO, Huang M, Wu JC. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007; 34 Suppl 1 S20-6
Quantum dot imaging for embryonic stem cells. Lin S, Xie X, Patel MR, Yang YH, Li Z, Cao F, Gheysens O, Zhang Y, Gambhir SS, Rao JH, Wu JC. BMC Biotechnol. 2007; 7 67
Molecular imaging of embryonic stem cell misbehavior and suicide gene ablation. Cao F, Drukker M, Lin S, Sheikh AY, Xie X, Li Z, Connolly AJ, Weissman IL, Wu JC. Cloning Stem Cells. 2007; 9 (1): 107-17
Magnetic resonance imaging of progressive cardiomyopathic changes in the db/db mouse. Yue P, Arai T, Terashima M, Sheikh AY, Cao F, Charo D, Hoyt G, Robbins RC, Ashley EA, Wu J, Yang PC, Tsao PS. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007; 292 (5): H2106-18
Molecular imaging in cardiology. Wu JC, Narula J. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2007;
Differentiation, survival, and function of embryonic stem cell derived endothelial cells for ischemic heart disease. Li Z, Wu JC, Sheikh AY, Kraft D, Cao F, Xie X, Patel M, Gambhir SS, Robbins RC, Cooke JP, Wu JC. Circulation. 2007; 116 (11 Suppl): I46-54
Spatial and temporal kinetics of teratoma formation from murine embryonic stem cell transplantation. Cao F, van der Bogt KE, Sadrzadeh A, Xie X, Sheikh AY, Wang H, Connolly AJ, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Stem Cells Dev. 2007; 16 (6): 883-91
Comparison of imaging techniques for tracking cardiac stem cell therapy. Zhang SJ, Wu JC. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48 (12): 1916-9
Molecular imaging of bone marrow mononuclear cell homing and engraftment in ischemic myocardium. Sheikh AY, Lin SA, Cao F, Cao Y, van der Bogt KE, Chu P, Chang CP, Contag CH, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Stem Cells. 2007; 25 (10): 2677-84
Cardiovascular molecular imaging. Wu JC, Bengel FM, Gambhir SS. Radiology. 2007; 244 (2): 337-55
An unusual cause of stroke from a left atrial mass. Wu JC, Fishbein MC, Child JS. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007; 20 (5): 537.e1-2
Clinical dilemmas in treating left ventricular thrombus. Leeper NJ, Gupta A, Schnittger I, Wu JC. Int J Cardiol. 2007; 114 (3): e118-9
Positron emission tomography imaging of conditional gene activation in the heart. Chang GY, Cao F, Krishnan M, Huang M, Li Z, Xie X, Sheikh AY, Hoyt G, Robbins RC, Hsiai T, Schneider MD, Wu JC. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2007; 43 (1): 18-26
Clinical hurdles for the transplantation of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells: role of molecular imaging. Swijnenburg RJ, van der Bogt KE, Sheikh AY, Cao F, Wu JC. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2007; 18 (1): 38-45
Genetic modification of embryonic stem cells with VEGF enhances cell survival and improves cardiac function. Xie X, Cao F, Sheikh AY, Li Z, Connolly AJ, Pei X, Li RK, Robbins RC, Wu JC. Cloning Stem Cells. 2007; 9 (4): 549-63
Noninvasive evaluation of immunosuppressive drug efficacy on acute donor cell survival. Gheysens O, Lin S, Cao F, Wang D, Chen IY, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Min JJ, Gambhir SS, Wu JC. Mol Imaging Biol. 2006 May-Jun; 8 (3): 163-70
Molecular imaging of human embryonic stem cells: keeping an eye on differentiation, tumorigenicity and immunogenicity. van der Bogt KE, Swijnenburg RJ, Cao F, Wu JC. Cell Cycle. 2006; 5 (23): 2748-52
Proteomic analysis of reporter genes for molecular imaging of transplanted embryonic stem cells. Wu JC, Cao F, Dutta S, Xie X, Kim E, Chungfat N, Gambhir S, Mathewson S, Connolly AJ, Brown M, Wang EW. Proteomics. 2006; 6 (23): 6234-49
Overview of stem cells and imaging modalities for cardiovascular diseases. Chang GY, Xie X, Wu JC. J Nucl Cardiol. 2006; 13 (4): 554-69
Effects of epigenetic modulation on reporter gene expression: implications for stem cell imaging. Krishnan M, Park JM, Cao F, Wang D, Paulmurugan R, Tseng JR, Gonzalgo ML, Gambhir SS, Wu JC. FASEB J. 2006; 20 (1): 106-8
Transcriptional profiling of reporter genes used for molecular imaging of embryonic stem cell transplantation. Wu JC, Spin JM, Cao F, Lin S, Xie X, Gheysens O, Chen IY, Sheikh AY, Robbins RC, Tsalenko A, Gambhir SS, Quertermous T. Physiol Genomics. 2006; 25 (1): 29-38
Imaging chemically modified adenovirus for targeting tumors expressing integrin alphavbeta3 in living mice with mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase PET reporter gene. Xiong Z, Cheng Z, Zhang X, Patel M, Wu JC, Gambhir SS, Chen X. J Nucl Med. 2006; 47 (1): 130-9
Molecular imaging of cardiac stem cell transplantation. Sheikh AY, Wu JC. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2006; 8 (2): 147-54
In vivo visualization of embryonic stem cell survival, proliferation, and migration after cardiac delivery. Cao F, Lin S, Xie X, Ray P, Patel M, Zhang X, Drukker M, Dylla SJ, Connolly AJ, Chen X, Weissman IL, Gambhir SS, Wu JC. Circulation. 2006; 113 (7): 1005-14
Right coronary cameral fistula resulting from surgery of double chamber right ventricle. Leeper NJ, Gupta A, Murphy DJ, Wu JC. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006; 19 (9): 1191.e9-11
In vivo bioluminescence imaging of cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation into rat myocardium. Min JJ, Ahn Y, Moon S, Kim YS, Park JE, Kim SM, Le UN, Wu JC, Joo SY, Hong MH, Yang DH, Jeong MH, Song CH, Jeong YH, Yoo KY, Kang KS, Bom HS. Ann Nucl Med. 2006; 20 (3): 165-70
18F-labeled bombesin analogs for targeting GRP receptor-expressing prostate cancer. Zhang X, Cai W, Cao F, Schreibmann E, Wu Y, Wu JC, Xing L, Chen X. J Nucl Med. 2006; 47 (3): 492-501
Human gene therapy and imaging: cardiology. Wu JC, Yla-Herttuala S. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005; 32 Suppl 2 S346-57
Image-guided cardiac cell delivery using high-resolution small-animal ultrasound. Rodriguez-Porcel M, Gheysens O, Chen IY, Wu JC, Gambhir SS. Mol Ther. 2005; 12 (6): 1142-7
Molecular imaging of cardiovascular gene products. Wu JC, Tseng JR, Gambhir SS. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004 Jul-Aug; 11 (4): 491-505
Cardiac-specific gene expression facilitated by an enhanced myosin light chain promoter. Boecker W, Bernecker OY, Wu JC, Zhu X, Sawa T, Grazette L, Rosenzweig A, del Monte F, Schmidt U, Hajjar RJ. Mol Imaging. 2004; 3 (2): 69-75
Common congenital heart disorders in adults. Wu JC, Child JS. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2004; 29 (11): 641-700
Micro-positron emission tomography imaging of cardiac gene expression in rats using bicistronic adenoviral vector-mediated gene delivery. Chen IY, Wu JC, Min JJ, Sundaresan G, Lewis X, Liang Q, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS. Circulation. 2004; 109 (11): 1415-20
Molecular imaging of the kinetics of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in ischemic myocardium. Wu JC, Chen IY, Wang Y, Tseng JR, Chhabra A, Salek M, Min JJ, Fishbein MC, Crystal R, Gambhir SS. Circulation. 2004; 110 (6): 685-91
Molecular imaging of cardiac cell transplantation in living animals using optical bioluminescence and positron emission tomography. Wu JC, Chen IY, Sundaresan G, Min JJ, De A, Qiao JH, Fishbein MC, Gambhir SS. Circulation. 2003; 108 (11): 1302-5
Positron-emission tomography reporter gene expression imaging in rat myocardium. Inubushi M, Wu JC, Gambhir SS, Sundaresan G, Satyamurthy N, Namavari M, Yee S, Barrio JR, Stout D, Chatziioannou AF, Wu L, Schelbert HR. Circulation. 2003; 107 (2): 326-32
Positron emission tomography imaging of cardiac reporter gene expression in living rats. Wu JC, Inubushi M, Sundaresan G, Schelbert HR, Gambhir SS. Circulation. 2002; 106 (2): 180-3
Optical imaging of cardiac reporter gene expression in living rats. Wu JC, Inubushi M, Sundaresan G, Schelbert HR, Gambhir SS. Circulation. 2002; 105 (14): 1631-4
Noninvasive optical imaging of firefly luciferase reporter gene expression in skeletal muscles of living mice. Wu JC, Sundaresan G, Iyer M, Gambhir SS. Mol Ther. 2001; 4 (4): 297-306
Severe regional ischemia alters coronary flow reserve in the remote perfusion area. Wu JC, Yun JJ, Dione DP, Heller EN, Deckelbaum LI, Sinusas AJ. J Nucl Cardiol. 2000 Jan-Feb; 7 (1): 43-52
Limitations of dobutamine for enhancing flow heterogeneity in the presence of single coronary stenosis: implications for technetium-99m-sestamibi imaging. Wu JC, Yun JJ, Heller EN, Dione DP, DeMan P, Liu YH, Zaret BL, Wackers FJ, Sinusas AJ. J Nucl Med. 1998; 39 (3): 417-25