Thomas Raffin

Administrative Appointments

• Course Founder and Director - Ethical Values in Health Care: Lessons from the Nazi Period, Stanford University Undergraduate Curriculum , (1994– 1996 )
• Course Founder and Director - Intensive Life Support Systems: Present Practice and Moral Issues, Stanford University Undergraduate Curriculum , (1984– 1988 )
• Co-Founder and Co-Director, Stanford Program in Genomics, Ethics and Society , (1995– present )
• Co-Founder, Hutchison Program in Translational Medicine at Stanford University($5,000,000) , (1998– 2003 )
• Consultant, Nektar, Inc. , (1999– present )
• Advisor, Broncus Technologies, Inc. , (1996– present )
• Board Member, NewLink Genetics, NewLink Genetics, Inc. , (2000– present )
• Director and Founder, Stanford University-Asia Medical Fund, Stanford University fellowships from Pacific Rim , (1982– present )
• Chief, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford Department of Medicine , (1991– 2004 )
• Co-Founder and Director Emeritus, Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics , (1989– present )

Honors and Awards

• Henry J. Kaiser Foundation Award for Excellence in Preclinical Teaching, Stanford University Medical School (1997)
• Henry J. Kaiser Award for Excellence in Clinical Teaching, Stanford University Medical School (1988)
• Henry J. Kaiser Foundation Award for Excellence in Clinical Teaching, Stanford University Medical School (1984)
• Arthur L. Bloomfield Award for Excellence in the Teaching of Clinical Medicine, Stanford University Medical School (1981)
• Henry J. Kaiser Foundation Award for Excellence in Clinical Teaching, Stanford University Medical School (1980)

Professional Education

• Fellow, Stanford Medical School Pulmonary and Critical Care (1978)
• Resident, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital Internal Medicine (1975)
• MD, Stanford School of Medicine Medicine (1973)
• AB, Stanford University Biological Sciences (1968)

Graduate & Fellowship Program Affiliations

• Health Research and Policy
• Health Services Research
• Medicine

Community & International Work

• Stanford University-Asia Medical Fund, Stanford University More »

Web Site Links

• Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics

Industry Relationships

Stanford is committed to ethical and transparent interactions with our industry partners. It is our policy to disclose payments of $5,000 or more, equity valued at $5,000 or more in a publicly traded company, or any equity in a privately held company, to physicians and scientists employed by Stanford University from companies or other commercial entities with which they interact as part of their professional activities. 

• Service on Board of Directors: Telegraph Hill Partners where I work 90% time

Research Interests

Acute lung tissue injury is often mediated by neutrophils. Our laboratory studied the basic biology of neutrophils and mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated pulmonary injury. Investigative approaches included the molecular biology of neutrophil activation, neutrophil ion channel regulation, mechanisms of signal transduction with an emphasis on protein phosphorylation, control of neutrophil activation and the use of animal models to investigate the use of agents and intermediaries which might attenuate neutrophil-mediated acute lung injury. Besides these areas of basic investigation, clinical studies in biomedical ethics were also pursued. For example: End-of-life decision making, differences in informed consent and decision making between patients and physicians in Japan and America, the efficacy of ethics committees in the United States, the new role of biomedical ethics in managed care; social, ethical and legal issues in genomics and genetic testing, and neuroethics.

Publications

• Advertising, patient decision making, and self-referral for computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging. Illes J,  Kann D, Karetsky K, Letourneau P, Raffin TA, Schraedley-Desmond P, Koenig BA, Atlas SW.  Arch Intern Med.  2004 Dec 13-27; 164 (22): 2415-9
• Ethical consideration of incidental findings on adult brain MRI in research. Illes J,  Rosen AC, Huang L, Goldstein RA, Raffin TA, Swan G, Atlas SW.  Neurology.  2004; 62 (6): 888-90
• Chylothorax after heart/lung transplantation. Ziedalski TM,  Raffin TA, Sze DY, Mitchell JD, Robbins RC, Theodore J, Faul JL.  J Heart Lung Transplant.  2004; 23 (5): 627-31
• Discovery and disclosure of incidental findings in neuroimaging research. Illes J,  Kirschen MP, Karetsky K, Kelly M, Saha A, Desmond JE, Raffin TA, Glover GH, Atlas SW.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  2004; 20 (5): 743-7
• Thoracic lymphatic disorders. Davis KK,  Berry GJ, Raffin TA, Faul JL.  Lymphat Res Biol.  2004; 2 (3): 131-7
• Self-referred whole-body CT imaging: current implications for health care consumers. Illes J,  Fan E, Koenig BA, Raffin TA, Kann D, Atlas SW.  Radiology.  2003; 228 (2): 346-51
• Privacy issues in personalized medicine. Vaszar LT,  Cho MK, Raffin TA.  Pharmacogenomics.  2003; 4 (2): 107-12
• Ethical and practical considerations in managing incidental findings in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Illes J,  Desmond JE, Huang LF, Raffin TA, Atlas SW.  Brain Cogn.  2002; 50 (3): 358-65
• Neuroethics: an emerging new discipline in the study of brain and cognition. Illes J,  Raffin TA.  Brain Cogn.  2002; 50 (3): 341-4
• Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia: a narrative review. Swigris JJ,  Berry GJ, Raffin TA, Kuschner WG.  Chest.  2002; 122 (6): 2150-64
• Pharmacogenomics and the challenge to privacy. Vaszar LT,  Rosen GD, Raffin TA.  Pharmacogenomics J.  2002; 2 (3): 144-7
• The burden of out-of-pocket payments for health care in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia. Skarbinski J,  Walker HK, Baker LC, Kobaladze A, Kirtava Z, Raffin TA.  JAMA.  2002; 287 (8): 1043-9
• Ethical issues in the long-term management of progressive degenerative neuromuscular diseases. Vaszar LT,  Weinacker AB, Henig NR, Raffin TA.  Semin Respir Crit Care Med.  2002; 23 (3): 307-14
• PG490-88, a derivative of triptolide, blocks bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Krishna G,  Liu K, Shigemitsu H, Gao M, Raffin TA, Rosen GD.  Am J Pathol.  2001; 158 (3): 997-1004
• The impact of practice setting on physician perceptions of the quality of practice and patient care in the managed care era. Chehab EL,  Panicker N, Alper PR, Baker LC, Wilson SR, Raffin TA.  Arch Intern Med.  2001; 161 (2): 202-11
• Biomedical ethics and the withdrawal of advanced life support. Henig NR,  Faul JL, Raffin TA.  Annu Rev Med.  2001; 52 79-92
• Ethical decision making and patient autonomy: a comparison of physicians and patients in Japan and the United States. Ruhnke GW,  Wilson SR, Akamatsu T, Kinoue T, Takashima Y, Goldstein MK, Koenig BA, Hornberger JC, Raffin TA.  Chest.  2000; 118 (4): 1172-82
• Thoracic lymphangiomas, lymphangiectasis, lymphangiomatosis, and lymphatic dysplasia syndrome. Faul JL,  Berry GJ, Colby TV, Ruoss SJ, Walter MB, Rosen GD, Raffin TA.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med.  2000; 161 (3 Pt 1): 1037-46
• Inhalational anthrax: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Shafazand S,  Doyle R, Ruoss S, Weinacker A, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1999; 116 (5): 1369-76
• Selective downregulation of neutrophils by a phosphatidic acid generation inhibitor in a porcine sepsis model. Oka Y,  Hasegawa N, Nakayama M, Murphy GA, Sussman HH, Raffin TA.  J Surg Res.  1999; 81 (2): 147-55
• Genetic testing and Alzheimer disease: recommendations of the Stanford Program in Genomics, Ethics, and Society. McConnell LM,  Koenig BA, Greely HT, Raffin TA.  Genet Test.  1999; 3 (1): 3-12
• Genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2: recommendations of the Stanford Program in Genomics, Ethics, and Society. Breast Cancer Working Group. Koenig BA,  Greely HT, McConnell LM, Silverberg HL, Raffin TA.  J Womens Health.  1998; 7 (5): 531-45
• Effects of the lazaroid, tirilazad mesylate, on sepsis-induced acute lung injury in minipigs. Nakayama M,  Hasegawa N, Oka Y, Lutzke B, McCall JM, Raffin TA.  Crit Care Med.  1998; 26 (3): 538-47
• The dying thoracic patient. Krishna G,  Raffin TA.  Chest Surg Clin N Am.  1998; 8 (3): 723-39
• Genetic testing and Alzheimer disease: has the time come? Alzheimer Disease Working Group of the Stanford Program in Genomics, Ethics & Society. McConnell LM,  Koenig BA, Greely HT, Raffin TA.  Nat Med.  1998; 4 (7): 757-9
• Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: new insights. Kalassian KG,  Doyle R, Kao P, Ruoss S, Raffin TA.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med.  1997; 155 (4): 1183-6
• The effects of post-treatment with lisofylline, a phosphatidic acid generation inhibitor, on sepsis-induced acute lung injury in pigs. Hasegawa N,  Oka Y, Nakayama M, Berry GJ, Bursten S, Rice G, Raffin TA.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med.  1997; 155 (3): 928-36
• End-of-life discussions with patients: timing and truth-telling Raffin T.A.,  Gilligan T..  Chest.  1996; (109): 11-12
• Withdrawing life support: extubation and prolonged terminal weans are inappropriate. Gilligan T,  Raffin TA.  Crit Care Med.  1996; 24 (2): 352-3
• Upper airway obstruction caused by low-grade tracheal papillary adenocarcinoma: an usual flow-volume loop pattern. Clarke DE,  Green RJ, Mark JB, Robbins RC, Raffin TA.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.  1996; 111 (6): 1286-8
• The effects of recombinant human thrombomodulin on endotoxin-induced multiple-system organ failure in rats. Hasegawa N,  Kandra TG, Husari AW, Veiss S, Hart WT, Hedgpeth J, Wydro R, Raffin TA.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med.  1996; 153 (6 Pt 1): 1831-7
• Necrotizing fasciitis. Green RJ,  Dafoe DC, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1996; 110 (1): 219-29
• Whose death is it, anyway? Gilligan T,  Raffin TA.  Ann Intern Med.  1996; 125 (2): 137-41
• How to withdraw mechanical ventilation: more studies are needed. Gilligan T,  Raffin TA.  Am J Crit Care.  1996; 5 (5): 323-5
• Pulmonary capillaritis and alveolar hemorrhage. Update on diagnosis and management. Green RJ,  Ruoss SJ, Kraft SA, Duncan SR, Berry GJ, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1996; 110 (5): 1305-16
• Techniques for evaluating fever in the ICU. A stepwise approach for detecting infectious and noninfectious causes. Green RJ,  Clarke DE, Fishman RS, Raffin TA.  J Crit Illn.  1995; 10 (1): 67-71
• Pharmacological management of acute and chronic bronchial asthma. Gould MK,  Raffin TA.  Adv Pharmacol.  1995; 32 169-204
• Effect of blood and albumin on pulmonary hypertension and edema in perfused rabbit lungs. Kraft SA,  Fujishima S, McGuire GP, Thompson JS, Raffin TA, Pearl RG.  J Appl Physiol.  1995; 78 (2): 499-504
• TNF-alpha induces tyrosine phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in adherent human neutrophils. Rafiee P,  Lee JK, Leung CC, Raffin TA.  J Immunol.  1995; 154 (9): 4785-92
• Withdrawing life support: How is the decision made? Raffin T.A.,  JAMA.  1995; (273): 738-739.
• Rapid withdrawal of support. Gilligan T,  Raffin TA.  Chest.  1995; 108 (5): 1407-8
• Pulmonary melioidosis. Ip M,  Osterberg LG, Chau PY, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1995; 108 (5): 1420-4
• Investigating the causes of fever in critically ill patients. Are you overlooking noninfectious causes? Green RJ,  Clarke DE, Fishman RS, Raffin TA.  J Crit Illn.  1995; 10 (1): 51-3, 57-8, 63-4
• Activation of NADPH-oxidase and its associated whole-cell H+ current in human neutrophils by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Schumann MA,  Leung CC, Raffin TA.  J Biol Chem.  1995; 270 (22): 13124-32
• The protein kinase C inhibitor, H-7, induces acute lung injury in guinea pigs. Tanigaki T,  Suzuki Y, Heimer D, Wang W, Sussman HH, Ross WG, Murphy GA, Ikeda H, Raffin TA.  Crit Care Med.  1994; 22 (7): 1167-73
• TGF-beta 1 causes increased endothelial ICAM-1 expression and lung injury. Suzuki Y,  Tanigaki T, Heimer D, Wang W, Ross WG, Murphy GA, Sakai A, Sussman HH, Vu TH, Raffin TA.  J Appl Physiol.  1994; 77 (3): 1281-7
• Effect of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin on septic lung injury in guinea pigs. Wang W,  Suzuki Y, Tanigaki T, Rank DR, Raffin TA.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med.  1994; 150 (5 Pt 1): 1449-52
• Magnetic resonance imaging marketing and investment. Tensions between the forces of business and the practice of medicine. Cowley LT,  Isaacs HL, Young SW, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1994; 105 (3): 920-8
• Role of the coagulation system in ARDS. Hasegawa N,  Husari AW, Hart WT, Kandra TG, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1994; 105 (1): 268-77
• Activation of a voltage-dependent chloride current in human neutrophils by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. The role of protein kinase C. Schumann MA,  Raffin TA.  J Biol Chem.  1994; 269 (4): 2389-98
• Ethical dilemmas in the critically ill elderly. Clarke DE,  Goldstein MK, Raffin TA.  Clin Geriatr Med.  1994; 10 (1): 91-101
• Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha induces calcium oscillation and calcium-activated chloride current in human neutrophils. The role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Schumann MA,  Gardner P, Raffin TA.  J Biol Chem.  1993; 268 (3): 2134-40
• Attenuation of acute lung injury and oxygen radical production by the 21-aminosteroid, U-78518F. Tanigaki T,  Suzuki Y, Heimer D, Sussman HH, Ross WG, Raffin TA.  J Appl Physiol.  1993; 74 (5): 2155-60
• Ethics of fetal tissue transplantation. Sanders LM,  Giudice L, Raffin TA.  West J Med.  1993; 159 (3): 400-7
• The ethics of withholding and withdrawing critical care. Sanders LM,  Raffin TA.  Camb Q Healthc Ethics.  1993; 2 (2): 175-84
• Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent mechanisms modulate whole-cell cationic currents in human neutrophils. Schumann MA,  Tanigaki T, Heller DN, Raffin TA.  Biochem Biophys Res Commun.  1992; 185 (2): 531-8
• Efficacy of computers in teaching arterial blood gas analysis. Clark RA,  Raffin TA.  Acad Med.  1992; 67 (6): 365-6
• Effect of NADPH oxidase inhibition on endothelial cell ELAM-1 mRNA expression. Suzuki Y,  Wang W, Vu TH, Raffin TA.  Biochem Biophys Res Commun.  1992; 184 (3): 1339-43
• The management of chylothorax. Valentine VG,  Raffin TA.  Chest.  1992; 102 (2): 586-91
• Atriopeptin-induced increases in endothelial cell permeability are associated with elevated cGMP levels. Yonemaru M,  Ishii K, Murad F, Raffin TA.  Am J Physiol.  1992; 263 (3 Pt 1): L363-9
• Polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase attenuates septic lung injury in guinea pigs. Suzuki Y,  Tanigaki T, Heimer D, Wang WZ, Ross WG, Sussman HH, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1992; 145 (2 Pt 1): 388-93
• The Organ Donation Committee. An ethically responsible approach to increasing the organ donation rate. Sanders LM,  Devney P, Young E, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1992; 102 (5): 1572-7
• Care of the dying: an ethical and historical perspective. Cowley LT,  Young E, Raffin TA.  Crit Care Med.  1992; 20 (10): 1473-82
• Defining patient competence for medical decision making. Kutner JS,  Ruark JE, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1991; 100 (5): 1404-9
• Isoproterenol prevents oxidant-induced injury in isolated rabbit lungs. Fujishima S,  Kraft SA, McGuire GP, Raffin T, Pearl RG.  Pharmacology.  1991; 43 (2): 78-83
• Early post-treatment with pentoxifylline or dibutyryl cAMP attenuates Escherichia coli-induced acute lung injury in guinea pigs. Hoffmann H,  Hatherill JR, Crowley J, Harada H, Yonemaru M, Zheng H, Ishizaka A, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1991; 143 (2): 289-93
• Attenuation of LPS-induced neutrophil thromboxane b2 release and chemiluminescence. Zheng H,  Crowley JJ, Chan JC, Raffin TA.  J Cell Physiol.  1991; 146 (2): 264-9
• Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia complicating low dose methotrexate treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Wollner A,  Mohle-Boetani J, Lambert RE, Perruquet JL, Raffin TA, McGuire JL.  Thorax.  1991; 46 (3): 205-7
• Tumor necrosis factor-induced protein phosphorylation in human neutrophils. Crowley JJ,  Raffin TA.  Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol.  1991; 5 (3): 284-91
• Salmonella lung abscess complicating Wegener's granulomatosis. Chan JC,  Raffin TA.  Respir Med.  1991; 85 (4): 339-41
• Pentoxifylline does not attenuate acute lung injury in the absence of granulocytes. Yonemaru M,  Hatherill JR, Hoffmann H, Zheng H, Ishii K, Raffin TA.  J Appl Physiol.  1991; 71 (1): 342-51
• Withholding and withdrawing life support. Raffin TA,  Hosp Pract (Off Ed).  1991; 26 (3): 133-6, 145-6, 149 passim
• Attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-induced endothelial cell cytotoxicity and neutrophil chemiluminescence. Zheng H,  Crowley JJ, Chan JC, Hoffmann H, Hatherill JR, Ishizaka A, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1990; 142 (5): 1073-8
• Kinetics of leukocyte sequestration in the lungs of acutely septic primates: a study using 111In-labeled autologous leukocytes. Hangen DH,  Segall GM, Harney EW, Stevens JH, McDougall IR, Raffin TA.  J Surg Res.  1990; 48 (3): 196-203
• Sequential assessment of pulmonary epithelial diethylene triamine penta-acetate clearance and intrapulmonary transferrin accumulation during Escherichia coli peritonitis. Ishizaka A,  Stephens KE, Segall GM, Hatherill JR, McDougall IR, Wu Z, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1990; 141 (3): 631-9
• Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Clinical course in 32 patients. Taylor JR,  Ryu J, Colby TV, Raffin TA.  N Engl J Med.  1990; 323 (18): 1254-60
• Management of carbon monoxide poisoning. Ilano AL,  Raffin TA.  Chest.  1990; 97 (1): 165-9
• Pentoxifylline prevents tumor necrosis factor-induced lung injury. Lilly CM,  Sandhu JS, Ishizaka A, Harada H, Yonemaru M, Larrick JW, Shi TX, O'Hanley PT, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1989; 139 (6): 1361-8
• Multiple organ damage caused by tumor necrosis factor and prevented by prior neutrophil depletion. Mallick AA,  Ishizaka A, Stephens KE, Hatherill JR, Tazelaar HD, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1989; 95 (5): 1114-20
• The ethical use of human fetal tissue in medicine. Stanford University Medical Center Committee on Ethics. Greely HT,  Hamm T, Johnson R, Price CR, Weingarten R, Raffin T.  N Engl J Med.  1989; 320 (16): 1093-6
• Life-sustaining treatment for patients with AIDS. Wachter RM,  Luce JM, Lo B, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1989; 95 (3): 647-52
• Complement levels in septic primates treated with anti-C5a antibodies. Hangen DH,  Stevens JH, Satoh PS, Hall EW, O'Hanley PT, Raffin TA.  J Surg Res.  1989; 46 (3): 195-9
• Attenuation of acute lung injury in septic guinea-pigs by a new xanthine derivative (HWA-138). Hatherill JR,  Yonemaru M, Zheng H, Hoffmann H, Fujishima S, Ishizaka A, Raffin TA.  Pharmatherapeutica.  1989; 5 (6): 407-15
• Diagnosis and management of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Hatherill JR,  Raffin TA.  Compr Ther.  1989; 15 (12): 21-7
• Prevention of interleukin 2-induced acute lung injury in guinea pigs by pentoxifylline. Ishizaka A,  Hatherill JR, Harada H, Yonemaru M, Hoffmann H, Zheng H, O'Hanley PT, Raffin TA.  J Appl Physiol.  1989; 67 (6): 2432-7
• Effects of anti-C5a antibodies on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function: chemotaxis, chemiluminescence, and lysosomal enzyme release. Hatherill JR,  Stephens KE, Nagao K, Ishizaka A, Wilmarth L, Wang JC, Deinhart T, Larrick JW, Raffin TA.  J Biol Response Mod.  1989; 8 (6): 614-24
• Effects of tumor necrosis factor on PMN chemotaxis, chemiluminescence, and elastase activity. Yonemaru M,  Stephens KE, Ishizaka A, Zheng H, Hogue RS, Crowley JJ, Hatherill JR, Raffin TA.  J Lab Clin Med.  1989; 114 (6): 674-81
• The effects of aminophylline and pentoxifylline on multiple organ damage after Escherichia coli sepsis. Harada H,  Ishizaka A, Yonemaru M, Mallick AA, Hatherill JR, Zheng H, Lilly CM, O'Hanley PT, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1989; 140 (4): 974-80
• Intensive care unit survival of patients with systemic illness. Raffin TA,  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1989; 140 (2 Pt 2): S28-35
• The status of transplantation of the human lung. Stevens JH,  Raffin TA, Baldwin JC.  Surg Gynecol Obstet.  1989; 169 (2): 179-85
• Granulocyte depletion prevents tumor necrosis factor-mediated acute lung injury in guinea pigs. Stephens KE,  Ishizaka A, Wu ZH, Larrick JW, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1988; 138 (5): 1300-7
• Attenuation of acute lung injury in septic guinea pigs by pentoxifylline. Ishizaka A,  Wu ZH, Stephens KE, Harada H, Hogue RS, O'Hanley PT, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1988; 138 (2): 376-82
• Tumor necrosis factor causes increased pulmonary permeability and edema. Comparison to septic acute lung injury. Stephens KE,  Ishizaka A, Larrick JW, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1988; 137 (6): 1364-70
• Pulmonary edema after Escherichia coli peritonitis correlates with thiobarbituric-acid-reactive materials in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Ishizaka A,  Stephens KE, Tazelaar HD, Hall EW, O'Hanley P, Raffin TA.  Am Rev Respir Dis.  1988; 137 (4): 783-9
• Initiating and withdrawing life support. Principles and practice in adult medicine. Ruark JE,  Raffin TA.  N Engl J Med.  1988; 318 (1): 25-30
• ARDS: mechanisms and management. Raffin TA,  Hosp Pract (Off Ed).  1987; 22 (11): 65-80
• Importance of venous return, venous resistance, and mean circulatory pressure in the physiology and management of shock. Bressack MA,  Raffin TA.  Chest.  1987; 92 (5): 906-12
• Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in atelectasis. Duncan SR,  Negrin RS, Mihm FG, Guilleminault C, Raffin TA.  Chest.  1987; 92 (4): 621-4