Gary Schoolnik

Clinical Focus

• Infectious Disease
• Infectious Diseases

Professional Education

• Board Certification: Infectious Disease, American Board of Internal Medicine (1976)
• Massachusetts General Hospital/Joslin Diabetes Center (1978) MA
• University of Washington School of Medicine (1976) WA
• Board Certification: Internal Medicine, American Board of Internal Medicine (1975)
• Massachusetts General Hospital/Joslin Diabetes Center (1974) MA
• Massachusetts General Hospital/Joslin Diabetes Center (1973) MA
• University of Washington School of Medicine-GME (1972) WA

Industry Relationships

Stanford is committed to ethical and transparent interactions with our industry partners. It is our policy to disclose payments of $5,000 or more, equity valued at $5,000 or more in a publicly traded company, or any equity in a privately held company, to physicians and scientists employed by Stanford University from companies or other commercial entities with which they interact as part of their professional activities. 

• Consulting: Gangagen
• Equity: Gangagen
• Service on Board of Directors: Gangagen

Research Interests

Structure-function analysis of bacterial adhesion proteins and toxins; design and synthesis of synthetic antigens; immunobiology of human papillomaviruses

Publications

• Evidence supporting predicted metabolic pathways for Vibrio cholerae: gene expression data and clinical tests. Shi J,  Romero PR, Schoolnik GK, Spormann AM, Karp PD.  Nucleic Acids Res.  2006; 34 (8): 2438-44
• The competitive cost of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gagneux S,  Long CD, Small PM, Van T, Schoolnik GK, Bohannan BJ.  Science.  2006; 312 (5782): 1944-6
• Expression profiling of host pathogen interactions: how Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the macrophage adapt to one another. Schnappinger D,  Schoolnik GK, Ehrt S.  Microbes Infect.  2006; 8 (4): 1132-40
• Identification and characterization of RbmA, a novel protein required for the development of rugose colony morphology and biofilm structure in Vibrio cholerae. Fong JC,  Karplus K, Schoolnik GK, Yildiz FH.  J Bacteriol.  2006; 188 (3): 1049-59
• Ancestral antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Morris RP,  Nguyen L, Gatfield J, Visconti K, Nguyen K, Schnappinger D, Ehrt S, Liu Y, Heifets L, Pieters J, Schoolnik G, Thompson CJ.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2005; 102 (34): 12200-5
• Chitin induces natural competence in Vibrio cholerae. Meibom KL,  Blokesch M, Dolganov NA, Wu CY, Schoolnik GK.  Science.  2005; 310 (5755): 1824-7
• Regulation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE/PPE genes. Voskuil MI,  Schnappinger D, Rutherford R, Liu Y, Schoolnik GK.  Tuberculosis (Edinb).  2004; 84 (3-4): 256-62
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene expression during adaptation to stationary phase and low-oxygen dormancy. Voskuil MI,  Visconti KC, Schoolnik GK.  Tuberculosis (Edinb).  2004; 84 (3-4): 218-27
• The Vibrio cholerae chitin utilization program. Meibom KL,  Li XB, Nielsen AT, Wu CY, Roseman S, Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2004; 101 (8): 2524-9
• Phage offer a real alternative. Schoolnik GK,  Summers WC, Watson JD.  Nat Biotechnol.  2004; 22 (5): 505-6; author reply 506-7
• Molecular analysis of rugosity in a Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor phase variant. Yildiz FH,  Liu XS, Heydorn A, Schoolnik GK.  Mol Microbiol.  2004; 53 (2): 497-515
• Inhibition of respiration by nitric oxide induces a Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy program. Voskuil MI,  Schnappinger D, Visconti KC, Harrell MI, Dolganov GM, Sherman DR, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  2003; 198 (5): 705-13
• Structural and topographical studies of the type IV bundle-forming pilus assembly complex of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Hwang J,  Bieber D, Ramer SW, Wu CY, Schoolnik GK.  J Bacteriol.  2003; 185 (22): 6695-701
• Microarray expression profiling: capturing a genome-wide portrait of the transcriptome. Conway T,  Schoolnik GK.  Mol Microbiol.  2003; 47 (4): 879-89
• Rv3133c/dosR is a transcription factor that mediates the hypoxic response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Park HD,  Guinn KM, Harrell MI, Liao R, Voskuil MI, Tompa M, Schoolnik GK, Sherman DR.  Mol Microbiol.  2003; 48 (3): 833-43
• Global stage-specific gene regulation during the developmental cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis. Nicholson TL,  Olinger L, Chong K, Schoolnik G, Stephens RS.  J Bacteriol.  2003; 185 (10): 3179-89
• Transcriptional Adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within Macrophages: Insights into the Phagosomal Environment. Schnappinger D,  Ehrt S, Voskuil MI, Liu Y, Mangan JA, Monahan IM, Dolganov G, Efron B, Butcher PD, Nathan C, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  2003; 198 (5): 693-704
• Inhibition of HIV infectivity by a natural human isolate of Lactobacillus jensenii engineered to express functional two-domain CD4. Chang TL,  Chang CH, Simpson DA, Xu Q, Martin PK, Lagenaur LA, Schoolnik GK, Ho DD, Hillier SL, Holodniy M, Lewicki JA, Lee PP.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2003; 100 (20): 11672-7
• MyD88 primes macrophages for full-scale activation by interferon-gamma yet mediates few responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Shi S,  Nathan C, Schnappinger D, Drenkow J, Fuortes M, Block E, Ding A, Gingeras TR, Schoolnik G, Akira S, Takeda K, Ehrt S.  J Exp Med.  2003; 198 (7): 987-97
• Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium. Merrell DS,  Butler SM, Qadri F, Dolganov NA, Alam A, Cohen MB, Calderwood SB, Schoolnik GK, Camilli A.  Nature.  2002; 417 (6889): 642-5
• Functional and comparative genomics of pathogenic bacteria. Schoolnik GK,  Curr Opin Microbiol.  2002; 5 (1): 20-6
• The type IV pilus assembly complex: biogenic interactions among the bundle-forming pilus proteins of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Ramer SW,  Schoolnik GK, Wu CY, Hwang J, Schmidt SA, Bieber D.  J Bacteriol.  2002; 184 (13): 3457-65
• Role of the extracytoplasmic-function sigma factor sigma(H) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis global gene expression. Manganelli R,  Voskuil MI, Schoolnik GK, Dubnau E, Gomez M, Smith I.  Mol Microbiol.  2002; 45 (2): 365-74
• Microarray analysis of bacterial pathogenicity. Schoolnik GK,  Adv Microb Physiol.  2002; 46 1-45
• ideR, An essential gene in mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of IdeR in iron-dependent gene expression, iron metabolism, and oxidative stress response. Rodriguez GM,  Voskuil MI, Gold B, Schoolnik GK, Smith I.  Infect Immun.  2002; 70 (7): 3371-81
• Structure-function analysis of BfpB, a secretin-like protein encoded by the bundle-forming-pilus operon of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Schmidt SA,  Bieber D, Ramer SW, Hwang J, Wu CY, Schoolnik G.  J Bacteriol.  2001; 183 (16): 4848-59
• Whole genome DNA microarray expression analysis of biofilm development by Vibrio cholerae O1 E1 Tor. Schoolnik GK,  Voskuil MI, Schnappinger D, Yildiz FH, Meibom K, Dolganov NA, Wilson MA, Chong KH.  Methods Enzymol.  2001; 336 3-18
• The Mycobacterium tuberculosis ECF sigma factor sigmaE: role in global gene expression and survival in macrophages. Manganelli R,  Voskuil MI, Schoolnik GK, Smith I.  Mol Microbiol.  2001; 41 (2): 423-37
• Reprogramming of the macrophage transcriptome in response to interferon-gamma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: signaling roles of nitric oxide synthase-2 and phagocyte oxidase. Ehrt S,  Schnappinger D, Bekiranov S, Drenkow J, Shi S, Gingeras TR, Gaasterland T, Schoolnik G, Nathan C.  J Exp Med.  2001; 194 (8): 1123-40
• The accelerating convergence of genomics and microbiology. Schoolnik GK,  Genome Biol.  2001; 2 (4): REPORTS4009
• VpsR, a Member of the Response Regulators of the Two-Component Regulatory Systems, Is Required for Expression of vps Biosynthesis Genes and EPS(ETr)-Associated Phenotypes in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor. Yildiz FH,  Dolganov NA, Schoolnik GK.  J Bacteriol.  2001; 183 (5): 1716-26
• Regulation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis hypoxic response gene encoding alpha -crystallin. Sherman DR,  Voskuil M, Schnappinger D, Liao R, Harrell MI, Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2001; 98 (13): 7534-9
• The complete genome sequence of Vibrio cholerae: a tale of two chromosomes and of two lifestyles. Schoolnik GK,  Yildiz FH.  Genome Biol.  2000; 1 (3): REVIEWS1016
• DNA microarrays and combinatorial chemical libraries: tools for the drug discovery pipeline. Barry CE,  Wilson M, Lee R, Schoolnik GK.  Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.  2000; 4 (12 Suppl 2): S189-93
• Extracytoplasmic proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - mature secreted proteins often start with aspartic acid and proline. Wiker HG,  Wilson MA, Schoolnik GK.  Microbiology.  2000; 146 ( Pt 7) 1525-33
• Exploring drug-induced alterations in gene expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by microarray hybridization. Wilson M,  DeRisi J, Kristensen HH, Imboden P, Rane S, Brown PO, Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1999; 96 (22): 12833-8
• A novel chromosomal locus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), which encodes a bfpT-regulated chaperone-like protein, TrcA, involved in microcolony formation by EPEC. Tobe T,  Tatsuno I, Katayama E, Wu CY, Schoolnik GK, Sasakawa C.  Mol Microbiol.  1999; 33 (4): 741-52
• Comparative genomics of BCG vaccines by whole-genome DNA microarray. Behr MA,  Wilson MA, Gill WP, Salamon H, Schoolnik GK, Rane S, Small PM.  Science.  1999; 284 (5419): 1520-3
• Complete DNA sequence and structural analysis of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adherence factor plasmid. Tobe T,  Hayashi T, Han CG, Schoolnik GK, Ohtsubo E, Sasakawa C.  Infect Immun.  1999; 67 (10): 5455-62
• Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor: identification of a gene cluster required for the rugose colony type, exopolysaccharide production, chlorine resistance, and biofilm formation. Yildiz FH,  Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1999; 96 (7): 4028-33
• Role of rpoS in stress survival and virulence of Vibrio cholerae. Yildiz FH,  Schoolnik GK.  J Bacteriol.  1998; 180 (4): 773-84
• Construction and characterization of a partial Mycobacterium tuberculosis cDNA library of genes expressed at reduced oxygen tension. Imboden P,  Schoolnik GK.  Gene.  1998; 213 (1-2): 107-17
• Type IV pili, transient bacterial aggregates, and virulence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Bieber D,  Ramer SW, Wu CY, Murray WJ, Tobe T, Fernandez R, Schoolnik GK.  Science.  1998; 280 (5372): 2114-8
• The light organ symbiont Vibrio fischeri possesses two distinct secreted ADP-ribosyltransferases. Reich KA,  Biegel T, Schoolnik GK.  J Bacteriol.  1997; 179 (5): 1591-7
• Cloning and characterization of bfpTVW, genes required for the transcriptional activation of bfpA in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Tobe T,  Schoolnik GK, Sohel I, Bustamante VH, Puente JL.  Mol Microbiol.  1996; 21 (5): 963-75
• Immunogenicity of a fusion protein linking the beta subunit carboxyl terminal peptide (CTP) of human chorionic gonadotropin to the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB). Rock EP,  Reich KA, Lyu DM, Hovi M, Hardy J, Schoolnik GK, Stocker BA, Stevens V.  Vaccine.  1996; 14 (16): 1560-8
• Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: identification of a gene cluster coding for bundle-forming pilus morphogenesis. Sohel I,  Puente JL, Ramer SW, Bieber D, Wu CY, Schoolnik GK.  J Bacteriol.  1996; 178 (9): 2613-28
• The bundle-forming pili of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: transcriptional regulation by environmental signals. Puente JL,  Bieber D, Ramer SW, Murray W, Schoolnik GK.  Mol Microbiol.  1996; 20 (1): 87-100
• BfpB, an outer membrane lipoprotein required for the biogenesis of bundle-forming pili in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Ramer SW,  Bieber D, Schoolnik GK.  J Bacteriol.  1996; 178 (22): 6555-63
• Halovibrin, secreted from the light organ symbiont Vibrio fischeri, is a member of a new class of ADP-ribosyltransferases. Reich KA,  Schoolnik GK.  J Bacteriol.  1996; 178 (1): 209-15
• Temporal trends and transmission patterns during the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City: a molecular epidemiologic assessment. Shafer RW,  Small PM, Larkin C, Singh SP, Kelly P, Sierra MF, Schoolnik G, Chirgwin KD.  J Infect Dis.  1995; 171 (1): 170-6
• Induction of a cellular immune response to a defined T-cell epitope as an insert in the flagellin of a live vaccine strain of Salmonella. Verma NK,  Ziegler HK, Stocker BA, Schoolnik GK.  Vaccine.  1995; 13 (3): 235-44
• Delivery of class I and class II MHC-restricted T-cell epitopes of listeriolysin of Listeria monocytogenes by attenuated Salmonella. Verma NK,  Ziegler HK, Wilson M, Khan M, Safley S, Stocker BA, Schoolnik GK.  Vaccine.  1995; 13 (2): 142-50
• Flagellar serotypes of Salmonella typhi in Indonesia: relationships among motility, invasiveness, and clinical illness. Grossman DA,  Witham ND, Burr DH, Lesmana M, Rubin FA, Schoolnik GK, Parsonnet J.  J Infect Dis.  1995; 171 (1): 212-6
• Purification of somatic pili. Schoolnik GK,  Methods Enzymol.  1994; 236 271-82
• The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco. A population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. Small PM,  Hopewell PC, Singh SP, Paz A, Parsonnet J, Ruston DC, Schecter GF, Daley CL, Schoolnik GK.  N Engl J Med.  1994; 330 (24): 1703-9
• Induction of heat-stable enterotoxin receptor activity by a human Alu repeat. Almenoff JS,  Jurka J, Schoolnik GK.  J Biol Chem.  1994; 269 (24): 16610-7
• The light organ symbiont Vibrio fischeri possesses a homolog of the Vibrio cholerae transmembrane transcriptional activator ToxR. Reich KA,  Schoolnik GK.  J Bacteriol.  1994; 176 (10): 3085-8
• Cloning and characterization of the bundle-forming pilin gene of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and its distribution in Salmonella serotypes. Sohel I,  Puente JL, Murray WJ, Vuopio-Varkila J, Schoolnik GK.  Mol Microbiol.  1993; 7 (4): 563-75
• Infection rates, disease frequency, pilin gene rearrangement, and pilin expression in calves inoculated with Moraxella bovis pilin-specific isogenic variants. Ruehl WW,  Marrs CF, George L, Banks SJ, Schoolnik GK.  Am J Vet Res.  1993; 54 (2): 248-53
• Characterization of fimbriae produced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Girón JA,  Ho AS, Schoolnik GK.  J Bacteriol.  1993; 175 (22): 7391-403
• Intimin and the intimate attachment of bacteria to human cells. Schoolnik GK,  J Clin Invest.  1993; 92 (3): 1117-8
• Variability of human papillomavirus DNA testing in a longitudinal cohort of young women. Moscicki AB,  Palefsky J, Smith G, Siboshski S, Schoolnik G.  Obstet Gynecol.  1993; 82 (4 Pt 1): 578-85
• Exogenous reinfection with multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with advanced HIV infection. Small PM,  Shafer RW, Hopewell PC, Singh SP, Murphy MJ, Desmond E, Sierra MF, Schoolnik GK.  N Engl J Med.  1993; 328 (16): 1137-44
• Molecular strain typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to confirm cross-contamination in the mycobacteriology laboratory and modification of procedures to minimize occurrence of false-positive cultures. Small PM,  McClenny NB, Singh SP, Schoolnik GK, Tompkins LS, Mickelsen PA.  J Clin Microbiol.  1993; 31 (7): 1677-82
• Ligand-based histochemical localization and capture of cells expressing heat-stable enterotoxin receptors. Almenoff JS,  Williams SI, Scheving LA, Judd AK, Schoolnik GK.  Mol Microbiol.  1993; 8 (5): 865-73
• Mono- and bi-phasic Salmonella typhi: genetic homogeneity and distinguishing characteristics. Moshitch S,  Doll L, Rubinfeld BZ, Stocker BA, Schoolnik GK, Gafni Y, Frankel G.  Mol Microbiol.  1992; 6 (18): 2589-97
• Colposcopic and histologic findings and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test variability in young women positive for HPV DNA. Moscicki AB,  Palefsky JM, Gonzales J, Smith G, Schoolnik GK.  J Infect Dis.  1992; 166 (5): 951-7
• An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. Daley CL,  Small PM, Schecter GF, Schoolnik GK, McAdam RA, Jacobs WR, Hopewell PC.  N Engl J Med.  1992; 326 (4): 231-5
• The invasin protein of Yersinia enterocolitica: internalization of invasin-bearing bacteria by eukaryotic cells is associated with reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Young VB,  Falkow S, Schoolnik GK.  J Cell Biol.  1992; 116 (1): 197-207
• Cloning and characterization of fxp, the flexible pilin gene of Aeromonas hydrophila. Ho AS,  Sohel I, Schoolnik GK.  Mol Microbiol.  1992; 6 (18): 2725-32
• An inducible bundle-forming pilus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Girón JA,  Ho AS, Schoolnik GK.  Science.  1991; 254 (5032): 710-3
• Localized adherence by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is an inducible phenotype associated with the expression of new outer membrane proteins. Vuopio-Varkila J,  Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  1991; 174 (5): 1167-77
• Applications and transfer of technology to the nations of the South. Biotechnology and the control of childhood enteric infections. Schoolnik GK,  Infect Dis Clin North Am.  1991; 5 (2): 265-75
• Characterization of in vivo expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 E4 protein in cervical biopsy tissues. Palefsky JM,  Winkler B, Rabanus JP, Clark C, Chan S, Nizet V, Schoolnik GK.  J Clin Invest.  1991; 87 (6): 2132-41
• The association between human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid status and the results of cytologic rescreening tests in young, sexually active women. Moscicki AB,  Palefsky JM, Gonzales J, Schoolnik GK.  Am J Obstet Gynecol.  1991; 165 (1): 67-71
• Localization of the receptor-binding region of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin utilizing cloned toxin fragments and synthetic peptides. The 30 C-terminal amino acids define a functional binding region. Hanna PC,  Mietzner TA, Schoolnik GK, McClane BA.  J Biol Chem.  1991; 266 (17): 11037-43
• HeLa cell invasion by a strain of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli that lacks the O-antigenic polysaccharide. Riley LW,  Junio LN, Schoolnik GK.  Mol Microbiol.  1990; 4 (10): 1661-6
• The pili of Aeromonas hydrophila: identification of an environmentally regulated "mini pilin". Ho AS,  Mietzner TA, Smith AJ, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  1990; 172 (3): 795-806
• Sequence, localization and function of the invasin protein of Yersinia enterocolitica. Young VB,  Miller VL, Falkow S, Schoolnik GK.  Mol Microbiol.  1990; 4 (7): 1119-28
• Peptides: chemistry, biology, and pharmacology. Judd AK,  Schoolnik GK.  Adv Pharmacol.  1990; 21 221-85
• [Risk factors for acute infantile diarrhea in a rural community in Chiapas, Mexico. A strategy for intervention] Riley LW,  Castro Muñoz E, Zárate RJ, Sibley B, Keller J, Zárate LG, Millán Velasco F, Schoolnik GK.  Bol Oficina Sanit Panam.  1990; 108 (2): 93-9
• Risk factors for acute childhood diarrhea in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico: a strategy for intervention. Riley LW,  Castro Muñoz E, Zárate RJ, Sibley B, Keller J, Zárate LG, Millán Velasco F, Schoolnik GK.  Bull Pan Am Health Organ.  1990; 24 (2): 210-6
• Human papillomavirus infection in sexually active adolescent females: prevalence and risk factors. Moscicki AB,  Palefsky J, Gonzales J, Schoolnik GK.  Pediatr Res.  1990; 28 (5): 507-13
• Detection of Shigella in feces using DNA amplification. Frankel G,  Riley L, Giron JA, Valmassoi J, Friedmann A, Strockbine N, Falkow S, Schoolnik GK.  J Infect Dis.  1990; 161 (6): 1252-6
• Structure-function analysis of protein active sites with anti-idiotypic antibody. Ludwig DS,  Schoolnik GK.  Methods Enzymol.  1989; 178 163-71
• Probing the surface of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: immunoelectron microscopic studies to localize cyanogen bromide fragment 2 in gonococcal pili. Robinson EN,  Clemens CM, Schoolnik GK, McGee ZA.  Mol Microbiol.  1989; 3 (1): 57-64
• Intragenic recombination in a flagellin gene: characterization of the H1-j gene of Salmonella typhi. Frankel G,  Newton SM, Schoolnik GK, Stocker BA.  EMBO J.  1989; 8 (10): 3149-52
• Unique sequences in region VI of the flagellin gene of Salmonella typhi. Frankel G,  Newton SM, Schoolnik GK, Stocker BA.  Mol Microbiol.  1989; 3 (10): 1379-83
• Multiple T and B cell epitopes in the S1 subunit ("A"-monomer) of the pertussis toxin molecule. Oksenberg JR,  Ko C, Judd AK, Lim M, Kent A, Schoolnik GK, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1989; 143 (12): 4227-31
• Multi-gene amplification: simultaneous detection of three virulence genes in diarrhoeal stool. Frankel G,  Giron JA, Valmassoi J, Schoolnik GK.  Mol Microbiol.  1989; 3 (12): 1729-34
• Synthetic peptides corresponding to protective epitopes of Escherichia coli digalactoside-binding pilin prevent infection in a murine pyelonephritis model. Schmidt MA,  O'Hanley P, Lark D, Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1988; 85 (4): 1247-51
• Three-dimensional structure of cholera toxin penetrating a lipid membrane. Ribi HO,  Ludwig DS, Mercer KL, Schoolnik GK, Kornberg RD.  Science.  1988; 239 (4845): 1272-6
• Purification, characterization, and pathogenicity of Moraxella bovis pili. Ruehl WW,  Marrs CF, Fernandez R, Falkow S, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  1988; 168 (3): 983-1002
• MHC-restricted recognition of immunogenic T cell epitopes of pertussis toxin reveals determinants in man distinct from the ADP-ribosylase active site. Oksenberg JR,  Judd AK, Ko C, Lim M, Fernandez R, Schoolnik GK, Steinman L.  J Exp Med.  1988; 168 (5): 1855-64
• High-resolution mapping of serovar-specific and common antigenic determinants of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. Stephens RS,  Wagar EA, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  1988; 167 (3): 817-31
• Pilin-gene phase variation of Moraxella bovis is caused by an inversion of the pilin genes. Marrs CF,  Ruehl WW, Schoolnik GK, Falkow S.  J Bacteriol.  1988; 170 (7): 3032-9
• Common epitopes of pilin of Neisseria meningitidis. Stephens DS,  Whitney AM, Schoolnik GK, Zollinger WD.  J Infect Dis.  1988; 158 (2): 332-42
• Inhibition of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes by peptides from the alpha 2 domain of HLA-A2. Parham P,  Clayberger C, Zorn SL, Ludwig DS, Schoolnik GK, Krensky AM.  Nature.  1987 Feb 12-18; 325 (6105): 625-8
• HLA-A2 peptides can regulate cytolysis by human allogeneic T lymphocytes. Clayberger C,  Parham P, Rothbard J, Ludwig DS, Schoolnik GK, Krensky AM.  Nature.  1987 Dec 24-31; 330 (6150): 763-5
• Anti-idiotypic antibodies as probes of protein active sites: application to cholera toxin subunit B. Ludwig DS,  Finkelstein RA, Karu AE, Dallas WS, Ashby ER, Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1987; 84 (11): 3673-7
• Purification and characterization of the major iron-regulated protein expressed by pathogenic Neisseriae. Mietzner TA,  Bolan G, Schoolnik GK, Morse SA.  J Exp Med.  1987; 165 (4): 1041-57
• Anti-receptor antibodies designed to elicit "internal image"-bearing anti-idiotypes: a possible AIDS vaccine. Ludwig DS,  Schoolnik GK.  Med Hypotheses.  1987; 23 (3): 303-7
• Plasmid-encoded expression of lipopolysaccharide O-antigenic polysaccharide in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Riley LW,  Junio LN, Libaek LB, Schoolnik GK.  Infect Immun.  1987; 55 (9): 2052-6
• Characterization of the major iron-regulated protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. Morse SA,  Mietzner TA, Bolen G, Le Faou A, Schoolnik G.  Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.  1987; 53 (6): 465-9
• Importance of disulfide bridges in the structure and activity of Escherichia coli enterotoxin ST1b. Gariépy J,  Judd AK, Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1987; 84 (24): 8907-11
• Uropathogenic Escherichia coli: molecular mechanisms of adherence. Schoolnik GK,  O'Hanley P, Lark D, Normark S, Vosti K, Falkow S.  Adv Exp Med Biol.  1987; 224 53-62
• Synthetic peptides as nuclear localization signals. Goldfarb DS,  Gariépy J, Schoolnik G, Kornberg RD.  Nature.  1986 Aug 14-20; 322 (6080): 641-4
• Structure of the toxic domain of the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin ST I. Gariépy J,  Lane A, Frayman F, Wilbur D, Robien W, Schoolnik GK, Jardetzky O.  Biochemistry.  1986; 25 (24): 7854-66
• Peptide antisera as sequence-specific probes of protein conformational transitions: calmodulin exhibits calcium-dependent changes in antigenicity. Gariépy J,  Mietzner TA, Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1986; 83 (23): 8888-92
• Two-dimensional crystals of cholera toxin B-subunit-receptor complexes: projected structure at 17-A resolution. Ludwig DS,  Ribi HO, Schoolnik GK, Kornberg RD.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1986; 83 (22): 8585-8
• Characterization of the receptor for heat-stable enterotoxin from Escherichia coli in rat intestine. Kuno T,  Kamisaki Y, Waldman SA, Gariepy J, Schoolnik G, Murad F.  J Biol Chem.  1986; 261 (3): 1470-6
• Synthetic peptides protect against infection in a model of experimental pyelonephritis in mice. Schmidt MA,  O'Hanley P, Schoolnik GK.  Ann Sclavo Collana Monogr.  1986; 3 (1-2): 389-98
• Design of a photoreactive analogue of the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin STIb: use in identifying its receptor on rat brush border membranes. Gariépy J,  Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1986; 83 (2): 483-7
• Intestinal receptor for heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli is tightly coupled to a novel form of particulate guanylate cyclase. Waldman SA,  Kuno T, Kamisaki Y, Chang LY, Gariepy J, O'Hanley P, Schoolnik G, Murad F.  Infect Immun.  1986; 51 (1): 320-6
• Antibody-antigen specificity in the immune response to infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lammel CJ,  Sweet RL, Rice PA, Knapp JS, Schoolnik GK, Heilbron DC, Brooks GF.  J Infect Dis.  1985; 152 (5): 990-1001
• The primary sequence and antigenic structure of gonococcal pilin: approaches towards a gonococcal vaccine. Rothbard JB,  Schoolnik GK.  Adv Exp Med Biol.  1985; 185 247-73
• Purification and characterization of Haemophilus influenzae pili, and their structural and serological relatedness to Escherichia coli P and mannose-sensitive pili. Guerina NG,  Langermann S, Schoolnik GK, Kessler TW, Goldmann DA.  J Exp Med.  1985; 161 (1): 145-59
• Molecular basis of Escherichia coli colonization of the upper urinary tract in BALB/c mice. Gal-Gal pili immunization prevents Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in the BALB/c mouse model of human pyelonephritis. O'Hanley P,  Lark D, Falkow S, Schoolnik G.  J Clin Invest.  1985; 75 (2): 347-60
• Antibodies to peptides corresponding to a conserved sequence of gonococcal pilins block bacterial adhesion. Rothbard JB,  Fernandez R, Wang L, Teng NN, Schoolnik GK.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1985; 82 (3): 915-9
• Gal-Gal pyelonephritis Escherichia coli pili linear immunogenic and antigenic epitopes. Schmidt MA,  O'Hanley P, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  1985; 161 (4): 705-17
• Antibody response in human nocardiosis: identification of two immunodominant culture-filtrate antigens derived from Nocardia asteroides. Sugar AM,  Schoolnik GK, Stevens DA.  J Infect Dis.  1985; 151 (5): 895-901
• Pili of Neisseria meningitidis. Analysis of structure and investigation of structural and antigenic relationships to gonococcal pili. Stephens DS,  Whitney AM, Rothbard J, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  1985; 161 (6): 1539-53
• Cloning and sequencing of a Moraxella bovis pilin gene. Marrs CF,  Schoolnik G, Koomey JM, Hardy J, Rothbard J, Falkow S.  J Bacteriol.  1985; 163 (1): 132-9
• T-cell activation by peptide antigen: effect of peptide sequence and method of antigen presentation. Watts TH,  Gariépy J, Schoolnik GK, McConnell HM.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1985; 82 (16): 5480-4
• Expression of the L11 neuropeptide gene in the Aplysia central nervous system. Taussig R,  Kaldany RR, Rothbard JB, Schoolnik G, Scheller RH.  J Comp Neurol.  1985; 238 (1): 53-64
• Gal-Gal binding and hemolysin phenotypes and genotypes associated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli. O'Hanley P,  Low D, Romero I, Lark D, Vosti K, Falkow S, Schoolnik G.  N Engl J Med.  1985; 313 (7): 414-20
• Chemical and immunochemical studies on the receptor binding domain of cholera toxin B subunit. Ludwig DS,  Holmes RK, Schoolnik GK.  J Biol Chem.  1985; 260 (23): 12528-34
• AFA-I, a cloned afimbrial X-type adhesin from a human pyelonephritic Escherichia coli strain. Purification and chemical, functional and serologic characterization. Walz W,  Schmidt MA, Labigne-Roussel AF, Falkow S, Schoolnik G.  Eur J Biochem.  1985; 152 (2): 315-21
• All eight unassigned reading frames of mouse mitochondrial DNA are expressed. Michael NL,  Rothbard JB, Shiurba RA, Linke HK, Schoolnik GK, Clayton DA.  EMBO J.  1984; 3 (13): 3165-75
• Antigenic analysis of gonococcal pili using monoclonal antibodies. Edwards M,  McDade RL, Schoolnik G, Rothbard JB, Gotschlich EC.  J Exp Med.  1984; 160 (6): 1782-91
• A common antigenic determinant found in two functionally unrelated toxins. Gariepy J,  O'Hanley P, Waldman SA, Murad F, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  1984; 160 (4): 1253-8
• Cloning and expression of an afimbrial adhesin (AFA-I) responsible for P blood group-independent, mannose-resistant hemagglutination from a pyelonephritic Escherichia coli strain. Labigne-Roussel AF,  Lark D, Schoolnik G, Falkow S.  Infect Immun.  1984; 46 (1): 251-9
• Strain-specific and common epitopes of gonococcal pili. Rothbard JB,  Fernandez R, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  1984; 160 (1): 208-21
• Mutations in E coli cistrons affecting adhesion to human cells do not abolish Pap pili fiber formation. Norgren M,  Normark S, Lark D, O'Hanley P, Schoolnik G, Falkow S, Svanborg-Edén C, Båga M, Uhlin BE.  EMBO J.  1984; 3 (5): 1159-65
• Gonococcal pili. Primary structure and receptor binding domain. Schoolnik GK,  Fernandez R, Tai JY, Rothbard J, Gotschlich EC.  J Exp Med.  1984; 159 (5): 1351-70
• Ultrastructural localization of specific gonococcal macromolecules with antibody-gold sphere immunological probes. Robinson EN,  McGee ZA, Kaplan J, Hammond ME, Larson JK, Buchanan TM, Schoolnik GK.  Infect Immun.  1984; 46 (2): 361-6
• Antibodies to synthetic peptides defined by cDNA cloning reveal a network of peptidergic neurons in Aplysia. Kreiner T,  Rothbard JB, Schoolnik GK, Scheller RH.  J Neurosci.  1984; 4 (10): 2581-9
• Nucleotide sequence of the papA gene encoding the Pap pilus subunit of human uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Båga M,  Normark S, Hardy J, O'Hanley P, Lark D, Olsson O, Schoolnik G, Falkow S.  J Bacteriol.  1984; 157 (1): 330-3
• A simple, sensitive, and specific assay for the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. Waldman SA,  O'Hanley P, Falkow S, Schoolnik G, Murad F.  J Infect Dis.  1984; 149 (1): 83-9
• Gene clusters governing the production of hemolysin and mannose-resistant hemagglutination are closely linked in Escherichia coli serotype O4 and O6 isolates from urinary tract infections. Low D,  David V, Lark D, Schoolnik G, Falkow S.  Infect Immun.  1984; 43 (1): 353-8
• A pilus peptide vaccine for the prevention of gonorrhea. Schoolnik GK,  Tai JY, Gotschlich EC.  Prog Allergy.  1983; 33 314-31
• Aspects on structure and function of pili on uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Svanborg Edén C,  Gotschlich EC, Korhonen TK, Leffler H, Schoolnik G.  Prog Allergy.  1983; 33 189-202
• Mannose-sensitive and Gal-Gal binding Escherichia coli pili from recombinant strains. Chemical, functional, and serological properties. O'Hanley P,  Lark D, Normark S, Falkow S, Schoolnik GK.  J Exp Med.  1983; 158 (5): 1713-19
• Genetics of digalactoside-binding adhesin from a uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Normark S,  Lark D, Hull R, Norgren M, Båga M, O'Hanley P, Schoolnik G, Falkow S.  Infect Immun.  1983; 41 (3): 942-9
• Inhibition of experimental ascending urinary tract infection by an epithelial cell-surface receptor analogue. Edén CS,  Freter R, Hagberg L, Hull R, Hull S, Leffler H, Schoolnik G.  Nature.  1982; 298 (5874): 560-2
• Chemical and clinical studies on the interaction of Escherichia coli with host glycolipid receptors in urinary tract infection. Leffler H,  Lomberg H, Gotschlich E, Hagberg L, Jodal U, Korhonen T, Samuelsson BE, Schoolnik G, Svanborg-Edén C.  Scand J Infect Dis Suppl.  1982; 33 46-51
• Immunoglobulin class responsible for gonococcal bactericidal activity of normal human sera. Schoolnik GK,  Ochs HD, Buchanan TM.  J Immunol.  1979; 122 (5): 1771-9
• Phenotypic and epidemiologic correlates of auxotype in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Knapp JS,  Thornsberry C, Schoolnik GA, Wiesner PJ, Homes KK.  J Infect Dis.  1978; 138 (2): 160-5
• Genetic studies on Neisseria gonorrhoeae from disseminated gonococcal infections. Mayer LW,  Schoolnik GK, Falkow S.  Infect Immun.  1977; 18 (1): 165-72
• Protection against infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae by immunization with outer membrane protein complex and purified pili. Buchanan TM,  Pearce WA, Schoolnik GK, Arko RJ.  J Infect Dis.  1977; 136 Suppl S132-7
• Gonococci causing disseminated gonococcal infection are resistant to the bactericidal action of normal human sera. Schoolnik GK,  Buchanan TM, Holmes KK.  J Clin Invest.  1976; 58 (5): 1163-73