Norbert Pelc

Administrative Appointments

• Associate Chair, Stanford University School of Medicine - Radiology , (2004– present )

Honors and Awards

• Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2006)
• Fellow, Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (-)
• Fellow, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology, American Heart Association (-)
• Young Investigator Award, ISMRM (1999, 2003)
• Research Fellow Award, RSNA (2001, 2002, 2004)
• Young Investigator Award, AAMI (2004)
• Cum Laude Award, Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance (1990, 1992, 2001)
• President's Award, ARRS (2001)
• Cum Laude Citation (scientific exhibit), RSNA (1997)
• Editor's Recognition Award, Radiology (1991-1994)
• Moncada Award, Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance (1992)

Professional Education

• Sc.D., Harvard University Medical Radiological Physics (1979)
• S.M., Harvard University Medical Radiological Physics (1976)
• B .S., University of Wisconsin Engineering and Physics (1974)

Postdoctoral Advisees

• Jong Duk Baek, Samuel Mazin

Graduate & Fellowship Program Affiliations

• Radiology
• Bioengineering

Industry Relationships

Stanford is committed to ethical and transparent interactions with our industry partners. It is our policy to disclose payments of $5,000 or more, equity valued at $5,000 or more in a publicly traded company, or any equity in a privately held company, to physicians and scientists employed by Stanford University from companies or other commercial entities with which they interact as part of their professional activities. 

• Consulting: Naviscan, Samplify, Inc
• Royalty Payments: GE

Research Interests

Medical imaging has made enormous strides in recent decades. In clinical medicine, imaging plays an increasingly important role in patient care. A recent study found that internists rank the development of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), together, as the most important innovation in medicine (Health Affairs, Vol 20, p. 30, 2001). At the same time, experts in a completely different scientific field, the National Academy of Engineering, ranks the development of imaging as one of the top 20 greatest engineering achievements of the 20th century (www.greatachievements.org), amazingly at a rank higher than that of household appliances and nuclear technology. Imaging is also taking on an increasing role in research, improving our understanding of both normal and diseased states and as a surrogate endpoint in the evaluation of therapies. Imaging allows serial studies in the same individual, thereby increasing statistical power and reducing the number of subjects needed in a study. Imaging is also a powerful tool to guide minimally invasive therapies.

The effectiveness of imaging and the powerful impact of visual images have led to a major increase in the utilization of this strategy, a trend that will continue but will evolve in coming years. Further advances will lead to improved detection, localization, and characterization of disease which should enable more accurate selection of optimized therapies for individual subjects (personalized medicine) as well as treatments that are more effective, less expensive, and less traumatic. Imaging will also play an increasingly important role in the challenges facing biomedical research.

There are many imaging “modalities”, each acquiring data using physical mechanisms such as x-ray transmission, nuclear magnetic resonance, acoustic or optical properties, and signals from radioactive tracers. Optimal design and utilization of each requires an appreciation of the underlying physical phenomena. Each modality uses sensors to detect signals and mathematical methods to covert the measured signals to images. Additional image processing methods are used to extract physiological information from the images.

My own interests center on the physics, engineering and mathematics of medical imaging. While I have worked on many imaging modalities over the past decades, my current projects are focused on computed tomography, digital x-ray imaging, and hybrid multimodality systems. The largest project currently underway is the development of Inverse Geometry Computed Tomography (IGCT), a new CT imaging architecture that should allow volumetric imaging with outstanding image quality and lower radiation dose. The work involves research into new components, sampling strategies, and image reconstruction methods, as well as methods to characterize the performance of imaging systems. We are also interested in energy-dependent CT imaging for tissue characterization and improved efficiency.

Currently, image guided therapy is typically performed using real-time guidance from a single modality, most commonly x-ray fluoroscopy. I believe that many procedures would benefit if the physician, during the procedure, could choose from a number of imaging technologies (e.g., x-ray fluoroscopy, MRI, PET) and with minimal impact on the patient. I am interested in the development of “hybrid” platforms that would provide such access. Development of such platforms requires careful attention to allow each modality to provide its unique type of information while not interfering with the other systems.

In addition to these technical projects, I am also interested in the development of new clinical and research applications of medical imaging. This is highly interdisciplinary research, incorporating not only the latest imaging technology but also fundamental appreciation of anatomy and pathophysiology.

Publications

• Simulations of virtual PET/CT 3-D bronchoscopy imaging using a physical porcine lung-heart phantom. Yerushalmi D,  Mullick R, Quon A, Fahrig R, Pelc NJ, Fann JI, Gambhir SS.  Mol Imaging Biol.  2009 Jul-Aug; 11 (4): 275-82
• Direct two-dimensional reconstruction algorithm for an inverse-geometry CT system. Baek J,  Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2009; 36 (2): 394-401
• Understanding and controlling the effect of lossy raw data compression on CT images. Wang AS,  Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2009; 36 (8): 3643-53
• Shimming with permanent magnets for the x-ray detector in a hybrid x-ray/ MR system. Wen Z,  Fahrig R, Williams ST, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2008; 35 (9): 3895-902
• Noise considerations of three-point water-fat separation imaging methods. Wen Z,  Reeder SB, Pineda AR, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2008; 35 (8): 3597-606
• Study of increased radiation when an x-ray tube is placed in a strong magnetic field. Wen Z,  Pelc NJ, Nelson WR, Fahrig R.  Med Phys.  2007; 34 (2): 408-18
• Quantitative evaluation of the relaxivity effects of iodine on GD-DTPA enhanced MR arthrography. Ganguly A,  Gold GE, Butts Pauly K, Mayer D, Moseley MM, Pelc NJ, Fahrig R.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  2007; 25 (6): 1219-25
• Inverse-geometry volumetric CT system with multiple detector arrays for wide field-of-view imaging. Mazin SR,  Star-Lack J, Bennett NR, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2007; 34 (6): 2133-42
• Investigation of electron trajectories of an x-ray tube in magnetic fields of MR scanners. Wen Z,  Fahrig R, Conolly S, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2007; 34 (6): 2048-58
• Articular cartilage of the knee: rapid three-dimensional MR imaging at 3.0 T with IDEAL balanced steady-state free precession--initial experience. Gold GE,  Reeder SB, Yu H, Kornaat P, Shimakawa AS, Johnson JW, Pelc NJ, Beaulieu CF, Brittain JH.  Radiology.  2006; 240 (2): 546-51
• Single acquisition water-fat separation: feasibility study for dynamic imaging. Yu H,  Reeder SB, McKenzie CA, Brau AC, Shimakawa A, Brittain JH, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2006; 55 (2): 413-22
• Allometric scaling of wall shear stress from mice to humans: quantification using cine phase-contrast MRI and computational fluid dynamics. Greve JM,  Les AS, Tang BT, Draney Blomme MT, Wilson NM, Dalman RL, Pelc NJ, Taylor CA.  Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.  2006; 291 (4): H1700-8
• A prototype table-top inverse-geometry volumetric CT system. Schmidt TG,  Star-Lack J, Bennett NR, Mazin SR, Solomon EG, Fahrig R, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2006; 33 (6): 1867-78
• Iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL): application with fast spin-echo imaging. Reeder SB,  Pineda AR, Wen Z, Shimakawa A, Yu H, Brittain JH, Gold GE, Beaulieu CH, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2005; 54 (3): 636-44
• MR-guided transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation with use of a hybrid radiography/MR system. Kee ST,  Ganguly A, Daniel BL, Wen Z, Butts K, Shimikawa A, Pelc NJ, Fahrig R, Dake MD.  J Vasc Interv Radiol.  2005; 16 (2 Pt 1): 227-34
• Truly hybrid X-ray/MR imaging: toward a streamlined clinical system. Ganguly A,  Wen Z, Daniel BL, Butts K, Kee ST, Rieke V, Do HM, Pelc NJ, Fahrig R.  Acad Radiol.  2005; 12 (9): 1167-77
• Estimation of renal extraction fraction based on postcontrast venous and arterial differential T1 values: an error analysis. Levin YS,  Chow LC, Pelc NJ, Sommer FG, Spielman DM.  Magn Reson Med.  2005; 54 (2): 309-16
• Performance of a static-anode/flat-panel x-ray fluoroscopy system in a diagnostic strength magnetic field: a truly hybrid x-ray/MR imaging system. Fahrig R,  Wen Z, Ganguly A, DeCrescenzo G, Rowlands JA, Stevens GM, Saunders RF, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2005; 32 (6): 1775-84
• Co-registration of x-ray and MR fields of view in a hybrid XMR system. Yu H,  Fahrig R, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  2005; 22 (2): 291-301
• Cramér-Rao bounds for three-point decomposition of water and fat. Pineda AR,  Reeder SB, Wen Z, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2005; 54 (3): 625-35
• X-ray compatible radiofrequency coil for magnetic resonance imaging. Rieke V,  Ganguly A, Daniel BL, Scott G, Pauly JM, Fahrig R, Pelc NJ, Butts K.  Magn Reson Med.  2005; 53 (6): 1409-14
• Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance velocity mapping of aortic flow in healthy volunteers and patients after valve-sparing aortic root replacement. Markl M,  Draney MT, Miller DC, Levin JM, Williamson EE, Pelc NJ, Liang DH, Herfkens RJ.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.  2005; 130 (2): 456-63
• Cardiac CINE imaging with IDEAL water-fat separation and steady-state free precession. Reeder SB,  Markl M, Yu H, Hellinger JC, Herfkens RJ, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  2005; 22 (1): 44-52
• A three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm for an inverse-geometry volumetric CT system. Schmidt TG,  Fahrig R, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2005; 32 (11): 3234-45
• Field map estimation with a region growing scheme for iterative 3-point water-fat decomposition. Yu H,  Reeder SB, Shimakawa A, Brittain JH, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2005; 54 (4): 1032-9
• Robust x-ray tubes for use within magnetic fields of MR scanners. Wen Z,  Fahrig R, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2005; 32 (7): 2327-36
• Time-resolved 3-dimensional velocity mapping in the thoracic aorta: visualization of 3-directional blood flow patterns in healthy volunteers and patients. Markl M,  Draney MT, Hope MD, Levin JM, Chan FP, Alley MT, Pelc NJ, Herfkens RJ.  J Comput Assist Tomogr.  2004 Jul-Aug; 28 (4): 459-68
• On flow effects in balanced steady-state free precession imaging: pictorial description, parameter dependence, and clinical implications. Markl M,  Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  2004; 20 (4): 697-705
• Quantification of vessel wall motion and cyclic strain using cine phase contrast MRI: in vivo validation in the porcine aorta. Draney MT,  Arko FR, Alley MT, Markl M, Herfkens RJ, Pelc NJ, Zarins CK, Taylor CA.  Magn Reson Med.  2004; 52 (2): 286-95
• Steady-state free precession MR imaging: improved myocardial tag persistence and signal-to-noise ratio for analysis of myocardial motion. Markl M,  Reeder SB, Chan FP, Alley MT, Herfkens RJ, Pelc NJ.  Radiology.  2004; 230 (3): 852-61
• Measurement of renal extraction fraction using contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Sommer G,  Chow L, Pelc N.  Med Phys.  2004; 31 (1): 37-8
• Multicoil Dixon chemical species separation with an iterative least-squares estimation method. Reeder SB,  Wen Z, Yu H, Pineda AR, Gold GE, Markl M, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2004; 51 (1): 35-45
• An inverse-geometry volumetric CT system with a large-area scanned source: a feasibility study. Schmidt TG,  Fahrig R, Pelc NJ, Solomon EG.  Med Phys.  2004; 31 (9): 2623-7
• Flow effects in balanced steady state free precession imaging. Markl M,  Alley MT, Elkins CJ, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2003; 50 (5): 892-903
• First use of a truly-hybrid X-ray/MR imaging system for guidance of brain biopsy. Fahrig R,  Heit G, Wen Z, Daniel BL, Butts K, Pelc NJ.  Acta Neurochir (Wien).  2003; 145 (11): 995-7; discussion 997
• Generalized reconstruction of phase contrast MRI: analysis and correction of the effect of gradient field distortions. Markl M,  Bammer R, Alley MT, Elkins CJ, Draney MT, Barnett A, Moseley ME, Glover GH, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2003; 50 (4): 791-801
• Analysis and generalized correction of the effect of spatial gradient field distortions in diffusion-weighted imaging. Bammer R,  Markl M, Barnett A, Acar B, Alley MT, Pelc NJ, Glover GH, Moseley ME.  Magn Reson Med.  2003; 50 (3): 560-9
• Circular tomosynthesis: potential in imaging of breast and upper cervical spine--preliminary phantom and in vitro study. Stevens GM,  Birdwell RL, Beaulieu CF, Ikeda DM, Pelc NJ.  Radiology.  2003; 228 (2): 569-75
• Balanced phase-contrast steady-state free precession (PC-SSFP): a novel technique for velocity encoding by gradient inversion. Markl M,  Alley MT, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2003; 49 (5): 945-52
• Time-resolved three-dimensional phase-contrast MRI. Markl M,  Chan FP, Alley MT, Wedding KL, Draney MT, Elkins CJ, Parker DW, Wicker R, Taylor CA, Herfkens RJ, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  2003; 17 (4): 499-506
• Rapid MR imaging of articular cartilage with steady-state free precession and multipoint fat-water separation. Reeder SB,  Pelc NJ, Alley MT, Gold GE.  AJR Am J Roentgenol.  2003; 180 (2): 357-62
• In vivo validation of numerical prediction of blood flow in arterial bypass grafts. Ku JP,  Draney MT, Arko FR, Lee WA, Chan FP, Pelc NJ, Zarins CK, Taylor CA.  Ann Biomed Eng.  2002; 30 (6): 743-52
• Quantification of vessel wall cyclic strain using cine phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Draney MT,  Herfkens RJ, Hughes TJ, Pelc NJ, Wedding KL, Zarins CK, Taylor CA.  Ann Biomed Eng.  2002; 30 (8): 1033-45
• New approach to 3D time-resolved angiography. Madore B,  Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2002; 47 (5): 1022-5
• Noninvasive measurement of extraction fraction and single-kidney glomerular filtration rate with MR imaging in swine with surgically created renal arterial stenoses. Coulam CH,  Lee JH, Wedding KL, Spielman DM, Pelc NJ, Kee ST, Hill BB, Bouley DM, Derby GC, Myers BD, Sawyer-Glover AM, Sommer FG.  Radiology.  2002; 223 (1): 76-82
• Measurement of vessel wall strain using cine phase contrast MRI. Wedding KL,  Draney MT, Herfkens RJ, Zarins CK, Taylor CA, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  2002; 15 (4): 418-28
• Truly hybrid interventional MR/X-ray system: investigation of in vivo applications. Fahrig R,  Butts K, Wen Z, Saunders R, Kee ST, Sze DY, Daniel BL, Laerum F, Pelc NJ.  Acad Radiol.  2001; 8 (12): 1200-7
• Alignment of a volumetric tomography system. Stevens GM,  Saunders R, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2001; 28 (7): 1472-81
• SMASH and SENSE: experimental and numerical comparisons. Madore B,  Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2001; 45 (6): 1103-11
• Filtered backprojection for modifying the impulse response of circular tomosynthesis. Stevens GM,  Fahrig R, Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2001; 28 (3): 372-80
• A truly hybrid interventional MR/X-ray system: feasibility demonstration. Fahrig R,  Butts K, Rowlands JA, Saunders R, Stanton J, Stevens GM, Daniel BL, Wen Z, Ergun DL, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  2001; 13 (2): 294-300
• Partial fat-saturated contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography compared with non-fat-saturated and conventional fat-saturated MR angiography. Hilfiker PR,  Herfkens RJ, Heiss SG, Alley MT, Fleischmann D, Pelc NJ.  Radiology.  2000; 216 (1): 298-303
• A reduced field-of-view method to increase temporal resolution or reduce scan time in cine MRI. Madore B,  Fredrickson JO, Alley MT, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  2000; 43 (4): 549-58
• Depth-segmented detector for x-ray absorptiometry. Stevens GM,  Pelc NJ.  Med Phys.  2000; 27 (5): 1174-84
• Three-dimensional cardiac cine magnetic resonance imaging with an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide blood pool agent (NC100150). Amano Y,  Herfkens RJ, Shifrin RY, Alley MT, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  2000; 11 (2): 81-6
• Unaliasing by fourier-encoding the overlaps using the temporal dimension (UNFOLD), applied to cardiac imaging and fMRI. Madore B,  Glover GH, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1999; 42 (5): 813-28
• A spatiotemporal model of cyclic kinematics and its application to analyzing nonrigid motion with MR velocity images. Zhu Y,  Pelc NJ.  IEEE Trans Med Imaging.  1999; 18 (7): 557-69
• Fast 3D cardiac cine MR imaging. Alley MT,  Napel S, Amano Y, Paik DS, Shifrin RY, Shimakawa A, Pelc NJ, Herfkens RJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1999; 9 (5): 751-5
• Three-dimensional motion tracking with volumetric phase contrast MR velocity imaging. Zhu Y,  Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1999; 9 (1): 111-8
• Ultrafast contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography: state of the art. Alley MT,  Shifrin RY, Pelc NJ, Herfkens RJ.  Radiographics.  1998 Mar-Apr; 18 (2): 273-85
• Renal blood flow: measurement in vivo with rapid spiral MR imaging. Sommer G,  Corrigan G, Fredrickson J, Sawyer-Glover A, Liao JR, Myers B, Pelc N.  Radiology.  1998; 208 (3): 729-34
• Gradient characterization using a Fourier-transform technique. Alley MT,  Glover GH, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1998; 39 (4): 581-7
• Effect of artifacts due to flowing blood on the reproducibility of phase-contrast measurements of myocardial motion. Drangova M,  Zhu Y, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1997 Jul-Aug; 7 (4): 664-8
• MRI using piecewise-linear spiral trajectory. Liao JR,  Pauly JM, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1997; 38 (2): 246-52
• Estimation of deformation gradient and strain from cine-PC velocity data. Zhu Y,  Drangova M, Pelc NJ.  IEEE Trans Med Imaging.  1997; 16 (6): 840-51
• Angiographic imaging with 2D RF pulses. Alley MT,  Pauly JM, Sommer FG, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1997; 37 (2): 260-7
• Reduction of motion artifacts in cine MRI using variable-density spiral trajectories. Liao JR,  Pauly JM, Brosnan TJ, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1997; 37 (4): 569-75
• Physiologic motion phantom for MRI applications. Drangova M,  Bowman B, Pelc N.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1996 May-Jun; 6 (3): 513-8
• Temporal resolution improvement in dynamic imaging. Fredrickson JO,  Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1996; 35 (4): 621-5
• Fourier tracking of myocardial motion using cine-PC data. Zhu Y,  Drangova M, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1996; 35 (4): 471-80
• Artifacts and signal loss due to flow in the presence of B(o) inhomogeneity. Drangova M,  Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1996; 35 (1): 126-30
• Tracking of cyclic motion with phase-contrast cine MR velocity data. Pelc NJ,  Drangova M, Pelc LR, Zhu Y, Noll DC, Bowman BS, Herfkens RJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1995 May-Jun; 5 (3): 339-45
• Cine spiral imaging. Liao JR,  Sommer FG, Herfkens RJ, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1995; 34 (3): 490-3
• Flow quantification and analysis methods. Pelc NJ,  Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am.  1995; 3 (3): 413-24
• Three-point phase-contrast velocity measurements with increased velocity-to-noise ratio. Lee AT,  Pike GB, Pelc NJ.  Magn Reson Med.  1995; 33 (1): 122-6
• Simultaneous temporal resolution of cardiac and respiratory motion in MR imaging. Fredrickson JO,  Wegmüller H, Herfkens RJ, Pelc NJ.  Radiology.  1995; 195 (1): 169-75
• Time-resolved MR imaging by automatic data segmentation. Fredrickson JO,  Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1994 Mar-Apr; 4 (2): 189-96
• Velocity and flow quantitation in the superior sagittal sinus with ungated and cine (gated) phase-contrast MR imaging. Jordan JE,  Pelc NJ, Enzmann DR.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1994 Jan-Feb; 4 (1): 25-8
• Chronic mesenteric ischemia: evaluation with phase-contrast cine MR imaging. Li KC,  Whitney WS, McDonnell CH, Fredrickson JO, Pelc NJ, Dalman RL, Jeffrey RB.  Radiology.  1994; 190 (1): 175-9
• Renal artery blood flow: quantitation with phase-contrast MR imaging with and without breath holding. Debatin JF,  Ting RH, Wegmüller H, Sommer FG, Fredrickson JO, Brosnan TJ, Bowman BS, Myers BD, Herfkens RJ, Pelc NJ.  Radiology.  1994; 190 (2): 371-8
• Shunt flow measurement and evaluation of valve oscillation with a spin-echo phase-contrast MR sequence. Norbash AM,  Pelc NJ, Shimakawa A, Enzmann DR.  Radiology.  1994; 190 (2): 560-4
• Determination of blood flow to the transplanted kidney. A novel application of phase-contrast, cine magnetic resonance imaging. Myers BD,  Sommer FG, Li K, Tomlanovich S, Pelc N, McDonnell C, Pagtalunan E, Newton L, Jamison R.  Transplantation.  1994; 57 (10): 1445-50
• Elastic deformation in tendons and myotendinous tissue: measurement by phase-contrast MR imaging. Drace JE,  Pelc NJ.  Radiology.  1994; 191 (3): 835-9
• The anatomy of the posterior communicating artery as a risk factor for ischemic cerebral infarction. Schomer DF,  Marks MP, Steinberg GK, Johnstone IM, Boothroyd DB, Ross MR, Pelc NJ, Enzmann DR.  N Engl J Med.  1994; 330 (22): 1565-70
• Quantitative magnetic resonance flow imaging. Pelc NJ,  Sommer FG, Li KC, Brosnan TJ, Herfkens RJ, Enzmann DR.  Magn Reson Q.  1994; 10 (3): 125-47
• Evaluation of myocardial motion tracking with cine-phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Pelc LR,  Sayre J, Yun K, Castro LJ, Herfkens RJ, Miller DC, Pelc NJ.  Invest Radiol.  1994; 29 (12): 1038-42
• Single breath-hold pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography. Optimization and comparison of three imaging strategies. Rubin GD,  Herfkens RJ, Pelc NJ, Foo TK, Napel S, Shimakawa A, Steiner RM, Bergin CJ.  Invest Radiol.  1994; 29 (8): 766-92
• Blood flow in major cerebral arteries measured by phase-contrast cine MR. Enzmann DR,  Ross MR, Marks MP, Pelc NJ.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.  1994; 15 (1): 123-9
• Comparison of lesion enhancement on spin-echo and gradient-echo images. Chappell PM,  Pelc NJ, Foo TK, Glover GH, Haros SP, Enzmann DR.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.  1994; 15 (1): 37-44
• Comparison of cerebral artery blood flow measurements with gated cine and ungated phase-contrast techniques. Enzmann DR,  Marks MP, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1993 Sep-Oct; 3 (5): 705-12
• Cerebrospinal fluid flow measured by phase-contrast cine MR. Enzmann DR,  Pelc NJ.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.  1993 Nov-Dec; 14 (6): 1301-7; discussion 1309-10
• MR characterization of blood flow in native and grafted internal mammary arteries. Debatin JF,  Strong JA, Sostman HD, Negro-Vilar R, Paine SS, Douglas JM, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1993 May-Jun; 3 (3): 443-50
• Noise reduction in three-dimensional phase-contrast MR velocity measurements. Song SM,  Napel S, Glover GH, Pelc NJ.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1993 Jul-Aug; 3 (4): 587-96
• Optimization of flip angle for T1 dependent contrast in MRI. Pelc NJ,  Magn Reson Med.  1993; 29 (5): 695-9
• Fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled imaging of the liver: pulse sequence optimization and comparison with spin-echo MR imaging. Low RN,  Francis IR, Herfkens RJ, Jeffrey RB, Glazer GM, Foo TK, Shimakawa A, Pelc NJ.  AJR Am J Roentgenol.  1993; 160 (3): 501-9
• Arterial and venous blood flow: noninvasive quantitation with MR imaging. Pelc LR,  Pelc NJ, Rayhill SC, Castro LJ, Glover GH, Herfkens RJ, Miller DC, Jeffrey RB.  Radiology.  1992; 185 (3): 809-12
• Determination of cerebral blood flow with a phase-contrast cine MR imaging technique: evaluation of normal subjects and patients with arteriovenous malformations. Marks MP,  Pelc NJ, Ross MR, Enzmann DR.  Radiology.  1992; 182 (2): 467-76
• Normal renal blood flow measurement using phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging. Sommer G,  Noorbehesht B, Pelc N, Jamison R, Pinevich AJ, Newton L, Myers B.  Invest Radiol.  1992; 27 (6): 465-70
• Brain motion: measurement with phase-contrast MR imaging. Enzmann DR,  Pelc NJ.  Radiology.  1992; 185 (3): 653-60
• Encoding strategies for three-direction phase-contrast MR imaging of flow. Pelc NJ,  Bernstein MA, Shimakawa A, Glover GH.  J Magn Reson Imaging.  1991 Jul-Aug; 1 (4): 405-13
• Phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging. Pelc NJ,  Herfkens RJ, Shimakawa A, Enzmann DR.  Magn Reson Q.  1991; 7 (4): 229-54
• Normal flow patterns of intracranial and spinal cerebrospinal fluid defined with phase-contrast cine MR imaging. Enzmann DR,  Pelc NJ.  Radiology.  1991; 178 (2): 467-74