Lawrence Steinman

Clinical Focus

• Neurology
• Neurology, Pediatric
• Multiple Sclerosis, Myasthenia Gravis, Immune Disorders

Administrative Appointments

• Chairman, Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, Stanford University , (2002– 2009 )

Honors and Awards

• Friedrich Sasse Prize, Free Univ.of Berlin (1994)
• Sen. Jacob Javits Award, US Congress (1988-2002)
• John M. Dystel Prize, American Academy of Neurology and National MS Society (2004)

Professional Education

• Board Certification: Neurology, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (1984)
• SUMC - Graduate Medical Education (1980) CA
• National Institute of Health (1977) MD
• Weizmann Institute Of Science (1977) Israel
• SUMC - Graduate Medical Education (1974) CA
• Stanford University School of Medicine (1974) CA
• Harvard Medical School (1973) MA
• MD, Harvard University Neurochemistry (1973)

Postdoctoral Advisees

• Robert Axtell, Katja Herges, Hedwich Kuipers, Michael Kurnellas, Brigit de Jong

Graduate & Fellowship Program Affiliations

• Immunology
• Neurosciences

Industry Relationships

Stanford is committed to ethical and transparent interactions with our industry partners. It is our policy to disclose payments of $5,000 or more, equity valued at $5,000 or more in a publicly traded company, or any equity in a privately held company, to physicians and scientists employed by Stanford University from companies or other commercial entities with which they interact as part of their professional activities. 

• Consulting: Bayhill Therapeutics, Peptimmune, NuonTherapeutics, Cardinal, Glaxo Smith Kline
• Equity: Bayhill Therapeutics, Peptimmune, NuonTherapeutics, Cardinal, Glaxo Smith Kline
• Service on Board of Directors: Bayhill Therapeutics, Peptimmune, NuonTherapeutics, Cardinal, Glaxo Smith Kline

Research Interests

Our laboratory is dedicated to understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis. We have developed several new therapies for autoimmunity, including some in Phase 2 clinical trials, as well as one approved drug, natalizumab. We have developed microarray technology for detecting autoantibodies to myelin proteins and lipids. We employ a diverse range of molecular and celluar approaches to trying to understand multiple sclerosis.

Publications

• PPAR-delta senses and orchestrates clearance of apoptotic cells to promote tolerance. Mukundan L,  Odegaard JI, Morel CR, Heredia JE, Mwangi JW, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Goh YP, Eagle AR, Dunn SE, Awakuni JU, Nguyen KD, Steinman L, Michie SA, Chawla A.  Nat Med.  2009; 15 (11): 1266-72
• Blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme induces potent regulatory T cells and modulates TH1- and TH17-mediated autoimmunity. Platten M,  Youssef S, Hur EM, Ho PP, Han MH, Lanz TV, Phillips LK, Goldstein MJ, Bhat R, Raine CS, Sobel RA, Steinman L.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2009; 106 (35): 14948-53
• A molecular trio in relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Nat Rev Immunol.  2009; 9 (6): 440-7
• Innate and adaptive autoimmunity directed to the central nervous system. Bhat R,  Steinman L.  Neuron.  2009; 64 (1): 123-32
• A rush to judgment on Th17. Steinman L,  J Exp Med.  2008; 205 (7): 1517-22
• Improved efficacy of a tolerizing DNA vaccine for reversal of hyperglycemia through enhancement of gene expression and localization to intracellular sites. Solvason N,  Lou YP, Peters W, Evans E, Martinez J, Ramirez U, Ocampo A, Yun R, Ahmad S, Liu E, Yu L, Eisenbarth G, Leviten M, Steinman L, Garren H.  J Immunol.  2008; 181 (12): 8298-307
• Phase 2 trial of a DNA vaccine encoding myelin basic protein for multiple sclerosis. Garren H,  Robinson WH, Krasulová E, Havrdová E, Nadj C, Selmaj K, Losy J, Nadj I, Radue EW, Kidd BA, Gianettoni J, Tersini K, Utz PJ, Valone F, Steinman L.  Ann Neurol.  2008; 63 (5): 611-20
• Proteomic analysis of active multiple sclerosis lesions reveals therapeutic targets. Han MH,  Hwang SI, Roy DB, Lundgren DH, Price JV, Ousman SS, Fernald GH, Gerlitz B, Robinson WH, Baranzini SE, Grinnell BW, Raine CS, Sobel RA, Han DK, Steinman L.  Nature.  2008; 451 (7182): 1076-81
• Nuanced roles of cytokines in three major human brain disorders. Steinman L,  J Clin Invest.  2008; 118 (11): 3557-63
• Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha expression in T cells mediates gender differences in development of T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Dunn SE,  Ousman SS, Sobel RA, Zuniga L, Baranzini SE, Youssef S, Crowell A, Loh J, Oksenberg J, Steinman L.  J Exp Med.  2007; 204 (2): 321-30
• A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Steinman L,  Nat Med.  2007; 13 (2): 139-45
• Osteopontin-induced relapse and progression of autoimmune brain disease through enhanced survival of activated T cells. Hur EM,  Youssef S, Haws ME, Zhang SY, Sobel RA, Steinman L.  Nat Immunol.  2007; 8 (1): 74-83
• Protective and therapeutic role for alphaB-crystallin in autoimmune demyelination. Ousman SS,  Tomooka BH, van Noort JM, Wawrousek EF, O'Connor KC, Hafler DA, Sobel RA, Robinson WH, Steinman L.  Nature.  2007; 448 (7152): 474-9
• Induction of antigen-specific tolerance in multiple sclerosis after immunization with DNA encoding myelin basic protein in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 trial. Bar-Or A,  Vollmer T, Antel J, Arnold DL, Bodner CA, Campagnolo D, Gianettoni J, Jalili F, Kachuck N, Lapierre Y, Niino M, Oger J, Price M, Rhodes S, Robinson WH, Shi FD, Utz PJ, Valone F, Weiner L, Steinman L, Garren H.  Arch Neurol.  2007; 64 (10): 1407-15
• Lipid microarrays identify key mediators of autoimmune brain inflammation. Kanter JL,  Narayana S, Ho PP, Catz I, Warren KG, Sobel RA, Steinman L, Robinson WH.  Nat Med.  2006; 12 (1): 138-43
• Isoprenoids determine Th1/Th2 fate in pathogenic T cells, providing a mechanism of modulation of autoimmunity by atorvastatin. Dunn SE,  Youssef S, Goldstein MJ, Prod'homme T, Weber MS, Zamvil SS, Steinman L.  J Exp Med.  2006; 203 (2): 401-12
• What went wrong in the natalizumab trials? Langer-Gould A,  Steinman L.  Lancet.  2006; 367 (9512): 708-10
• Blocking adhesion molecules as therapy for multiple sclerosis: natalizumab. Steinman L,  Nat Rev Drug Discov.  2005; 4 (6): 510-8
• Treatment of autoimmune neuroinflammation with a synthetic tryptophan metabolite. Platten M,  Ho PP, Youssef S, Fontoura P, Garren H, Hur EM, Gupta R, Lee LY, Kidd BA, Robinson WH, Sobel RA, Selley ML, Steinman L.  Science.  2005; 310 (5749): 850-5
• Design of effective immunotherapy for human autoimmunity. Feldmann M,  Steinman L.  Nature.  2005; 435 (7042): 612-9
• Immune therapy for autoimmune diseases. Steinman L,  Science.  2004; 305 (5681): 212-6
• Shifting therapeutic attention in MS to osteopontin, type 1 and type 2 IFN. Steinman L,  Eur J Immunol.  2009; 39 (9): 2358-60
• The gray aspects of white matter disease in multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2009; 106 (20): 8083-4
• Systems biology for identification of molecular networks in multiple sclerosis. Han MH,  Steinman L.  Mult Scler.  2009; 15 (5): 529-30
• Enhanced immune recognition of cryptic glycan markers in human tumors. Newsom-Davis TE,  Wang D, Steinman L, Chen PF, Wang LX, Simon AK, Screaton GR.  Cancer Res.  2009; 69 (5): 2018-25
• Treatment with a Toll-like receptor inhibitory GpG oligonucleotide delays and attenuates lupus nephritis in NZB/W mice. Graham KL,  Lee LY, Higgins JP, Steinman L, Utz PJ, Ho PP.  Autoimmunity.  2009;
• New targets for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  J Neurol Sci.  2008; 274 (1-2): 1-4
• Epitope spreading to citrullinated antigens in mouse models of autoimmune arthritis and demyelination. Kidd BA,  Ho PP, Sharpe O, Zhao X, Tomooka BH, Kanter JL, Steinman L, Robinson WH.  Arthritis Res Ther.  2008; 10 (5): R119
• Bioluminescence in vivo imaging of autoimmune encephalomyelitis predicts disease. Luo J,  Ho P, Steinman L, Wyss-Coray T.  J Neuroinflammation.  2008; 5 6
• Differential regulation of chemokines by IL-17 in colonic epithelial cells. Lee JW,  Wang P, Kattah MG, Youssef S, Steinman L, DeFea K, Straus DS.  J Immunol.  2008; 181 (9): 6536-45
• Thymic selection determines gammadelta T cell effector fate: antigen-naive cells make interleukin-17 and antigen-experienced cells make interferon gamma. Jensen KD,  Su X, Shin S, Li L, Youssef S, Yamasaki S, Steinman L, Saito T, Locksley RM, Davis MM, Baumgarth N, Chien YH.  Immunity.  2008; 29 (1): 90-100
• Failure of oral atorvastatin to modulate a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Graham KL,  Lee LY, Higgins JP, Steinman L, Utz PJ, Ho PP.  Arthritis Rheum.  2008; 58 (7): 2098-104
• CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells specific for a thymus-expressed antigen prevent the development of anaphylaxis to self. Scabeni S,  Lapilla M, Musio S, Gallo B, Ciusani E, Steinman L, Mantegazza R, Pedotti R.  J Immunol.  2008; 180 (7): 4433-40
• Type 1 interferons cool the inflamed brain. Axtell RC,  Steinman L.  Immunity.  2008; 28 (5): 600-2
• Extensive fusion of haematopoietic cells with Purkinje neurons in response to chronic inflammation. Johansson CB,  Youssef S, Koleckar K, Holbrook C, Doyonnas R, Corbel SY, Steinman L, Rossi FM, Blau HM.  Nat Cell Biol.  2008; 10 (5): 575-83
• The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a regulator of Th17 and Treg cell development in disease. Ho PP,  Steinman L.  Cell Res.  2008; 18 (6): 605-8
• Type II monocytes modulate T cell-mediated central nervous system autoimmune disease. Weber MS,  Prod'homme T, Youssef S, Dunn SE, Rundle CD, Lee L, Patarroyo JC, Stüve O, Sobel RA, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Nat Med.  2007; 13 (8): 935-43
• Tryptophan degradation in autoimmune diseases. Opitz CA,  Wick W, Steinman L, Platten M.  Cell Mol Life Sci.  2007; 64 (19-20): 2542-63
• Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein. O'Connor KC,  McLaughlin KA, De Jager PL, Chitnis T, Bettelli E, Xu C, Robinson WH, Cherry SV, Bar-Or A, Banwell B, Fukaura H, Fukazawa T, Tenembaum S, Wong SJ, Tavakoli NP, Idrissova Z, Viglietta V, Rostasy K, Pohl D, Dale RC, Freedman M, Steinman L, Buckle GJ, Kuchroo VK, Hafler DA, Wucherpfennig KW.  Nat Med.  2007; 13 (2): 211-7
• Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide suppress autoimmune neuroinflammation. Chora AA,  Fontoura P, Cunha A, Pais TF, Cardoso S, Ho PP, Lee LY, Sobel RA, Steinman L, Soares MP.  J Clin Invest.  2007; 117 (2): 438-47
• Inhibition of HMGcoA reductase by atorvastatin prevents and reverses MYC-induced lymphomagenesis. Shachaf CM,  Perez OD, Youssef S, Fan AC, Elchuri S, Goldstein MJ, Shirer AE, Sharpe O, Chen J, Mitchell DJ, Chang M, Nolan GP, Steinman L, Felsher DW.  Blood.  2007; 110 (7): 2674-84
• Antigen-specific therapy of multiple sclerosis: the long-sought magic bullet. Steinman L,  Neurotherapeutics.  2007; 4 (4): 661-5
• Glia-dependent TGF-beta signaling, acting independently of the TH17 pathway, is critical for initiation of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Luo J,  Ho PP, Buckwalter MS, Hsu T, Lee LY, Zhang H, Kim DK, Kim SJ, Gambhir SS, Steinman L, Wyss-Coray T.  J Clin Invest.  2007; 117 (11): 3306-15
• Nanosensor detection of an immunoregulatory tryptophan influx/kynurenine efflux cycle. Kaper T,  Looger LL, Takanaga H, Platten M, Steinman L, Frommer WB.  PLoS Biol.  2007; 5 (10): e257
• Preemptive HMG-CoA reductase inhibition provides graft-versus-host disease protection by Th-2 polarization while sparing graft-versus-leukemia activity. Zeiser R,  Youssef S, Baker J, Kambham N, Steinman L, Negrin RS.  Blood.  2007; 110 (13): 4588-98
• Statins--treatment option for central nervous system autoimmune disease? Weber MS,  Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Neurotherapeutics.  2007; 4 (4): 693-700
• At once harmful and beneficial: the dual properties of NF-kappaB. Youssef S,  Steinman L.  Nat Immunol.  2006; 7 (9): 901-2
• Tolerizing DNA vaccines for autoimmune arthritis. Ho PP,  Higgins JP, Kidd BA, Tomooka B, Digennaro C, Lee LY, de Vegvar HE, Steinman L, Robinson WH.  Autoimmunity.  2006; 39 (8): 675-82
• Nogo in multiple sclerosis: growing roles of a growth inhibitor. Fontoura P,  Steinman L.  J Neurol Sci.  2006; 245 (1-2): 201-10
• Statin therapy and autoimmune disease: from protein prenylation to immunomodulation. Greenwood J,  Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Nat Rev Immunol.  2006; 6 (5): 358-70
• Most patients with multiple sclerosis or a clinically isolated demyelinating syndrome should be treated at the time of diagnosis. Frohman EM,  Havrdova E, Lublin F, Barkhof F, Achiron A, Sharief MK, Stuve O, Racke MK, Steinman L, Weiner H, Olek M, Zivadinov R, Corboy J, Raine C, Cutter G, Richert J, Filippi M.  Arch Neurol.  2006; 63 (4): 614-9
• Immunomodulatory synergy by combination of atorvastatin and glatiramer acetate in treatment of CNS autoimmunity. Stüve O,  Youssef S, Weber MS, Nessler S, von Büdingen HC, Hemmer B, Prod'homme T, Sobel RA, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  J Clin Invest.  2006; 116 (4): 1037-44
• A neuropeptide in immune-mediated inflammation, Y? Prod'homme T,  Weber MS, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Trends Immunol.  2006; 27 (4): 164-7
• A key regulatory role for histamine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: disease exacerbation in histidine decarboxylase-deficient mice. Musio S,  Gallo B, Scabeni S, Lapilla M, Poliani PL, Matarese G, Ohtsu H, Galli SJ, Mantegazza R, Steinman L, Pedotti R.  J Immunol.  2006; 176 (1): 17-26
• Controlling autoimmunity in sporadic inclusion-body myositis. Steinman L,  Neurology.  2006; 66 (2 Suppl 1): S56-8
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and multiple sclerosis: lessons from natalizumab. Langer-Gould A,  Steinman L.  Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep.  2006; 6 (3): 253-8
• Emerging therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis. Fontoura P,  Steinman L, Miller A.  Curr Opin Neurol.  2006; 19 (3): 260-6
• The coming of age for antigen-specific therapy of multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Eur J Neurol.  2006; 13 (8): 793-4
• Selective tyrosine kinase inhibition by imatinib mesylate for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis. Paniagua RT,  Sharpe O, Ho PP, Chan SM, Chang A, Higgins JP, Tomooka BH, Thomas FM, Song JJ, Goodman SB, Lee DM, Genovese MC, Utz PJ, Steinman L, Robinson WH.  J Clin Invest.  2006; 116 (10): 2633-42
• State of the art. Four easy pieces: interconnections between tissue injury, intermediary metabolism, autoimmunity, and chronic degeneration. Steinman L,  Proc Am Thorac Soc.  2006; 3 (6): 484-6
• How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Zamvil SS.  Ann Neurol.  2006; 60 (1): 12-21
• Statins in the treatment of central nervous system autoimmune disease. Weber MS,  Youssef S, Dunn SE, Prod'homme T, Neuhaus O, Stuve O, Greenwood J, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  J Neuroimmunol.  2006; 178 (1-2): 140-8
• Antigen-specific therapies in multiple sclerosis: going beyond proteins and peptides. Fontoura P,  Garren H, Steinman L.  Int Rev Immunol.  2005 Sep-Dec; 24 (5-6): 415-46
• Therapeutic considerations for disease progression in multiple sclerosis: evidence, experience, and future expectations. Frohman EM,  Stüve O, Havrdova E, Corboy J, Achiron A, Zivadinov R, Sorensen PS, Phillips JT, Weinshenker B, Hawker K, Hartung HP, Steinman L, Zamvil S, Cree BA, Hauser S, Weiner H, Racke MK, Filippi M.  Arch Neurol.  2005; 62 (10): 1519-30
• A suppressive oligodeoxynucleotide enhances the efficacy of myelin cocktail/IL-4-tolerizing DNA vaccination and treats autoimmune disease. Ho PP,  Fontoura P, Platten M, Sobel RA, DeVoss JJ, Lee LY, Kidd BA, Tomooka BH, Capers J, Agrawal A, Gupta R, Zernik J, Yee MK, Lee BJ, Garren H, Robinson WH, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  2005; 175 (9): 6226-34
• Multiple sclerosis: trapped in deadly glue. Platten M,  Steinman L.  Nat Med.  2005; 11 (3): 252-3
• Virtues and pitfalls of EAE for the development of therapies for multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Zamvil SS.  Trends Immunol.  2005; 26 (11): 565-71
• Suppression of autoimmunity via microbial mimics of altered peptide ligands. Steinman L,  Utz PJ, Robinson WH.  Curr Top Microbiol Immunol.  2005; 296 55-63
• Drug Insight: using statins to treat neuroinflammatory disease. Weber MS,  Prod'homme T, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Nat Clin Pract Neurol.  2005; 1 (2): 106-12
• Characterizing the mechanisms of progression in multiple sclerosis: evidence and new hypotheses for future directions. Frohman EM,  Filippi M, Stuve O, Waxman SG, Corboy J, Phillips JT, Lucchinetti C, Wilken J, Karandikar N, Hemmer B, Monson N, De Keyser J, Hartung H, Steinman L, Oksenberg JR, Cree BA, Hauser S, Racke MK.  Arch Neurol.  2005; 62 (9): 1345-56
• The multifaceted role of transglutaminase in neurodegeneration: review article. Karpuj M,  Steinman L.  Amino Acids.  2004; 26 (4): 373-9
• Statins as potential therapeutic agents in multiple sclerosis. Stüve O,  Prod'homme T, Youssef S, Dunn S, Neuhaus O, Weber M, Hartung HP, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep.  2004; 4 (3): 237-44
• High-throughput methods for measuring autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Graham KL,  Robinson WH, Steinman L, Utz PJ.  Autoimmunity.  2004; 37 (4): 269-72
• Immunity to the extracellular domain of Nogo-A modulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Fontoura P,  Ho PP, DeVoss J, Zheng B, Lee BJ, Kidd BA, Garren H, Sobel RA, Robinson WH, Tessier-Lavigne M, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  2004; 173 (11): 6981-92
• Elaborate interactions between the immune and nervous systems. Steinman L,  Nat Immunol.  2004; 5 (6): 575-81
• The potential therapeutic role of statins in central nervous system autoimmune disorders. Stüve O,  Youssef S, Dunn S, Slavin AJ, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Cell Mol Life Sci.  2003; 60 (11): 2483-91
• The intricate interplay among body weight, stress, and the immune response to friend or foe. Steinman L,  Conlon P, Maki R, Foster A.  J Clin Invest.  2003; 111 (2): 183-5
• Statins and their potential targets in multiple sclerosis therapy. Stüve O,  Prod'homme T, Slavin A, Youssef S, Dunn S, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Expert Opin Ther Targets.  2003; 7 (5): 613-22
• Involvement of both 'allergic' and 'autoimmune' mechanisms in EAE, MS and other autoimmune diseases. Pedotti R,  De Voss JJ, Steinman L, Galli SJ.  Trends Immunol.  2003; 24 (9): 479-84
• Statins as potential therapeutic agents in neuroinflammatory disorders. Stüve O,  Youssef S, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Curr Opin Neurol.  2003; 16 (3): 393-401
• Diverse targets for intervention during inflammatory and neurodegenerative phases of multiple sclerosis. Zamvil SS,  Steinman L.  Neuron.  2003; 38 (5): 685-8
• Osteopontin polymorphisms and disease course in multiple sclerosis. Caillier S,  Barcellos LF, Baranzini SE, Swerdlin A, Lincoln RR, Steinman L, Martin E, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance M, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR.  Genes Immun.  2003; 4 (4): 312-5
• Medicine: Collateral damage repaired. Steinman L,  Nature.  2003; 422 (6933): 671-2
• Genomic and proteomic analysis of multiple sclerosis. Opinion. Robinson WH,  Utz PJ, Steinman L.  Curr Opin Immunol.  2003; 15 (6): 660-7
• Protein arrays for autoantibody profiling and fine-specificity mapping. Robinson WH,  Steinman L, Utz PJ.  Proteomics.  2003; 3 (11): 2077-84
• An immunomodulatory GpG oligonucleotide for the treatment of autoimmunity via the innate and adaptive immune systems. Ho PP,  Fontoura P, Ruiz PJ, Steinman L, Garren H.  J Immunol.  2003; 171 (9): 4920-6
• Microarray profiling of antibody responses against simian-human immunodeficiency virus: postchallenge convergence of reactivities independent of host histocompatibility type and vaccine regimen. Neuman de Vegvar HE,  Amara RR, Steinman L, Utz PJ, Robinson HL, Robinson WH.  J Virol.  2003; 77 (20): 11125-38
• Protein microarrays guide tolerizing DNA vaccine treatment of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Robinson WH,  Fontoura P, Lee BJ, de Vegvar HE, Tom J, Pedotti R, DiGennaro CD, Mitchell DJ, Fong D, Ho PP, Ruiz PJ, Maverakis E, Stevens DB, Bernard CC, Martin R, Kuchroo VK, van Noort JM, Genain CP, Amor S, Olsson T, Utz PJ, Garren H, Steinman L.  Nat Biotechnol.  2003; 21 (9): 1033-9
• Transcriptional analysis of targets in multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Zamvil S.  Nat Rev Immunol.  2003; 3 (6): 483-92
• Optic neuritis, a new variant of experimental encephalomyelitis, a durable model for all seasons, now in its seventieth year. Steinman L,  J Exp Med.  2003; 197 (9): 1065-71
• Severe anaphylactic reactions to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) self peptides in NOD mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pedotti R,  Sanna M, Tsai M, DeVoss J, Steinman L, McDevitt H, Galli SJ.  BMC Immunol.  2003; 4 2
• Multiple elements of the allergic arm of the immune response modulate autoimmune demyelination. Pedotti R,  DeVoss JJ, Youssef S, Mitchell D, Wedemeyer J, Madanat R, Garren H, Fontoura P, Tsai M, Galli SJ, Sobel RA, Steinman L.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2003; 100 (4): 1867-72
• Engineering better cytokines. Steinman L,  Nat Biotechnol.  2003; 21 (11): 1293-4
• Approved and future pharmacotherapy for multiple sclerosis. Stüve O,  Cree BC, von Büdingen HC, Yousef S, Bowen JD, Genain CP, Hauser SL, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Neurologist.  2002; 8 (5): 290-301
• Evidence for a role for transglutaminase in Huntington's disease and the potential therapeutic implications. Karpuj MV,  Becher MW, Steinman L.  Neurochem Int.  2002; 40 (1): 31-6
• Altered peptide ligands and MS treatment. Conlon P,  Steinman L.  Science.  2002; 296 (5574): 1801-2; author reply 1801-2
• Protein and peptide array analysis of autoimmune disease. Robinson WH,  Steinman L, Utz PJ.  Biotechniques.  2002; Suppl 66-9
• The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease. Youssef S,  Stüve O, Patarroyo JC, Ruiz PJ, Radosevich JL, Hur EM, Bravo M, Mitchell DJ, Sobel RA, Steinman L, Zamvil SS.  Nature.  2002; 420 (6911): 78-84
• Autoantibody profiling for the study and treatment of autoimmune disease. Hueber W,  Utz PJ, Steinman L, Robinson WH.  Arthritis Res.  2002; 4 (5): 290-5
• Late pregnancy suppresses relapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: evidence for a suppressive pregnancy-related serum factor. Langer-Gould A,  Garren H, Slansky A, Ruiz PJ, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  2002; 169 (2): 1084-91
• Immunomodulatory vaccination in autoimmune disease. Urbanek-Ruiz I,  Ruiz PJ, Steinman L, Fathman CG.  Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.  2002; 31 (2): 441-56, viii-ix
• Multiple sclerosis: deeper understanding of its pathogenesis reveals new targets for therapy. Steinman L,  Martin R, Bernard C, Conlon P, Oksenberg JR.  Annu Rev Neurosci.  2002; 25 491-505
• Millennium Award. Proteomics for the development of DNA tolerizing vaccines to treat autoimmune disease. Robinson WH,  Garren H, Utz PJ, Steinman L.  Clin Immunol.  2002; 103 (1): 7-12
• Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Lock C,  Hermans G, Pedotti R, Brendolan A, Schadt E, Garren H, Langer-Gould A, Strober S, Cannella B, Allard J, Klonowski P, Austin A, Lad N, Kaminski N, Galli SJ, Oksenberg JR, Raine CS, Heller R, Steinman L.  Nat Med.  2002; 8 (5): 500-8
• Proteomics technologies for the study of autoimmune disease. Robinson WH,  Steinman L, Utz PJ.  Arthritis Rheum.  2002; 46 (4): 885-93
• Autoantigen microarrays for multiplex characterization of autoantibody responses. Robinson WH,  DiGennaro C, Hueber W, Haab BB, Kamachi M, Dean EJ, Fournel S, Fong D, Genovese MC, de Vegvar HE, Skriner K, Hirschberg DL, Morris RI, Muller S, Pruijn GJ, van Venrooij WJ, Smolen JS, Brown PO, Steinman L, Utz PJ.  Nat Med.  2002; 8 (3): 295-301
• Prolonged survival and decreased abnormal movements in transgenic model of Huntington disease, with administration of the transglutaminase inhibitor cystamine. Karpuj MV,  Becher MW, Springer JE, Chabas D, Youssef S, Pedotti R, Mitchell D, Steinman L.  Nat Med.  2002; 8 (2): 143-9
• Cholesterol-lowering statins possess anti-inflammatory activity that might be useful for treatment of MS. Zamvil SS,  Steinman L.  Neurology.  2002; 59 (7): 970-1
• N(epsilon)-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine (GGEL) is increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Huntington's disease. Jeitner TM,  Bogdanov MB, Matson WR, Daikhin Y, Yudkoff M, Folk JE, Steinman L, Browne SE, Beal MF, Blass JP, Cooper AJ.  J Neurochem.  2001; 79 (5): 1109-12
• Evaluating human T cell receptor gene expression by PCR. Gussoni E,  Panzara MA, Steinman L.  Curr Protoc Immunol.  2001; Chapter 10 Unit 10.26
• Multiple sclerosis: a two-stage disease. Steinman L,  Nat Immunol.  2001; 2 (9): 762-4
• Posttraumatic therapeutic vaccination with modified myelin self-antigen prevents complete paralysis while avoiding autoimmune disease. Hauben E,  Agranov E, Gothilf A, Nevo U, Cohen A, Smirnov I, Steinman L, Schwartz M.  J Clin Invest.  2001; 108 (4): 591-9
• Blockade of gamma interferon might be beneficial in MS. Steinman L,  Mult Scler.  2001; 7 (5): 275-6
• The influence of the proinflammatory cytokine, osteopontin, on autoimmune demyelinating disease. Chabas D,  Baranzini SE, Mitchell D, Bernard CC, Rittling SR, Denhardt DT, Sobel RA, Lock C, Karpuj M, Pedotti R, Heller R, Oksenberg JR, Steinman L.  Science.  2001; 294 (5547): 1731-5
• Immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis: the end of the beginning. Steinman L,  Curr Opin Immunol.  2001; 13 (5): 597-600
• Myelin-specific CD8 T cells in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalitis and multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  J Exp Med.  2001; 194 (5): F27-30
• Immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with ordered peptides based on MHC-TCR binding motifs. Ruiz PJ,  DeVoss JJ, Nguyen LV, Fontoura PP, Hirschberg DL, Mitchell DJ, Garcia KC, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  2001; 167 (5): 2688-93
• Multiple sclerosis and gene expression profiling. Steinman L,  Adv Exp Med Biol.  2001; 490 109-12
• Combination of gene delivery and DNA vaccination to protect from and reverse Th1 autoimmune disease via deviation to the Th2 pathway. Garren H,  Ruiz PJ, Watkins TA, Fontoura P, Nguyen LT, Estline ER, Hirschberg DL, Steinman L.  Immunity.  2001; 15 (1): 15-22
• Immunization with DNA encoding an immunodominant peptide of insulin prevents diabetes in NOD mice. Urbanek-Ruiz I,  Ruiz PJ, Paragas V, Garren H, Steinman L, Fathman CG.  Clin Immunol.  2001; 100 (2): 164-71
• Antigen specific immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Conlon P.  J Clin Immunol.  2001; 21 (2): 93-8
• An unexpected version of horror autotoxicus: anaphylactic shock to a self-peptide. Pedotti R,  Mitchell D, Wedemeyer J, Karpuj M, Chabas D, Hattab EM, Tsai M, Galli SJ, Steinman L.  Nat Immunol.  2001; 2 (3): 216-22
• Gene microarrays and experimental demyelinating disease: a tool to enhance serendipity. Steinman L,  Brain.  2001; 124 (Pt 10): 1897-9
• DNA vaccination in the treatment of autoimmune disease. Garren H,  Steinman L.  Curr Dir Autoimmun.  2000; 2 203-16
• Polyarginine enters cells more efficiently than other polycationic homopolymers. Mitchell DJ,  Kim DT, Steinman L, Fathman CG, Rothbard JB.  J Pept Res.  2000; 56 (5): 318-25
• The design, synthesis, and evaluation of molecules that enable or enhance cellular uptake: peptoid molecular transporters. Wender PA,  Mitchell DJ, Pattabiraman K, Pelkey ET, Steinman L, Rothbard JB.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2000; 97 (24): 13003-8
• Despite epitope spreading in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, highly restricted approaches to immune therapy may still succeed [with a hedge on this bet] Steinman L,  J Autoimmun.  2000; 14 (4): 278-82
• Gene microarray identification of redox and mitochondrial elements that control resistance or sensitivity to apoptosis. Voehringer DW,  Hirschberg DL, Xiao J, Lu Q, Roederer M, Lock CB, Herzenberg LA, Steinman L, Herzenberg LA.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  2000; 97 (6): 2680-5
• ICAM-1 expression in autoimmune encephalitis visualized using magnetic resonance imaging. Sipkins DA,  Gijbels K, Tropper FD, Bednarski M, Li KC, Steinman L.  J Neuroimmunol.  2000; 104 (1): 1-9
• Induction of a non-encephalitogenic type 2 T helper-cell autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis after administration of an altered peptide ligand in a placebo-controlled, randomized phase II trial. The Altered Peptide Ligand in Relapsing MS Study Group. Kappos L,  Comi G, Panitch H, Oger J, Antel J, Conlon P, Steinman L.  Nat Med.  2000; 6 (10): 1176-82
• Multiple approaches to multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Nat Med.  2000; 6 (1): 15-6
• Pick your fights wisely. Steinman L,  Curr Opin Neurol.  1999; 12 (4): 375-6
• T cell receptor BV gene rearrangements in the spinal cords and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Panzara MA,  Gussoni E, Begovich AB, Murray RS, Zang YQ, Appel SH, Steinman L, Zhang J.  Neurobiol Dis.  1999; 6 (5): 392-405
• Assessment of animal models for MS and demyelinating disease in the design of rational therapy. Steinman L,  Neuron.  1999; 24 (3): 511-4
• The role of TNFalpha and lymphotoxin in demyelinating disease. Lock C,  Oksenberg J, Steinman L.  Ann Rheum Dis.  1999; 58 Suppl 1 I121-8
• Microbial epitopes act as altered peptide ligands to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ruiz PJ,  Garren H, Hirschberg DL, Langer-Gould AM, Levite M, Karpuj MV, Southwood S, Sette A, Conlon P, Steinman L.  J Exp Med.  1999; 189 (8): 1275-84
• Absence of "original antigenic sin" in autoimmunity provides an unforeseen platform for immune therapy. Steinman L,  J Exp Med.  1999; 189 (7): 1021-4
• Suppressive immunization with DNA encoding a self-peptide prevents autoimmune disease: modulation of T cell costimulation. Ruiz PJ,  Garren H, Ruiz IU, Hirschberg DL, Nguyen LV, Karpuj MV, Cooper MT, Mitchell DJ, Fathman CG, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1999; 162 (6): 3336-41
• The immunobiology of multiple sclerosis: an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Conlon P,  Oksenberg JR, Zhang J, Steinman L.  Neurobiol Dis.  1999; 6 (3): 149-66
• Transglutaminase aggregates huntingtin into nonamyloidogenic polymers, and its enzymatic activity increases in Huntington's disease brain nuclei. Karpuj MV,  Garren H, Slunt H, Price DL, Gusella J, Becher MW, Steinman L.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1999; 96 (13): 7388-93
• Antibodies to CD44 and integrin alpha4, but not L-selectin, prevent central nervous system inflammation and experimental encephalomyelitis by blocking secondary leukocyte recruitment. Brocke S,  Piercy C, Steinman L, Weissman IL, Veromaa T.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1999; 96 (12): 6896-901
• Selection of hprt mutant T cells as surrogates for dividing cells reveals a restricted T cell receptor BV repertoire in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Falta MT,  Magin GK, Allegretta M, Steinman L, Atkinson MA, Brostoff SW, Albertini RJ.  Clin Immunol.  1999; 90 (3): 340-51
• Non-coding plasmid DNA induces IFN-gamma in vivo and suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Boccaccio GL,  Mor F, Steinman L.  Int Immunol.  1999; 11 (2): 289-96
• Local delivery of TNF by retrovirus-transduced T lymphocytes exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Dal Canto RA,  Shaw MK, Nolan GP, Steinman L, Fathman CG.  Clin Immunol.  1999; 90 (1): 10-4
• Idiotypic immunization induces immunity to mutated p53 and tumor rejection. Ruiz PJ,  Wolkowicz R, Waisman A, Hirschberg DL, Carmi P, Erez N, Garren H, Herkel J, Karpuj M, Steinman L, Rotter V, Cohen IR.  Nat Med.  1998; 4 (6): 710-2
• The specificity of the antibody response in multiple sclerosis. Garren H,  Steinman L, Lock C.  Ann Neurol.  1998; 43 (1): 4-6
• Short peptide-based tolerogens without self-antigenic or pathogenic activity reverse autoimmune disease. Karin N,  Binah O, Grabie N, Mitchell DJ, Felzen B, Solomon MD, Conlon P, Gaur A, Ling N, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1998; 160 (10): 5188-94
• Neuropeptides, via specific receptors, regulate T cell adhesion to fibronectin. Levite M,  Cahalon L, Hershkoviz R, Steinman L, Lider O.  J Immunol.  1998; 160 (2): 993-1000
• A viral peptide with limited homology to a self peptide can induce clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Gautam AM,  Liblau R, Chelvanayagam G, Steinman L, Boston T.  J Immunol.  1998; 161 (1): 60-4
• Microbial peptides and superantigens in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. Brocke S,  Hausmann S, Steinman L, Wucherpfennig KW.  Semin Immunol.  1998; 10 (1): 57-67
• Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brenner T,  Brocke S, Szafer F, Sobel RA, Parkinson JF, Perez DH, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1997; 158 (6): 2940-6
• Amelioration of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with altered myelin basic protein peptides involves different cellular mechanisms. Gaur A,  Boehme SA, Chalmers D, Crowe PD, Pahuja A, Ling N, Brocke S, Steinman L, Conlon PJ.  J Neuroimmunol.  1997; 74 (1-2): 149-58
• Myoblast implantation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: the San Francisco study. Miller RG,  Sharma KR, Pavlath GK, Gussoni E, Mynhier M, Lanctot AM, Greco CM, Steinman L, Blau HM.  Muscle Nerve.  1997; 20 (4): 469-78
• Multiple sclerosis: a polygenic disease involving epistatic interactions, germline rearrangements and environmental effects. Karpuj MV,  Steinman L, Oksenberg JR.  Neurogenetics.  1997; 1 (1): 21-8
• Exploring the potential of DNA vaccination. Cohen IR,  Steinman L.  Hosp Pract (Minneap).  1997; 32 (5): 169-71, 176-8
• Stress and autoimmunity: the neuropeptides corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin suppress encephalomyelitis via effects on both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system. Poliak S,  Mor F, Conlon P, Wong T, Ling N, Rivier J, Vale W, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1997; 158 (12): 5751-6
• Perivascular T cells express the pro-inflammatory chemokine RANTES mRNA in multiple sclerosis lesions. Hvas J,  McLean C, Justesen J, Kannourakis G, Steinman L, Oksenberg JR, Bernard CC.  Scand J Immunol.  1997; 46 (2): 195-203
• Recognition of the immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide by autoantibodies and HLA-DR2-restricted T cell clones from multiple sclerosis patients. Identity of key contact residues in the B-cell and T-cell epitopes. Wucherpfennig KW,  Catz I, Hausmann S, Strominger JL, Steinman L, Warren KG.  J Clin Invest.  1997; 100 (5): 1114-22
• Viral damage and the breakdown of self-tolerance. Steinman L,  Conlon P.  Nat Med.  1997; 3 (10): 1085-7
• More mayhem from molecular mimics. Steinman L,  Oldstone MB.  Nat Med.  1997; 3 (12): 1321-2
• Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in IL-4-deficient mice. Liblau R,  Steinman L, Brocke S.  Int Immunol.  1997; 9 (5): 799-803
• Local delivery of interleukin 4 by retrovirus-transduced T lymphocytes ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Shaw MK,  Lorens JB, Dhawan A, DalCanto R, Tse HY, Tran AB, Bonpane C, Eswaran SL, Brocke S, Sarvetnick N, Steinman L, Nolan GP, Fathman CG.  J Exp Med.  1997; 185 (9): 1711-4
• Some misconceptions about understanding autoimmunity through experiments with knockouts. Steinman L,  J Exp Med.  1997; 185 (12): 2039-41
• CD4+ T-cell subsets in autoimmunity. O'Garra A,  Steinman L, Gijbels K.  Curr Opin Immunol.  1997; 9 (6): 872-83
• Multiple sclerosis: a coordinated immunological attack against myelin in the central nervous system. Steinman L,  Cell.  1996; 85 (3): 299-302
• Isolation and Characterization of Autoreactive T Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis of the Mouse Brocke S,  Quigley L, McFarland HF, Steinman L.  Methods.  1996; 9 (3): 458-62
• Multiple sclerosis: from a myelin point of view. Boccaccio GL,  Steinman L.  J Neurosci Res.  1996; 45 (6): 647-54
• CD45 isoforms on human CD4+ T-cell subsets. Shanafelt MC,  Yssel H, Soderberg C, Steinman L, Adelman DC, Peltz G, Lahesmaa R.  J Allergy Clin Immunol.  1996; 98 (2): 433-40
• Superantigens in demyelinating disease. Brocke S,  Piercy C, Steinman L.  Springer Semin Immunopathol.  1996; 18 (1): 51-6
• Treatment of experimental encephalomyelitis with a peptide analogue of myelin basic protein. Brocke S,  Gijbels K, Allegretta M, Ferber I, Piercy C, Blankenstein T, Martin R, Utz U, Karin N, Mitchell D, Veromaa T, Waisman A, Gaur A, Conlon P, Ling N, Fairchild PJ, Wraith DC, O'Garra A, Fathman CG, Steinman L.  Nature.  1996; 379 (6563): 343-6
• Regulation of disease susceptibility: decreased prevalence of IgE-mediated allergic disease in patients with multiple sclerosis. Oro AS,  Guarino TJ, Driver R, Steinman L, Umetsu DT.  J Allergy Clin Immunol.  1996; 97 (6): 1402-8
• A few autoreactive cells in an autoimmune infiltrate control a vast population of nonspecific cells: a tale of smart bombs and the infantry. Steinman L,  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1996; 93 (6): 2253-6
• TCR usage in human and experimental demyelinating disease. Hafler DA,  Saadeh MG, Kuchroo VK, Milford E, Steinman L.  Immunol Today.  1996; 17 (4): 152-9
• The right stuff: breaking through the xenotransplant barrier. Steinman L,  Nat Med.  1996; 2 (11): 1185-6
• Differential activation of human autoreactive T cell clones by altered peptide ligands derived from myelin basic protein peptide (87-99). Vergelli M,  Hemmer B, Utz U, Vogt A, Kalbus M, Tranquill L, Conlon P, Ling N, Steinman L, McFarland HF, Martin R.  Eur J Immunol.  1996; 26 (11): 2624-34
• IL-2 and TNF receptors as targets of regulatory T-T interactions: isolation and characterization of cytokine receptor-reactive T cell lines in the Lewis rat. Mor F,  Reizis B, Cohen IR, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1996; 157 (11): 4855-61
• Suppressive vaccination with DNA encoding a variable region gene of the T-cell receptor prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis and activates Th2 immunity. Waisman A,  Ruiz PJ, Hirschberg DL, Gelman A, Oksenberg JR, Brocke S, Mor F, Cohen IR, Steinman L.  Nat Med.  1996; 2 (8): 899-905
• Mice with a disrupted IFN-gamma gene are susceptible to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Ferber IA,  Brocke S, Taylor-Edwards C, Ridgway W, Dinisco C, Steinman L, Dalton D, Fathman CG.  J Immunol.  1996; 156 (1): 5-7
• Coccidioidal antigen reactive CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid in coccidioides immitis meningitis. Vollmer TL,  Gaiser C, Dell'Oca RL, Porteus M, Steinman L, Stevens DA.  J Med Vet Mycol.  1995 Jan-Feb; 33 (1): 43-8
• Designing rational therapies for multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Conlon P.  Biotechnology (N Y).  1995; 13 (2): 118-20
• Reinduction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Lindsey JW,  Pappolla M, Steinman L.  Cell Immunol.  1995; 162 (2): 235-40
• T-cell receptor repertoire V beta in alopecia areata. Szafer F,  Price VH, Oksenberg JR, Steinman L.  J Invest Dermatol.  1995; 104 (5 Suppl): 22S-24S
• Unique T-cell receptor junctional sequences found in multiple sclerosis and T-cells mediating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Allegretta M,  Steinman L.  Ann N Y Acad Sci.  1995; 756 265-82
• Administration of neutralizing antibodies to interleukin-6 (IL-6) reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and is associated with elevated levels of IL-6 bioactivity in central nervous system and circulation. Gijbels K,  Brocke S, Abrams JS, Steinman L.  Mol Med.  1995; 1 (7): 795-805
• Escape from "horror autotoxicus": pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune disease. Steinman L,  Cell.  1995; 80 (1): 7-10
• Characterization of acute bone marrow graft rejection in T cell-depleted, partially mismatched related donor bone marrow transplantation. Lamb LS,  Szafer F, Henslee-Downey PJ, Walker M, King S, Godder K, Pati AR, Best R, Steinman L, Geier SS.  Exp Hematol.  1995; 23 (14): 1595-600
• Fine specificity of the antibody response to myelin basic protein in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis: the minimal B-cell epitope and a model of its features. Warren KG,  Catz I, Steinman L.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1995; 92 (24): 11061-5
• Multiple sclerosis. Presenting an odd autoantigen. Steinman L,  Nature.  1995; 375 (6534): 739-40
• Pathogen antigen- and superantigen-reactive synovial fluid T cells in reactive arthritis. Lahesmaa R,  Soderberg C, Bliska J, Allsup A, Luukkainen R, Steinman L, Uchiyama T, Peltz G.  J Infect Dis.  1995; 172 (5): 1290-7
• Myelin basic protein peptide specificity and T-cell receptor gene usage of HPRT mutant T-cell clones in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lodge PA,  Allegretta M, Steinman L, Sriram S.  Ann Neurol.  1994; 36 (5): 734-40
• Immunopathogenesis of human inflammatory arthritis: lessons from Lyme and reactive arthritis. Lahesmaa R,  Shanafelt MC, Steinman L, Peltz G.  J Infect Dis.  1994; 170 (4): 978-85
• A predominant role of integrin alpha 4 in the spontaneous development of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Yang XD,  Michie SA, Tisch R, Karin N, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1994; 91 (26): 12604-8
• Reversal of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with a hydroxamate inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases. Gijbels K,  Galardy RE, Steinman L.  J Clin Invest.  1994; 94 (6): 2177-82
• Cell adhesion molecules: a selective therapeutic target for alleviation of IDDM. Yang XD,  Michie SA, Tisch R, Karin N, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  J Autoimmun.  1994; 7 (6): 859-64
• Reversal of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a soluble peptide variant of a myelin basic protein epitope: T cell receptor antagonism and reduction of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Karin N,  Mitchell DJ, Brocke S, Ling N, Steinman L.  J Exp Med.  1994; 180 (6): 2227-37
• Specific T cell receptor gene rearrangements at the site of muscle degeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Gussoni E,  Pavlath GK, Miller RG, Panzara MA, Powell M, Blau HM, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1994; 153 (10): 4798-805
• Repeated treatment with chimeric anti-CD4 antibody in multiple sclerosis. Lindsey JW,  Hodgkinson S, Mehta R, Mitchell D, Enzmann D, Steinman L.  Ann Neurol.  1994; 36 (2): 183-9
• Infection and multiple sclerosis: a possible role for superantigens? Brocke S,  Veromaa T, Weissman IL, Gijbels K, Steinman L.  Trends Microbiol.  1994; 2 (7): 250-4
• Homologies between T cell receptor junctional sequences unique to multiple sclerosis and T cells mediating experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Allegretta M,  Albertini RJ, Howell MD, Smith LR, Martin R, McFarland HF, Sriram S, Brostoff S, Steinman L.  J Clin Invest.  1994; 94 (1): 105-9
• Specific motifs in T cell receptor V beta D beta J beta gene sequences in multiple sclerosis lesions in brain. Steinman L,  Behring Inst Mitt.  1994; (94): 148-57
• Minimum structural requirements for peptide presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules: implications in induction of autoimmunity. Gautam AM,  Lock CB, Smilek DE, Pearson CI, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1994; 91 (2): 767-71
• The epigenetics of multiple sclerosis: clues to etiology and a rationale for immune therapy. Steinman L,  Miller A, Bernard CC, Oksenberg JR.  Annu Rev Neurosci.  1994; 17 247-65
• New allelic polymorphisms in TAP genes. Szafer F,  Oksenberg JR, Steinman L.  Immunogenetics.  1994; 39 (5): 374
• Competitive PCR quantification of CD4, CD8, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MHC class II mRNA in the central nervous system during development and resolution of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Lindsey JW,  Steinman L.  J Neuroimmunol.  1993 Nov-Dec; 48 (2): 227-34
• SEB induced anergy: modulation of immune response to T cell determinants of myoglobin and myelin basic protein. Gaur A,  Fathman CG, Steinman L, Brocke S.  J Immunol.  1993; 150 (7): 3062-9
• Multiple sclerosis: from immunogenetics to immunotherapy. Oksenberg JR,  Panzara MA, Steinman L.  J Neurol Sci.  1993; 115 Suppl S29-37
• Preferential usage of T cell antigen receptor V region gene segment V beta 5.1 by Borrelia burgdorferi antigen-reactive T cell clones isolated from a patient with Lyme disease. Lahesmaa R,  Shanafelt MC, Allsup A, Soderberg C, Anzola J, Freitas V, Turck C, Steinman L, Peltz G.  J Immunol.  1993; 150 (9): 4125-35
• Selective and nonselective stages in homing of T lymphocytes to the central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Karin N,  Szafer F, Mitchell D, Gold DP, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1993; 150 (9): 4116-24
• Diverse T cell receptor V beta gene usage in the central nervous system in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Bell RB,  Lindsey JW, Sobel RA, Hodgkinson S, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1993; 150 (9): 4085-92
• From treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to clinical trials in multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Lindsey JW, Alters S, Hodgkinson S.  Immunol Ser.  1993; 59 253-60
• Therapeutic peptides that block interaction of T cells with MHC in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Steinman L,  Ann N Y Acad Sci.  1993; 685 521-4
• Autoimmune disease. Steinman L,  Sci Am.  1993; 269 (3): 106-14
• Connections between the immune system and the nervous system. Steinman L,  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1993; 90 (17): 7912-4
• Induction of relapsing paralysis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by bacterial superantigen. Brocke S,  Gaur A, Piercy C, Gautam A, Gijbels K, Fathman CG, Steinman L.  Nature.  1993; 365 (6447): 642-4
• Inhibition of insulitis and prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by blocking L-selectin and very late antigen 4 adhesion receptors. Yang XD,  Karin N, Tisch R, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1993; 90 (22): 10494-8
• Genetic factors in multiple sclerosis. Oksenberg JR,  Begovich AB, Erlich HA, Steinman L.  JAMA.  1993; 270 (19): 2362-9
• Selection for T cell receptor Vbeta-Dbeta-Jbeta gene rearrangements with specificity for a myelin basic protein peptide in brain lesions of multiple sclerosis Steinman L.,  Oksenberg JR, Panzara MA, Begovich AB, Mitchell D, Erlich HA, Murray RS, Shimonkevitz R, Sherritt M, Rothbard J, Bernard CCA,.  Nature.  1993;
• Selection for T-cell receptor V beta-D beta-J beta gene rearrangements with specificity for a myelin basic protein peptide in brain lesions of multiple sclerosis. Oksenberg JR,  Panzara MA, Begovich AB, Mitchell D, Erlich HA, Murray RS, Shimonkevitz R, Sherritt M, Rothbard J, Bernard CC.  Nature.  1993; 362 (6415): 68-70
• Yersinia enterocolitica activates a T helper type 1-like T cell subset in reactive arthritis. Lahesmaa R,  Yssel H, Batsford S, Luukkainen R, Möttönen T, Steinman L, Peltz G.  J Immunol.  1992; 148 (10): 3079-85
• EAE: a model for immune intervention with synthetic peptides. Smilek DE,  Gautam AM, Pearson C, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  Int Rev Immunol.  1992; 9 (3): 223-30
• [An analysis of lymphokine gene expression within astrocytoma] Nitta T,  Steinman L, Sato K.  No Shinkei Geka.  1992; 20 (7): 763-8
• A polyalanine peptide with only five native myelin basic protein residues induces autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Gautam AM,  Pearson CI, Smilek DE, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  J Exp Med.  1992; 176 (2): 605-9
• Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against alpha 4 beta 1 integrin. Yednock TA,  Cannon C, Fritz LC, Sanchez-Madrid F, Steinman L, Karin N.  Nature.  1992; 356 (6364): 63-6
• Recurrent transverse myelitis, myasthenia gravis, and autoantibodies. Lindsey JW,  Albers GW, Steinman L.  Ann Neurol.  1992; 32 (3): 407-9
• Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against a4b1 integrin Steinman L,,  Yednock T, Cannon C, Fritz L, Sanchez-Madrid F, and Karin N.  Nature.  1992;
• Analysis of the T cell repertoire using the PCR and specific oligonucleotide primers. Panzara MA,  Gussoni E, Steinman L, Oksenberg JR.  Biotechniques.  1992; 12 (5): 728-35
• [T-cell receptor repertoire in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes within malignant brain tumors] Nitta T,  Ikeda M, Cogen P, Steinman L, Sato K.  No Shinkei Geka.  1992; 20 (5): 559-66
• Normal dystrophin transcripts detected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients after myoblast transplantation. Gussoni E,  Pavlath GK, Lanctot AM, Sharma KR, Miller RG, Steinman L, Blau HM.  Nature.  1992; 356 (6368): 435-8
• The polymerase chain reaction for detection of T-cell antigen receptor expression. Panzara MA,  Oksenberg JR, Steinman L.  Curr Opin Immunol.  1992; 4 (2): 205-10
• Association of susceptibility to multiple sclerosis with TCR genes. Steinman L,  Oksenberg JR, Bernard CC.  Immunol Today.  1992; 13 (2): 49-51
• Expression of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor genes in human astrocytoma cell lines and in glioma specimens. Nitta T,  Sato K, Allegretta M, Brocke S, Lim M, Mitchell DJ, Steinman L.  Brain Res.  1992; 571 (1): 19-25
• Multiple sclerosis and its animal models: the role of the major histocompatibility complex and the T cell receptor repertoire. Steinman L,  Springer Semin Immunopathol.  1992; 14 (1): 79-93
• Neoplastic and reactive human astrocytes express interleukin-8 gene. Nitta T,  Allegretta M, Okumura K, Sato K, Steinman L.  Neurosurg Rev.  1992; 15 (3): 203-7
• Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a nonimmunogenic non-self peptide that binds to I-Au. Gautam AM,  Pearson CI, Sinha AA, Smilek DE, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  J Immunol.  1992; 148 (10): 3049-54
• The development of rational strategies for selective immunotherapy against autoimmune demyelinating disease. Steinman L,  Adv Immunol.  1991; 49 357-79
• Observations on the effect of chimeric anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody in patients with mycosis fungoides. Knox SJ,  Levy R, Hodgkinson S, Bell R, Brown S, Wood GS, Hoppe R, Abel EA, Steinman L, Berger RG.  Blood.  1991; 77 (1): 20-30
• Oligonucleotide dot-blot analysis of HLA-DQ beta alleles associated with multiple sclerosis. Sinha AA,  Bell RB, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  J Neuroimmunol.  1991; 32 (1): 61-5
• Trimolecular interactions in experimental autoimmune demyelinating disease and prospects for immunotherapy. Bell RB,  Steinman L.  Semin Immunol.  1991; 3 (4): 237-45
• T-cell receptor V beta gene expression differs in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within primary and metastatic melanoma. Nitta T,  Bell R, Okumura K, Sato K, Steinman L.  Cancer Res.  1991; 51 (20): 5565-9
• New approaches to the therapy of demyelinating disease. Oksenberg JR,  Steinman L.  Curr Opin Neurobiol.  1991; 1 (3): 436-40
• Modulation of MHC class II antigen expression in human myoblasts after treatment with IFN-gamma. Mantegazza R,  Hughes SM, Mitchell D, Travis M, Blau HM, Steinman L.  Neurology.  1991; 41 (7): 1128-32
• An analysis of T-cell-receptor variable-region genes in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within malignant tumors. Nitta T,  Sato K, Okumura K, Steinman L.  Int J Cancer.  1991; 49 (4): 545-50
• A single amino acid change in a myelin basic protein peptide confers the capacity to prevent rather than induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Smilek DE,  Wraith DC, Hodgkinson S, Dwivedy S, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1991; 88 (21): 9633-7
• [Expression of cytokine genes within astrocytoma cell lines and brain specimens] Nitta T,  Steinman L, Sato K.  No To Shinkei.  1991; 43 (12): 1145-50
• Prospects for immunotherapy directed to the T cell receptor in human autoimmune disease. Steinman L,  Ann N Y Acad Sci.  1991; 636 147-53
• Mechanisms of anti-CD4-mediated depletion and immunotherapy. A study using a set of chimeric anti-CD4 antibodies. Alters SE,  Sakai K, Steinman L, Oi VT.  J Immunol.  1990; 144 (12): 4587-92
• Prospects for specific immunotherapy in myasthenia gravis. Steinman L,  Mantegazza R.  FASEB J.  1990; 4 (10): 2726-31
• Increased incidence of certain TCR and HLA genes associated with myasthenia gravis in Italians. Mantegazza R,  Oksenberg JR, Baggi F, Antozzi C, Illeni MT, Pellegris G, Cornelio F, Steinman L.  J Autoimmun.  1990; 3 (4): 431-40
• Development of antigen-specific therapies for autoimmune disease. Steinman L,  Mol Biol Med.  1990; 7 (4): 333-9
• Predominant expression of T cell receptor V alpha 7 in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of uveal melanoma. Nitta T,  Oksenberg JR, Rao NA, Steinman L.  Science.  1990; 249 (4969): 672-4
• HTLV-I sequences are not detected in peripheral blood genomic DNA or in brain cDNA of multiple sclerosis patients. Oksenberg JR,  Mantegazza R, Sakai K, Bernard CC, Steinman L.  Ann Neurol.  1990; 28 (4): 574-7
• Lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by myelin basic protein-specific T cell clones correlates with encephalitogenicity. Powell MB,  Mitchell D, Lederman J, Buckmeier J, Zamvil SS, Graham M, Ruddle NH, Steinman L.  Int Immunol.  1990; 2 (6): 539-44
• Isolation of a complementary DNA clone encoding an autoantigen recognized by an anti-neuronal cell antibody from a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Sakai K,  Mitchell DJ, Tsukamoto T, Steinman L.  Ann Neurol.  1990; 28 (5): 692-8
• Limited heterogeneity of rearranged T-cell receptor V alpha transcripts in brains of multiple sclerosis patients. Oksenberg JR,  Stuart S, Begovich AB, Bell RB, Erlich HA, Steinman L, Bernard CC.  Nature.  1990; 345 (6273): 344-6
• Immunogenetic mechanisms in myasthenia gravis. Steinman L,  Prog Brain Res.  1990; 84 117-24
• The T lymphocyte in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Zamvil SS,  Steinman L.  Annu Rev Immunol.  1990; 8 579-621
• Genetic influences on neuroimmunologic disease. Steinman L,  Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis.  1990; 68 11-4
• The use of monoclonal antibodies for treatment of autoimmune disease. Steinman L,  J Clin Immunol.  1990; 10 (6 Suppl): 30S-38S; discussion 38S-39S
• The role of the MHC and T-cell receptor in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Oksenberg JR,  Steinman L.  Curr Opin Immunol.  1989-1990 Apr; 2 (4): 619-21
• Prevention of experimental encephalomyelitis with peptides that block interaction of T cells with major histocompatibility complex proteins. Sakai K,  Zamvil SS, Mitchell DJ, Hodgkinson S, Rothbard JB, Steinman L.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1989; 86 (23): 9470-4
• Antigen recognition in autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the potential for peptide-mediated immunotherapy. Wraith DC,  Smilek DE, Mitchell DJ, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  Cell.  1989; 59 (2): 247-55
• Polymorphic residues on the I-A beta chain modulate the stimulation of T cell clones specific for the N-terminal peptide of the autoantigen myelin basic protein. Davis CB,  Mitchell DJ, Wraith DC, Todd JA, Zamvil SS, McDevitt HO, Steinman L, Jones PP.  J Immunol.  1989; 143 (7): 2083-93
• Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate metabolism in activated T-cell clones. Oksenberg D,  Oksenberg JR, Sakai K, Peroutka SJ, Steinman L.  Immunology.  1989; 67 (4): 484-8
• T cell receptors in autoimmune disease as targets for immune intervention. Acha-Orbea H,  Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  Genome.  1989; 31 (2): 656-61
• Comparison of rat and rat-mouse chimeric anti-murine CD4 antibodies in vitro. Chimeric antibodies lyse low-density CD4+ cells. Alters SE,  Steinman L, Oi VT.  J Immunol.  1989; 142 (6): 2018-23
• T-cell receptor V alpha and C alpha alleles associated with multiple and myasthenia gravis. Oksenberg JR,  Sherritt M, Begovich AB, Erlich HA, Bernard CC, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Steinman L.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1989; 86 (3): 988-92
• Evolution, function, and utilization of major histocompatibility complex polymorphism in autoimmune disease. McDevitt HO,  Wraith DC, Smilek DE, Lundberg AS, Steinman L.  Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol.  1989; 54 Pt 2 853-7
• T cell receptors in murine autoimmune diseases. Acha-Orbea H,  Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  Annu Rev Immunol.  1989; 7 371-405
• Multiple T and B cell epitopes in the S1 subunit ("A"-monomer) of the pertussis toxin molecule. Oksenberg JR,  Ko C, Judd AK, Lim M, Kent A, Schoolnik GK, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1989; 143 (12): 4227-31
• T cell recognition as the target for immune intervention in autoimmune disease. Wraith DC,  McDevitt HO, Steinman L, Acha-Orbea H.  Cell.  1989; 57 (5): 709-15
• Involvement of distinct murine T-cell receptors in the autoimmune encephalitogenic response to nested epitopes of myelin basic protein. Sakai K,  Sinha AA, Mitchell DJ, Zamvil SS, Rothbard JB, McDevitt HO, Steinman L.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  1988; 85 (22): 8608-12
• MHC-restricted recognition of immunogenic T cell epitopes of pertussis toxin reveals determinants in man distinct from the ADP-ribosylase active site. Oksenberg JR,  Judd AK, Ko C, Lim M, Fernandez R, Schoolnik GK, Steinman L.  J Exp Med.  1988; 168 (5): 1855-64
• Immunologic basis for functional recovery in neurologic diseases. Steinman L,  Adv Neurol.  1988; 47 255-64
• A newly characterized HLA DQ beta allele associated with pemphigus vulgaris. Sinha AA,  Brautbar C, Szafer F, Friedmann A, Tzfoni E, Todd JA, Steinman L, McDevitt HO.  Science.  1988; 239 (4843): 1026-9
• ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of pertussis toxin and immunomodulation by Bordetella pertussis. Black WJ,  Munoz JJ, Peacock MG, Schad PA, Cowell JL, Burchall JJ, Lim M, Kent A, Steinman L, Falkow S.  Science.  1988; 240 (4852): 656-9
• Predominant expression of a T cell receptor V beta gene subfamily in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Zamvil SS,  Mitchell DJ, Lee NE, Moore AC, Waldor MK, Sakai K, Rothbard JB, McDevitt HO, Steinman L, Acha-Orbea H.  J Exp Med.  1988; 167 (5): 1586-96
• Multiple discrete encephalitogenic epitopes of the autoantigen myelin basic protein include a determinant for I-E class II-restricted T cells. Zamvil SS,  Mitchell DJ, Powell MB, Sakai K, Rothbard JB, Steinman L.  J Exp Med.  1988; 168 (3): 1181-6
• Characterization of a major encephalitogenic T cell epitope in SJL/J mice with synthetic oligopeptides of myelin basic protein. Sakai K,  Zamvil SS, Mitchell DJ, Lim M, Rothbard JB, Steinman L.  J Neuroimmunol.  1988; 19 (1-2): 21-32
• Limited heterogeneity of T cell receptors from lymphocytes mediating autoimmune encephalomyelitis allows specific immune intervention. Acha-Orbea H,  Mitchell DJ, Timmermann L, Wraith DC, Tausch GS, Waldor MK, Zamvil SS, McDevitt HO, Steinman L.  Cell.  1988; 54 (2): 263-73
• Polymorphic markers of human T-cell receptor alpha and beta genes. Family studies and comparison of frequencies in healthy individuals and patients with multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. Oksenberg JR,  Gaiser CN, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Steinman L.  Hum Immunol.  1988; 22 (2): 111-21
• A molecular basis for MHC class II--associated autoimmunity. Todd JA,  Acha-Orbea H, Bell JI, Chao N, Fronek Z, Jacob CO, McDermott M, Sinha AA, Timmerman L, Steinman L.  Science.  1988; 240 (4855): 1003-9
• Molecular approaches toward a therapy for multiple sclerosis. Steinman L,  Riv Neurol.  1987 May-Jun; 57 (3): 173-4
• Monoclonal anti-Ia antibody therapy in animal models of autoimmune disease. McDevitt HO,  Perry R, Steinman LA.  Ciba Found Symp.  1987; 129 184-93
• Importance of immunoglobulin isotype in therapy of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody. Waldor MK,  Mitchell D, Kipps TJ, Herzenberg LA, Steinman L.  J Immunol.  1987; 139 (11): 3660-4
• Treatment of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis with monoclonal antibodies to immune response gene products. Waldor MK,  O'Hearn M, Sriram S, Steinman L.  Ann N Y Acad Sci.  1987; 505 655-68
• HLA-DQ restriction fragment length polymorphisms in myasthenia gravis. Bell JI,  Steinman L, Toyka K, McDevitt HO.  Ann N Y Acad Sci.  1987; 505 382-7